A Rare Case of Left Main Coronary Artery Coronary Sinus Fistula in an 85-Year-Old Female.

Coronary arteriovenous fistulas (CAVFs) are congenital or acquired communications between the coronary arteries and coronary venous system, and they can also include other cardiac structures or vasculature. We discuss a case of a large fistula between the left main coronary artery and the right atrium in a geriatric patient with a history of gastrointestinal arteriovenous malformations (AVM). The occurrence of CAVFs, an uncommon cardiac irregularity, is particularly infrequent among older adults. Typically, it is discovered by chance when investigating symptoms such as shortness of breath or chest pain, where coronary angiography is necessary to determine the most effective treatment strategy. This case highlights the possible utility of evaluating CAVFs in patients with a history of gastrointestinal AVM who similarly present with clinical symptoms of high-output heart failure. Once identified, this could simplify the treatment approach and improve communication between healthcare providers to minimize the risk of harm to the patient.

The East Palestine Disaster: The Potential Toxic Effects of Vinyl Chloride Exposure on Cardiovascular Health.

This editorial explores the potential link between vinyl chloride (VC) and cardiovascular diseases, specifically in the context of a recent train derailment in East Palestine, Ohio. The primary finding of this article suggests a likely increased risk of cardiovascular factors associated with vinyl chloride exposure. This underscores the importance of proactive risk management and enhanced population monitoring. Together, these findings highlight the need for timely interventions to address cardiovascular health concerns in exposed populations.

The Coronavirus Double Threat: A Rare Presentation of Chest Pain in a Young Female.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV 2) led to global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The virus affects the respiratory system predominantly and has resulted in multiorgan complications. Myocarditis, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), cardiogenic shock, and sudden cardiac death were common cardiac manifestations of COVID-19. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare form of coronary artery disease that is previously reported in patients with COVID-19. SCAD usually occurs in a middle-aged woman with few or without any cardiovascular risk factors. The gold standard for its diagnosis is coronary angiography. The SCAD treatment recommendations depend on the hemodynamic status: conservative therapy in hemodynamically stable SCAD patients and urgent revascularization in hemodynamically unstable SCAD patients. The exact pathophysiology of COVID-19 associated with SCAD is unknown. It is considered a combination of systemic inflammatory response and localized vascular inflammation. The case reported is of COVID-19-associated SCAD in a patient with no history of cardiovascular disease later complicated by the transient ischemic attack (TIA) and left ventricular (LV) thrombus.

Transcatheter Treatment of Native Aortic Valve Regurgitation: The North American Experience With a Novel Device.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter treatment of patients with native aortic valve regurgitation (AR) has been limited by anatomical factors. No transcatheter device has received U.S. regulatory approval for the treatment of patients with AR. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe the compassionate-use experience in North America with a dedicated transcatheter device (J-Valve). METHODS: A multicenter, observational registry was assembled of compassionate-use cases of J-Valve implantation for the treatment of patients with severe symptomatic AR and elevated surgical risk in North America. The J-Valve consists of a self-expanding Nitinol frame, bovine pericardial leaflets, and a valve-locating feature. The available size matrix (5 sizes) can treat a wide range of anatomies (minimum and maximum annular perimeters 57-104 mm). RESULTS: A total of 27 patients (median age 81 years [IQR: 72-85 years], 81% at high surgical risk, 96% in NYHA functional class III or IV) with native valve AR were treated with the J-Valve during the study period (2018-2022). Procedural success (J-Valve delivered to the intended location without the need for surgical conversion or a second transcatheter heart valve) was 81% (22 of 27 cases) in the overall experience and 100% in the last 15 cases. Two cases required conversion to surgery in the early experience, leading to changes in valve design. At 30 days, there was 1 death, 1 stroke, and 3 new pacemakers (13%), and 88% of patients were in NYHA functional class I or II. No patient had residual AR of moderate or greater degree at 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: The J-Valve appears to provide a safe and effective alternative to surgery in patients with pure AR and elevated or prohibitive surgical risk.

A Review of Heart Failure in Patients with COVID-19.

The interplay of COVID-19 and heart failure is complex and involves direct and indirect effects. Patients with existing heart failure develop more severe COVID-19 symptoms and have worse clinical outcomes. Pandemic-related policies and protocols have negatively affected care for cardiovascular conditions and established hospital protocols, which is particularly important for patients with heart failure.

Incidence of Atrioventricular Blocks and its Association with In-Hospital Mortality and Morbidity in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection have been explored by clinicians and researchers all over the world. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of atrioventricular block (AV) in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and its association between in-hospital morbidity and mortality. METHODS: In-hospital electrocardiograms (ECGs) of 438 patients were compared with their prior or baseline ECGs to ascertain the development of new onset AV block. Patients who developed new AV blocks were then followed at 30 and 90 days post-discharge to check for resolution of AV block. Demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, and complications during their hospital stay were evaluated. Major complications including respiratory failure requiring oxygen supplementation and mechanical ventilation, sepsis, deep vein thrombosis, elevated troponins, hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay, as well as death were compared between those who developed new onset AV blocks and those who did not. RESULTS: Based on our single center study, the incidence of new onset AV blocks among patients admitted for COVID-19 during the study period was 5.5 cases per 100 patients. New onset AV blocks were not associated with longer hospital and ICU length of stay, increased intubation rates, or increased mortality. CONCLUSION: Although the development of a new onset AV block is most likely multifactorial and not solely due to COVID-19, it is still important for clinicians to be mindful about the possibility of developing symptomatic bradycardia and life-threatening arrhythmias in patients admitted for COVID-19. This can be achieved by appropriate rhythm monitoring in-patient but the need for a cardiac event monitor upon discharge is unlikely to be necessary. Careful history taking, including family and drug use history is also of great importance as emerging drug therapies for COVID-19 have potential arrhythmogenic effects.

Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Complicated by Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Multiorgan Failure.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare and life-threatening condition that is characterized by an overactive response of the immune system with excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines. Initial presentation of this condition often mimics and overlaps with many diseases including infections, sepsis, and multiorgan failure syndrome, which makes diagnosis the diagnosis of HLH challenging. Herein is described a case of a patient who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure related to HLH in a setting of probable viral pneumonia. The diagnosis was established based on laboratory and bone marrow biopsy findings. This patient was treated with the standard chemotherapy regimen of intravenous dexamethasone, etoposide in addition to intrathecal methotrexate for central nervous system involvement.

Septal myectomy complicated by an embolic stroke in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is estimated to affect 1 out of every 500 adults in the USA. One of its main complications is left ventricular outflow obstruction, which may require surgical septal myectomy in severe cases. We report a rare complication of postoperative septal akinesis leading to thrombus formation presenting as an acute ischaemic stroke. CASE SUMMARY: A 48-year-old woman presented with acute stroke 2 years after surgical septal myectomy for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Diagnostic workup identified an intraventricular thrombus arising in the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT). After comprehensive evaluation, it was determined that the thrombus development was a complication of the prior septal myectomy causing focal septal akinesis. Treatment with anticoagulation resulted in improvement of neurological symptoms and resolution of the intraventricular thrombus. DISCUSSION: This case illustrates the rarity and unusual presentation of an intracardiac thrombus that arises from septal myectomy site. A thrombus arising in the LVOT, which is characterized by high gradient laminar flow, is highly unusual. This suggests microscopic and macroscopic alteration in the ventricular septal wall structure, as evident by the septal wall akinesis seen on echocardiography. Recognition of this complication is critical to the selection of appropriate anticoagulation as secondary stroke prevention in these patients.

Incidence of Stress Cardiomyopathy During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.

Importance: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in severe psychological, social, and economic stress in people's lives. It is not known whether the stress of the pandemic is associated with an increase in the incidence of stress cardiomyopathy. Objective: To determine the incidence and outcomes of stress cardiomyopathy during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with before the pandemic. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study at cardiac catheterization laboratories with primary percutaneous coronary intervention capability at 2 hospitals in the Cleveland Clinic health system in Northeast Ohio examined the incidence of stress cardiomyopathy (also known as Takotsubo syndrome) in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome who underwent coronary arteriography. Patients presenting during the COVID-19 pandemic, between March 1 and April 30, 2020, were compared with 4 control groups of patients with acute coronary syndrome presenting prior to the pandemic across 4 distinct timelines: March to April 2018, January to February 2019, March to April 2019, and January to February 2020. Data were analyzed in May 2020. Exposures: Patients were divided into 5 groups based on the date of their clinical presentation in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. Main Outcomes and Measures: Incidence of stress cardiomyopathy. Results: Among 1914 patient presenting with acute coronary syndrome, 1656 patients (median [interquartile range] age, 67 [59-74]; 1094 [66.1%] men) presented during the pre-COVID-19 period (390 patients in March-April 2018, 309 patients in January-February 2019, 679 patients in March-April 2019, and 278 patients in January-February 2020), and 258 patients (median [interquartile range] age, 67 [57-75]; 175 [67.8%] men) presented during the COVID-19 pandemic period (ie, March-April 2020). There was a significant increase in the incidence of stress cardiomyopathy during the COVID-19 period, with a total of 20 patients with stress cardiomyopathy (incidence proportion, 7.8%), compared with prepandemic timelines, which ranged from 5 to 12 patients with stress cardiomyopathy (incidence proportion range, 1.5%-1.8%). The rate ratio comparing the COVID-19 pandemic period to the combined prepandemic period was 4.58 (95% CI, 4.11-5.11; P < .001). All patients during the COVID-19 pandemic had negative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test results for COVID-19. Patients with stress cardiomyopathy during the COVID-19 pandemic had a longer median (interquartile range) hospital length of stay compared with those hospitalized in the prepandemic period (COVID-19 period: 8 [6-9] days; March-April 2018: 4 [3-4] days; January-February 2019: 5 [3-6] days; March-April 2019: 4 [4-8] days; January-February: 5 [4-5] days; P = .006). There were no significant differences between the COVID-19 period and the overall pre-COVID-19 period in mortality (1 patient [5.0%] vs 1 patient [3.6%], respectively; P = .81) or 30-day rehospitalization (4 patients [22.2%] vs 6 patients [21.4%], respectively; P = .90). Conclusions and Relevance: This study found that there was a significant increase in the incidence of stress cardiomyopathy during the COVID-19 pandemic when compared with prepandemic periods.