[Application of digital transformations of dietary microdata and factor analysis to study the nutritional patterns of breakfast and its significance in providing the nutritional value of the diet of adults].

Eating disorders with skipping meals are considered as a risk factor for chronic non-communicable diseases. Frequent skipping of meals is associated with the risk of developing metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. Breakfast is considered to be the most important meal of the day. However, studies on the impact of skipping breakfast on the risk of overweight and obesity are highly controversial. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of skipping the morning breakfast meal and its impact on the actual daily intake of nutrients and energy in the Russian adult population. Material and methods. The data from a sample survey of dietary intake conducted in 2013 by the Russian Federal State Statistics Service have been used. The analysis included adult respondents (19 years and older) in the amount of 163 000 people in 2 stages of the survey (in April and September). The dietary intake of all members of the surveyed households was studied using the 24-hour recall method. Since the survey questionnaires did not contain information about type of meals, therefore, with the help of binning in thзe SPSS program, time intervals of the maximum food energy intake by the respondents were established, which were taken as evidence of the main meals and snacks. Results. Of the main meals, the largest proportion of respondents skipped dinner (23.1%), then breakfast (13.0%), and the smallest proportion skipped lunch (5.7%).The proportion of men and women who skipped breakfast was 12.6 and 13.3%, respectively, a greater frequency of skipping breakfast was observed at a young age (19-30 years, 19.3%) and at an old age (75 years and older, 16.1%). With an increase in the average monthly income of a family, the percentage of those who skip breakfast increases. Adult members of families with many children (3 or more children), whose average per capita income is lower than those in families with 2 children, skip breakfast less frequently. The smallest share of people skipping breakfast was found in the North Caucasian and Southern districts, and the maximum in the Siberian and Far Eastern districts. Adults who skipped breakfast had a higher percentage of malnourished (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) and normal nutritional status (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2). At the same time, the proportion of people who consumed breakfast was significantly higher in overweight people (25.0-29.9 kg/m2), and no differences were found among obese people. It is shown that skipping breakfast is accompanied by a decrease in the energy value of the daily diet by an average of 200 kcal. Despite the increase in the caloric content of the 2nd breakfast, afternoon snack and evening snack in absolute terms (р<0.01), there was no compensation for the loss of energy value in the absence of breakfast. A decrease in the absolute values of nutrient intake associated with a decrease in energy consumption was established. However, skipping breakfast showed a decrease in added sugar intake as a per cent of total calorie intake (12.1±8.6 vs 13.2±9.1%, р<0.01), while the contribution of other macronutrients to energy intake did not change significantly. In connection with the heterogeneity of the actual dietary intake of the population, factor analysis was used to describe the main food models of the breakfast using the principal component method. 6 factors were identified that determine the eating patterns of breakfasts and correlate with 2-4 individual food items of actual dietary intake. Conclusion. The results obtained are consistent in a number of positions with the literature data, in particular, indicating a decrease in daily energy consumption when skipping breakfast.

[Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children].

The growing prevalence of overweight and obesity is an urgent problem not only in adults but also in children in both developed and developing countries. The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of overweight and obesity and other forms of nutritional disorders in Russian children. Material and methods. The nutritional status of 17 329 children aged 2-18 years was assessed on the basis of anthropometric data, obtained by the Federal State Statistics Service during the "Sample Survey of the Population's Diet" in 2018. The prevalence of various forms of malnutrition was assessed by the Z-score categories: underweight, stunted growth (short stature), thinness, overweight, obesity. Results. Population mean and median values of Z-scores in all sex-age groups do not exceed ±0.5 in relation to WHO standards, which indicates the applicability of the standards to assessing the nutritional status of Russian children population. High body weight (WAZ>2) occurs in 7.6% of children, underweight in 2.6%. The incidence of short stature in boys and girls is 7.0 and 6.8%, respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in boys is 20.4 and 10.4%, respectively, while in girls, 15.4 and 7.6%. In general, in the population of children 2-18 years old, the prevalence of overweight is 18%, and obesity is 9.1%. The index of malnutrition, including the sum of the frequency of various combinations of low Z-scores (<-2), characterizing underweight, short stature, thinness, and their combinations was 8.0%. The multilevel logistic regression showed that overweight and obesity inversely depend on age; the risk of developing these conditions is lower in the city, but higher in male children compared to female children. Conclusion. The population of children 2-18 years old in the Russian Federation is characterized by a low incidence of forms of malnutrition, such as underweight and thinness. However, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is higher than in European countries.

[Role of calcium in health and reducing the risk of non-communicable diseases].

Calcium as an essential mineral is involved in many processes in the body, being the main one in the mineral matrix of bones and teeth. It is necessary for conducting nerve impulses, blood coagulation, muscle contraction, regulation of the transport of various ions through the cell membrane, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, and the activity of many enzymes. In Russia, insufficient calcium intake is noted. The purpose of the work was to assess the role of calcium of various origins in meeting the needs and health of the population. Material and methods. Literature search was carried out using the PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, RSCI, CyberLeninka systems, mainly for the last 10 years, with the exception of research of fundamental importance, using the keywords "calcium", "milk", "bioavailability". Results. Dairy consumption is associated with an overall reduction in the risk of noncommunicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and some types of cancer. Calcium in natural milk and dairy products, as well as calcium of milk origin, has a higher bioavailability and absorption than from other sources of synthetic or natural mineral origin. The recommendation to reduce dairy consumption may be counterproductive to health and therefore may increase health care costs. Conclusion. Milk and dairy products are the optimal source of calcium. The high bioavailability of calcium of milk origin justifies the expediency of its preferred use in dietary nutrition, both as part of therapeutic diets in hospitals and nutrition in social service institutions, and in outpatient practice. Additional studies, including randomized controlled trials, may be needed to explore in more detail the optimal consumption of milk and dairy products, as well as the use of calcium-containing pharmaceutical products and dietary supplements.

[The prevalence of obesity in various socio-demographic groups of the population of Russia].

The growing prevalence of overweight and obesity has been recognized by WHO as a global obesity pandemic worldwide. The spread of overweight and obesity is also an urgent problem for Russia. The aim of this study was to analyze the nutritional status of the Russian adult population and the prevalence of overweight and obesity depending on a number of socio-demographic factors and family income. Material and methods. The assessment of the nutritional status of adults was carried out on the basis of anthropometric parameters obtained by the Federal State Statistics Service in the course of the "Sample observation of the population's diet" in 2018 based on a random sample of 45 thousand households in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation. 76.960 people aged 19 and over were examined, including 41% of men and 59% of women. The nutritional status of adults was assessed based on the calculation of the body mass index (BMI). According to the WHO classification, BMI values in the range of 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 were taken as normal, BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m2 was taken as overweight, and BMI≥30.0 kg/m2 indicated obesity. The prevalence of obesity was analyzed depending on socio-demographic variables: gender, age, place of residence (city, village, type of settlement in terms of population, federal district), marital status, educational level, and per capita income. Results. The body weight and height of respondents with a BMI of 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 can be considered as the average normal body weight and height of the adult population in Russia, which amounted to 70.6 kg and 175.4 cm for men, and 60.2 kg and 164 cm for women, respectively. The average body weight of all urban men is 1.3 kg more than that of rural men, while the average body weight of urban women is 2.2 kg less than that of rural women. The growth of urban men and women, respectively, is 2.1 cm and 1.1 cm higher than rural ones. The average BMI values of urban and rural men do not differ, while the BMI of rural women is 1.2 kg/m2 higher than that of urban ones reflecting higher values of the average body weight. The average BMI values of adult men and women are in the zone of values characteristic of overweight (BMI≥25.0 kg/m2). In general, in 2018, only 34.4% of the adult population (33.2% of men and 35.4% of women) had BMI indices corresponding to normal values. Overweight, including obesity (BMI≥25.0 kg/m2), were detected in 66.1%, men and 63.0% of women, and obesity (BMI≥30.0 kg/m2) in 18.8% of men and 27.4% women. The incidence of obesity among adults of both sexes is significantly higher among rural residents, while the incidence of overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m2) does not differ. The prevalence of obesity in urban and rural areas decreases with the increase in their population. The frequency of overweight increases with growth in households' average per capita income with high reliability of differences between the 1st and the 5th quintiles of income (p<0.01). At the same time, the incidence of obesity increases from the 1st to the 3rd quintiles, decreasing in the 4th and the 5th quintiles. For men, the dependence of the average BMI values on household income is almost square with high reliability (p<0.001), while for women, a decrease in BMI was revealed only in the 5th quintile of income. Thus, the incidence of obesity among women in the richest population groups is lower than in the less affluent. The incidence of obesity in men increases linearly with age from 19 to 65, and decreases in the age group over 70 years. In women, the frequency of obesity from 19 to 40 years old increases slowly, then there is a rapid increase up to 65 years, and then, like in men, there is a decrease. In young men, the frequency of overweight, including obesity (BMI≥25.0 kg/m2), is 32.3% at the age of 19-25, and 49.3% at the age of 25-30, which, respectively, by 13.1 and 20.0% higher than among women of the same age. Moreover, the frequency of obesity in these age groups of men and women is the same. The highest incidence of BMI≥25.0 kg/m2 in men is observed over 40 (70-76%); in women over 50 (75-83%). The prevalence of obesity (BMI≥30.0 kg/m2) before the age of 50 is approximately the same in men and women, while over the age of 50, the frequency of obesity in women is 12-16% higher than in men. Over the age of 65, there is a decrease of obesity in both sexes, but the incidence remains significantly higher among women than men of a similar age. The prevalence of obesity among urban and rural men in all age groups from 19 to 70 years does not differ significantly. Among rural women the frequency of obesity is significantly higher compared to urban women. Education level affects the prevalence of obesity only in women: the incidence of obesity among women with higher education is considerably lower than among women with less education. Conclusion. Significant differences in the state of nutrition and the prevalence of obesity were revealed depending on the place of residence in urban and rural settlements, the type of settlements in terms of population and the Federal Districts. Noteworthy, there was a significant 10.2% increase in the prevalence of overweight in men in 2018 compared to 2012, while the increase in women was 6.2%. In general, the frequency of overweight increased by 7.8%, amounting to 40.3%. The prevalence of obesity increased in men by 0.9%, while in women decreased by 3.3%. As a result, throughout the adult population, the prevalence of obesity decreased by 1.4%. Based on the available two studies, it is not possible to assert with confidence about the trend of decreasing the prevalence of obesity from 2012 to 2018.

[Nutriome as the direction of the "main blow": determination of physiological needs in macro- and micronutrients, minor biologically active substances].

One of the essential parts of fundamental research in Nutrition Science is the determination of the physiological requirements of humans for energy and food substances. Research that has been carried out in this area over the past 90 years, consistently develops and improves the norms of physiological requirements for energy and nutrients for various groups of the population of the Russian Federation. In the 50 years of the last century in this research field, determining the values of daily intake for macronutrients (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates), was in the first place. Then the Era of micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, trace elements) was started, and, finally, now there is the Era of minor food biologically active substances. More and more facts are accumulating about their leading role in regulating metabolism. They can be recognized as endogenous regulators, the primary vital components involved in the formation of human health. In recent years, the new definition of Nutriome is introduced into Nutrition Science. It is considered as a set of essential nutritional factors to maintain a dynamic equilibrium between human being and the environment, aimed to ensure viability, the preservation and reproduction of the species, keeping the adaptive capacity, the system of antioxidant defence, apoptosis, metabolism, and immune system function. The Nutriome is a formula for optimal nutrition, which is continually being improved and supplemented. Knowledge of this formula is the key to forming an optimal diet for a person, and, therefore, to save their health. It is evident that at the population level, the Nutriome has its characteristics, its structure for each age period of human life. The need to develop a formula for optimal nutrition and, consequently, updating nutrient-based dietary guidelines is induced by socio-economic and demographic changes in population, changes in anthropometric characteristics of children and adults, increasing prevalence of socially significant non-communicable diseases, developing studies of the significance of particular food substances and establishing the relationship between nutrition and health.

[The transit of Russian nation nutrition at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries].

The assessment of the individual dietary intake of the population acquired critical importance in the Russian Federation when implementing socio-economic reforms in the 1990s. This was due to the difficulties of the transition period from a planned economy to market relations, which was reflected in a decrease in the level of the socio-economic condition of the population. The purpose of this study was to analyze objective and reliable information about the nature of consumption of nutrients and energy, as well as food products by the adult population of Russia in the period 1994-2018. Material and methods. The paper analyzes and summarizes the results of sample surveys of household budgets conducted by the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) in 1991-2018 and of large-scale epidemiological studies of the actual dietary intake of the population of the Russian Federation, which are presented by the data of the "Russian Longitudnal Monitoring Surveys" (RLMS) in 1994-2012 and large-scale nutrition surveys conducted by Rosstat in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2013 and 2018. All nutrition surveys were carried out according to a unified methodology for collecting, processing and reporting actual data developed at the Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety. Using a unified methodological basis allows us to build an analysis of the dietary intake of the population for the period from 1994 to 2018. Results. The objective data on the consumption of energy, nutrients, individual and aggregated groups of food products were analyzed depending on a number of socio-demographic and socio-economic variables that determine the nutrition pattern of the population of the Russian Federation during the period of economic reforms in the 1990s and 2000s. According to budget surveys, over the past years, the structure of the diet in households has changed significantly: the consumption of potatoes decreased by 45% and bakery products by 6%, the consumption of fish and fruits almost doubled, the consumption of meat products increased by 60%, of vegetables by 20%. According to epidemiological studies, the fat content increased from 31 to 36.8% of calorie content, the protein content didn't changed significantly, although in recent years there has been a tendency to increase to 12.1% of calorie content. The average per capita consumption of protein and fat by adults, including saturated fat acids were significantly higher in 2005-2018, compared with the 1990s, both in absolute quantities and in per cents of the caloric intake. At the same time, the consumption of total carbohydrates in per cents of the calorie intake and the amount of dietary fiber in the diet decreased. Parallel to fat intake changes, an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the adult population has been shown. A consistent decrease in adult consumption of added sugar in per cents of the total calorie intake was revealed from 14.0% in 1994 to 12.3-12.8% in 2012-2018. Changes in the structure of energy consumption and macronutrients are due to changes in the structure of the food ration set that have occurred over the years of observation. The total consumption of dairy products in terms of milk increased: the consumption of the amount of dairy products (drinks and "spoons"), curd products and cheeses increased, only the consumption of drinking milk did not change. In 2012 and 2013 consumption of meat products and sausages was significantly higher than in previous years. There was an increase in the consumption of fish, vegetables, fruits, fats and oils, juices in the 2000s compared with the 1990s. On the contrary, over the years of observation, a consistent decrease in the consumption of the total grain products was observed. These changes in the consumption of macronutrients and foods are a characteristic feature of the transition period from "poor" to "rich" dietary intake and the increase in 2000s in the diet energy density due to an increase in the proportion of fat and a decrease in the proportion of carbohydrates, which contribute to weight gain and an increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. The dependence of the structure of the diet on the economic situation of the family has been established, which implies the problem of malnutrition, both general malnutrition and insufficient intake of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), in poor families. Conclusion. An assessment of the current nutritional status of the Russian population implies a double burden of disruption, determined both by the simultaneous presence of malnutrition problems and the increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity.

[COVID-19: new challenges for medical science and practical health].

Currently, due to the wide spread of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 and the need for anti-epidemic measures, medical science should integrate all efforts to ensure, on the one hand, at the global level - the fight against the spread of infection, on the other hand, at the individual level - increasing the adaptive capacity and immune response of the organism to protect against COVID-19. Nutrition is the most important factor determining human health and the functioning of all mechanisms to protect a person from negative environmental factors. For the prevention and treatment of new coronavirus infection COVID-19, a significant role is played by the correction of eating disorders, including vitamin and micronutrient deficiency. Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, together with Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor), prepared Recommendations on nutrition for children and adults, requiring a self-isolation regime or quarantine at home in connection with COVID-19. In order to promptly inform and advise the population on nutrition optimization in the early days of anti-epidemic measures, an information reference Contact Center was created and is continuously functioning on the basis of the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology. Equally important is the implementation of measures aimed at the prevention of food contamination with COVID-19 agent. In this regard, the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, together with Rospotrebnadzor prepared guidelines on measures to prevent the transmission of a new coronavirus infection through foods. Another aspect that the medical community has faced in connection with the pandemic is the need to reorient specialized medical organizations that have not previously worked with patients with infectious diseases in order to create Clinical centers for the treatment of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Thus, in the context of the spread of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19, many areas of medicine are involved in the process of providing anti-epidemic measures. Successful completion of the tasks will significantly reduce the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for the state and citizens.

[Analysis of the association of diet energy from macronutrients and prevalence of overweight and obesity among the Russian population].

The fundamental cause for the development of overweight and obesity in adults is a positive balance of energy. However, many environmental factors can contribute to or restrain the development of obesity. These, of course, include the composition of the diet and the structure of its energy value. The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between the prevalence of overweight and obesity with the macronutrients' energy intake of Russian adult population. Material and methods. Assessment of dietary intake and anthropometric parameters (height, weight) of the adult population were obtained in a cross-sectional survey of households in Russia (Russian longitudinal monitoring surveys, RLMS project). For analysis, we selected data from a survey of adults of both sexes (24 767 men and 30 040 women) aged 19-60 years, obtained in 7 rounds of the project during the period 2000-2012. Association of dependent variables of macronutrients' energy as a percentage (%E) (fat, protein, total carbohydrates, natural mono- and disaccharides, added sugar), and independent (factor) variables namely gender and 4 categories of body mass index (BMI), characterizing nutritional status, was investigated using the ANOVA. The total daily energy intake and age were used as covariates in the model. Results and discussion. The intake of total daily energy, the absolute values of macronutrients' intake and %E of macronutrients are significantly higher in obesity (with the exception of the consumption of various fractions of carbohydrates) compared to normal BMI values. A direct association of the %E protein and the BMI category has been established. This relationship is more pronounced in men, but statistically significant in women as well (p<0.001 when comparing all BMI groups). A linear increase in the proportion of %E of fat with an increase in the BMI category in the direction from malnutrition to obesity was found in men (p<0.001 when comparing all BMI groups). In women, statistically significant differences in %E of fat intake in BMI groups were observed only between obesity and normal. In men, the consumption of %E due to total carbohydrates is lower in groups with overweight and obesity compared with normal and malnutrition. The exception is only for %E of natural mono- and disaccharides, the consumption of which in men increases in the range from malnutrition to obesity. In women with overweight and obesity, consumption of %E due to polysaccharides and natural sugar doesn't differ from consumption in persons with normal BMI. Consumption of %E due to added sugar and the frequency of consumption of more than 10%E due to sugar are reduced in people of both sexes in the direction normal, overweight, and obesity. The opposite effect of BMI on the consumption of %E of fat and carbohydrates is clearly manifested in an increase in the ratio of %E fat/%E carbohydrates in people with overweight and obesity. Analysis of variance was confirmed when assessing the frequency of distribution of respondents with overweight and obesity in quartiles of macronutrients' %E differentiated by gender. The frequency of overweight and obesity is significantly higher in the groups of highest quartiles of %E of protein, total fat, saturated fatty acids and lowest quartiles of %E of total carbohydrates and their individual fractions, including added sugar. Conclusion. The data obtained indicate a more significant role of the energy of the diet fat component in the prevalence of overweight and obesity, while the energy of carbohydrates, including added sugar, has no direct association with the prevalence of these conditions. The results obtained should be taken into account when developing measures to prevent and reduce the prevalence of obesity, both at the population and individual levels.

[Development and assessment of the reliability of the basic healthy eating index for the Russian population].

The conventional presentation of data on the actual average daily consumption of energy, nutrients, food products, as well as critically important risk factors complicates a holistic dietary assessment, consisting of at least a dozen indicators only for nutrients. The aim of the study was to develop a healthy eating index (HEI), based on epidemiological data on the actual nutrition of the Russian population and the criteria and principles of healthy nutrition adopted in the country. Material and methods. We used the data on the dietary intake of nutrients, energy and the main food groups obtained from the cross-sectional nutritional survey of members of 45 000 households over the age of 3 years conducted by Federal Statistics Service (Rosstat) in all regions of the Russian Federation in 2013. The criteria for scoring the indicator-components of the HEI were developed taking into account modern recommendations about the magnitudes of consumption of the most important food groups, as well as the levels of consumption of critical risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases. Results and discussion. The HEI design included 5 indicators characterizing the adequacy of consumption of the main food groups, as well as 5 indicators of nutritional risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases. Consumption of food groups (cereals, dairy, meat products, excluding sausages, vegetables, fruits) and added salt was calculated in g per 1000 kcal, and critical risk factors (total fat, saturated fat, added sugars) were estimated as a percentage of total energy. As a result of transformations of quantitative variables of consumption of macronutrients (risk factors) and food products, quantitative scores were obtained (0-10 points) for all 10 indicator-components of the HEI. The assessment of the reliability of the HEI (validation) showed that a statistically significant positive correlation can be traced between the integral HEI and the indicators. This is a sign of reliability and objectivity of the HEI design. At the same time, a negative correlation was found between the value of the HEI and the scores of meat products, including sausages, that was the basis for excluding sausages from calculating the amount of meat products. It has been shown that HEI is significantly higher in females in age groups older than 11 years. A pronounced dependence of HEI on the age of people of both sexes has been established, that may be an indicator of the high sensitivity of HEI to changes in dietary patterns. The maximum HEI values were noted in children, the minimum - in adults 19-60 years, with a subsequent increase in the age group over 60 years. There were no changes in HEI in obese men, but HEI in women with body mass index (BMI) above 30.0 was significantly higher than in those with normal body weight (BMI 18.5-24.9). Conclusion. Further research is needed on the sensitivity of the HEI in terms of assessing the dietary patterns and dependence on socio-economic and other variables, including a wide range of dietary modifications.

[Assessment of the sufficiency of Moscow population with folic acid, depending on the combined effect of polymorphism of MTHFR and FTO genes].

The results of assessing the sufficiency of folic acid of the residents of the Moscow region have been presented depending on rs1801133 MTHFR gene polymorphism and rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism. A total of 326 people were examined, including 74 men and 252 women aged 20 to 65 years. The results of determining the level of folic acid in blood serum showed insufficiency of this vitamin among the population of the Moscow region of the Russian Federation. The expressed vitamin deficit (level <3,0 ng/ml) was detected in 24.2% of the surveyed residents, in 22.8% folic acid level was at the lower bound of the norm (3.0-4.5 ng/ml). The results of genotyping showed a statistically significant association of low folic acid level with rs1801133 MTHFR gene polymorphism in carriers of A allele of rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism both in the homozygous state (genotype AA) and in the heterozygous (genotype AT) state, OR=4.26; CI (1.40-12.9), p=0.008, as well as with rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism in carriers of the T allele of rs1801133 MTHFR gene polymorphism both in the homozygous (genotype TT) and heterozygous (CT genotype) state, OR=3.29; CI (1.07-10.1), p=0.03. In carriers of 3 alleles of risk of folic acid deficiency [rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism and rs1801133 MTHFR gene polymorphism (genotypes CT/AA and TT/AT)] blood serum level of folic acid was below the norm, that indicated folate deficiency in this category of persons.

[Molecular and genetic studies of genetically engineered potato: transformation event PH05-026-0048].

Expert evaluation of genetically engineered organisms (GMO) identification methods is aimed at confirmation their adequacy with the tool and methodological base used in the institutions of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing to control market turnover and labelling of genetically engineered food. The primer system's specificity was experimentally confirmed in studies with other GM potato lines, as well as with the results of the BLAST-analysis. The efficiency, linearity and correctness of the method meet the requirements of the European Union Reference Laboratory for GM Food and Feed. Limit of detection and limit of quantification of GM potato line PH05-026-0048 genomic DNA were 0.019% (11 copies of the GM potato genomic DNA) and 0.06% (36 copies of the GM genomic DNA of the potato) per 100 ng of total DNA, respectively.

[Dairy products and obesity: pro and contra, Russian experience].

The aim of the work was to study the association of overweight and obesity with the consumption of basic types of dairy products among the adult population of Russia. Data from the survey of the diet of adult members of 45,000 households, conducted in 2013 by the Federal Service of State Statistics in all regions of the country, have been used. The actual consumption of food among all members of the surveyed households was studied by 24-hour (daily) diet recall in April and September 2013. The body mass index was calculated on the basis of self-esteem by respondents of body weight and height. It was shown that average daily intake of kefir, yogurt and cottage cheese was higher in women, while consumption of drinking milk and cheeses was higher for men. Consumption of drinking milk and kefir in men and women was much higher in groups with overweight and obesity than with normal body weight. Consumption of yogurt, on the contrary, was much less in people of both sexes with overweight and obesity. Consumption of milk, kefir and cottage cheese increased with age, while consumption of yogurt and cheeses, on the contrary, decreased with age. The data of the variation statistics indicated the existence of a relationship between obesity and consumption of individual dairy products. However, the dependence of these same parameters on age reduced the reliability and evidentiary strength of the results of the variation analysis, since the prevalence of obesity increases significantly with age. To study the association of dairy consumption and the spread of obesity, a logistic regression model was used with the calculation of the odd ratio of the risk of obesity in the consumption of dairy products with adjustment for age, education level and per capita family income. The results of the association analysis, with adjustment for socio-demographic variables, unambiguously showed a significant reduction in the risk of obesity in persons of both sexes consuming yoghurt (OR mean 0.76; CI 0.71; 0.82; р<0.001), cottage cheese (OR mean 0.88; CI 0.85; 0.91; р<0.001), as well as in women with consumption of drinking milk (OR mean 0.87; CI 0.84; 0.91; р<0.001). The increase in the risk of obesity was observed only in men with consuming kefir (OR mean 1.08; CI 1.01; 1.16; р=0.023) or hard cheeses (OR mean 1.14; CI 1.08; 1.20; р<0.001) with adjustment for socio-demographic variables.

[Dietary intake analysis of Russian children 3-19 years old].

The objectives of this study was to analyze energy and nutrient intakes in Russian children 3-19 years old, based on the National Survey conducted by Rosstat among 45 thousand households in all regions of Russia in 2013. Dietary intake assessment was investigated using method of 24-hour recall. The analysed sample consisted of 34 637 records. Sampling distribution of children by place of residence (urban, rural) and by Federal Districts has a representative character. The values of the mean daily energy and nutrients consumption were compared to Russia recommendations (based on physiological needs), or compared to WHO recommendations (for added sugars and salt). It has been shown that values of energy consumption in children are similar to the Russia recommendations for the corresponding age and gender, although a bit lower standards - which is typical for data got by 24-hour food recall. It reveals clearly the association of energy consumption with the age and sex in groups of children over 11 years. Nutrient intakes in the most cases were slightly lower Russia recommendations and varied depending on gender and age, similar to the change in the energy consumption level. The findings showed that the major issues in children aged 3-19 years are an excessive consumption of the total fat, saturated fatty acids, added sugar and salt in combination with calcium and iron deficiency. Protein and fat intakes in percentage of the total calories intake of children of all ages are directly associated with the family income, while total carbohydrates and added sugars intake reduces by increasing the income. Results of the analysis of macronutrients consumption indicate significant effects of socio-economic factors on child nutrition, which confirms the data obtained in the early 1990s.

[The study of the association between rs2228570 polymorphism of VDR gene and vitamin D blood serum concentration in the inhabitants of the Russian Arctic].

Genetic factor plays a significant role in nutrient deficiency development, including vitamins, by present time the association between several genetic polymorphisms and vitamin deficiency in the different regions of the world has been established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible association between VDR FokI polymorphism and vitamin D sufficiency in the population of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District of the Russian Federation. The group of participants included 172 people, among them 133 women and 39 men aged 20 to 75 years old. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood and genotyped for the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of FokI T/C: (rs2228570) using allele-specific amplification, results were detected in real time using TaqManprobes complementary DNA polymorphic sites. The concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] was measured by ELISA. The decreased level of 25(OH)D in blood serum (<20 ng/ml) occurred in 38.2% of the population surveyed, and 25(OH)D blood level in the alien population of the region was significantly lower than that in the indigenous population. Genetic peculiarities of the inhabitants of the Arctic zone were identified by comparison with the inhabitants of the European part of the Russian Federation. Allele C frequency of VDR rs2228570 polymorphism in the alien population was 71.1%, higher than in indigenous population (50.0%) while in the inhabitants of the European part of Russia it was 57.8%. Vitamin D blood level was statistically significantly lower in all homozygous C allele carriers than in genotype TT carriers, and vitamin D deficit frequency was 2.3 fold higher (48.4 vs. 21.1%, p<0.05). In the group of indigenous people of this region vitamin D levels in carriers of CC and CT genotype were also significantly lower than that of TT genotype carriers. The incidence of vitamin D deficiency in homozygous carriers of the allele C (45.5%) was 5.5 fold higher than among TT genotype carriers (p<0.01), and 1.6 fold higher than that in CT genotype carriers (p>0.05). Thus, the association between C allele presence of rs2228570 polymorphism of VDR gene and a deficiency of vitamin D (reduced levels of 25 (OH)D in blood serum) has been revealed.

[The study of nutrition, anthropometric tеstes and body composition among native and alien population of Russian Arctic].

Arctic zone refers to the territories that are uncomfortable for living and working of people. Ecological features of the Far North have contributed to the adaptation of the indigenous population to the conditions of the external environment, which manifested in the peculiarities of nutrition and nutritional status, which is also related to the presence of genetic polymorphisms in the population of the Arctic zone. The study of nutrition and the nutritional status of 180 people (78.9% woman и 21.1% man) living in the Far North was conducted. The data obtained indicate that the prevalence of overweight and obesity (62.7%) among the surveyed people living in the Arctic zone, was higher than among Russian people (average 57.3%). Indigenous people (mean age - 45.6±1.3 years) compared with alien population (45.1±2.6 years old) had lower BMI (27.2±0.5 vs 28.8±1.3 kg/m2) and a smaller hips along with significantly (p<0.05) lower relative fat body mass (31.9±0.9 vs 35.4±1.4 kg), lean (67.1±0.8 vs 64.6±0.9 kg) and bone body mass, as well as exchange at rest (1329.9±16.0 vs 1455.4±44.0 kcal). Indigenous population consumed significantly more bakery products and fish (1.5-2.2 fold), and less - dairy products and vegetables (1.7-2.0 fold). Thus, the peculiarities of the nutritional status of the indigenous and alien populations of the Arctic seem to be associated with the traditions of nutrition and lifestyle.

[Diet pattern and health of working people].

By results of a research of the International Bureau of Work (IBW), malnutrition at work costs the world community of 20% work decline in production. Chronic noninfectious diseases which risk factors are disturbances of nutrition cause about 46% of morbidity and 60% of mortality in the world, including to 30% of mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Economically developed countries face larger financial losses from an obesity. So annual expenses, such as medical insurance, paid sick days, holidays and other payments make from 2 to 7% from the total amount of expenses on health care. Catering establishments in institutions are capable to provide the maximum approach to an optimum nutrition of employees, including, regimen of meals (a breakfast, a lunch and an afternoon snack, and sometimes and a dinner) that will provide prophylaxis of a series of the major noninfectious diseases, such as infarct, stroke, diabetes mellitus of the II type, cancer.

[The association of rs993609 polymorphisms of gene FTO and rs659366 polymorphisms of gene UCP2 with obesity among Arctic Russian population].

It is known that particular qualities of the prevalence of obesity, characteristic for the population of the Far North, are connected with the presence of genetic polymorphisms. The association of two polymorphisms (rs993609 of FTO gene and rs659366 of UCP2 gene) with obesity was studied in 175 people living on the territory of the Russian Arctic (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District). The incidence of obesity risk allele (A) of FTO gene rs9939609 polymorphism in the surveyed population of the Arctic (30.8%) was lower by 15% than that of the population of the central regions of Russia, Caucasian Americans and Europeans, but was higher by 18-20% than in Alaska inhabitants. The frequency of the A allele of the FTO gene was significantly 1.4-fold lower in indigenous Arctic people than in the alien population (p<0.05), that had significantly higher content of body fat (by 12%) than the indigenous population, including the Nenets (p<0.05). Рositive association had been identified between T allele rs659366 polymorphism of UCP2 gene and obesity risk in the surveyed who lived in the Arctic zone. Thus, the inhabitants of the Far North revealed the presence of genetic variants that contribute to heat production.

[Vitamin status of rural residents, living in Russian Arctic].

The aim of this cross-sectional observational study was to estimate vitamin D, B2, A, E, ß-carotene (BC) status in rural residents, living in Russian Arctic (Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area). 216 healthy adults (166 women, 50 men, 45.4±0.8 years old; BMI 27.5±0.5 kg/m2), 76% aboriginal ethnicity and 24% non-aboriginals subjects have been surveyed in spring 2016. Nenets were 72% among the surveyed, Russians - 14%, other ethnic groups - 14%. A total of 69 and 78% of subjects had 25(OH)D and BC blood serum concentrations less than the recommended target threshold of 30 ng/ml and 20 µg/dL respectively. Deficiency of vitamins B2, A and E, when blood serum concentrations of riboflavin <5 ng/ml, retinol <30 µg/dL and tocopherols <0.8 mg/dL, were found in 34, 15 and 13% of participants, respectively. The indigenous population was better supplied with vitamins D and B2. The lack of these vitamins was detected 1.3 and 1.8 fold less often (p<0.05) than in the non-aboriginals; whereas non-aboriginals were better provided with vitamin A and BC: the deficiency of these micronutrients was detected 3.1 and 1.8 fold less often (p<0.05) than in the inhabitants. In general, only 2.4% of those surveyed were sufficiently supplied with all 4 studied vitamins and BC. The frequency of deficit of one or two vitamins was revealed in 62.2%, combined deficiency of 3 or more vitamins was detected in 35.4%. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of combined multivitamin deficiencies among the indigenous and non-aboriginals. High incidence of vitamin A deficiency in the indigenous female population (21%) along with insufficiency of vitamin B2 in female non-aboriginals (48%), the lack of vitamin E in men (22%) and vitamin D and BC in 70-78% of the surveyed dictate the need for targeted enrichment of the diet of people living in extreme conditions of the Russian Arctic with multivitamin complexes.

[Physiological needs and effective doses of vitamin D for deficiency correction. Current state of the problem].

In addition to classic role of vitamin D in musculoskeletal health over the last decade it was shown that low blood serum concentrations of 25(OH)D are associated with a number of non-skeletal disorders including cancer, high blood pressure, age-related cognitive decline, disorders of the immune and reproductive systems, etc. The prevention of the development of these diseases is reached under considerably higher concentrations of the vitamin in the blood serum, than is necessary to maintain the normal state of the bone tissue, to regulate calcium absorption and homeostasis. To maintain the concentration of the circulating form of vitamin D 25(OH)D in blood serum at a level ensuring optimum course of vitamin D-dependent biochemical processes (greater than 50 nmol/l), a higher intake of vitamin D is necessary. Reduced blood concentration of vitamin D (less than 30 ng/ml) occurs in 50-92% of the adult population of working age in our country, regardless of the season. The causes of vitamin D deficiency are the low efficiency of its endogenous synthesis in the skin due to insufficient sun exposure owing to the geographical position of our country, and inadequate intake of the vitamin from food as a result of rare consumption of the main source of this vitamin - oil-rich sea fishes. In the Russian Federation the current daily norm of physiological need (10 mcg) to some extent allows to maintain skeletal features, but such consumption does not allow to achieve adequate levels of the circulating form of vitamin D in the blood, which provide optimal manifestation of nonskeletal functions of this vitamin. The analysis of the available information and the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency point to the need to increase the physiological needs of vitamin D to 15 micrograms (600 IU/day). Simultaneously it should be recognized that vitamin D daily intake of 25 micrograms (1000 IU/day) is an effective dose to improve vitamin D status and at the same time is safe. Higher vitamin D intake can reliably eliminate the existing deficit of this vitamin in the population and maintain blood concentration of 25(OH)D at an optimum level, which will provide health benefits.

[Yogurt consumption and reduced risk of overweight and obesity in adults].

Fermented dairy products comprise a large food group in Russia and are an important source of dietary nutrients like protein, calcium, fat. Obesity is a rising public health issue in Russia. Observing the role of fermented dairy in the maintenance of healthy weights is important. Current study objective was to explore the association between obesity/overweight prevalence and yogurt consumption in Russian adults. Data from RLMS-HSE 1994-2012 was used. Primary materials are available on http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/rlms-hse, http://www. hse.ru/org/hse/rlms. Data collected included dietary intake by single 24h recalls and anthropometric measures for 72.400 adults (≥ 19 y.o.). Logistic regression models were used to explore the relationships between yogurt consumption and obesity prevalence (BMI > 30.0 compared with. 18.5-25.0), controlling for age and gender. Daily average intake (g/day) of yogurt significantly increased from 1994 to 2012. Yogurt consumption decreased over 40 y.o. in both gender. Women yogurt consumption is inversely correlated with the magnitude of the BMI: the consumption of yogurt in women with normal BMI values (> 18.5-25.0) was significantly higher than in women who are overweight and/or obese (BMI > 25.0; or > 30.0). The mean values of BMI in women who ate yogurt, were significantly lower than in women not consuming yogurt. In men, the relationship between consumption of yogurt and BMI is not revealed. Thus, among women, a significant inverse association was observed between yogurt consumption and obesity (OR 0.582, CI 95% 0.497, 0.680; p < 0.001). The observed association between yogurt intake and prevalence of obesity is dependent on gender: yogurt is associated with lower obesity prevalence only in women.