Synthesis, molecular docking analysis, drug-likeness evaluation, and inhibition potency of new pyrazole-3,4-dicarboxamides incorporating sulfonamide moiety as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.

A series of novel pyrazole-dicarboxamides were synthesized from pyrazole-3,4-dicarboxylic acid chloride and various primary and secondary sulfonamides. The structures of the new compounds were confirmed by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HRMS. Then the inhibition effects of newly synthesized molecules on human erythrocyte hCA I and hCA II isoenzymes were investigated. Ki values of the compounds were in the range of 0.024-0.496 µM for hCA I and 0.006-5.441 µM for hCA II. Compounds 7a and 7i showed nanomolar level of inhibition of hCA II, and these compounds exhibited high selectivity for this isoenzyme. Molecular docking studies were performed between the most active compounds 7a, 7b, 7i, and the reference inhibitor AAZ and the hCAI and hCAII to investigate the binding mechanisms between the compounds and the isozymes. These compounds showed better interactions than the AAZ. ADMET and drug-likeness analyses for the compounds have shown that the compounds can be used pharmacologically in living organisms.

Alternations in interleukin-1ß and nuclear factor kappa beta activity (NF-kB) in rat liver due to the co-exposure of Cadmium and Arsenic: Protective role of curcumin.

Cadmium chloride (Cd) and sodium arsenite (As) are two prominent examples of non-biodegradable substances that accumulate in ecosystems, pose a serious risk to human health and are not biodegradable. Although the toxicity caused by individual use of Cd and As is known, the toxicity of combined use (Cd+As) to mammals is poorly understood. The present study aims to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of curcumin (CUR), a naturally occurring bioactive component isolated from the root stem of Curcuma longa Linn., in preventing liver damage caused by a Cd+As mixture. A group of 30 Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to intraperitoneal administration of Cd+As (0.44 mg/kg+5.55 mg/kg i.p.) and CUR (100 or 200 mg/kg) for a period of 14 days. The experimental results showed that the animals treated with Cd+As exhibited changes in liver biochemical parameters, inflammation and oxidative stress at the end of the experiment. Administration of CUR significantly reduced inflammation, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the Cd+As plus CUR groups compared to the Cd+As group. Furthermore, histological examination of the liver tissue showed that administration of CUR had led to a significant reduction in the liver damage observed in the Cd+As group. The present study provides scientific evidence for the protective effects of CUR against lipid peroxidation, inflammation, oxidative stress and liver damage induced by Cd+As in the liver of rats. The results of our in vivo experiments were confirmed by those of our molecular modelling studies, which showed that CUR can enhance the diminished antioxidant capacity caused by Cd+As.

LC/MS/MS Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Capacity, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) and Glutathione S Transferase (GST) Inhibitory Properties of Ultrasound-Assisted Propolis Extracts.

Resinous beehive product propolis has many biological activities. It contains various aromatic substances that have great differences in their chemical composition depending on the natural flora. Thus, chemical characterization and biological properties of propolis samples is an important subject for the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, the propolis samples collected from three cities in Turkey were prepared as methanol (MEP), ethanol (EEP), chloroform (ChlEP), hexane (HxEP), and ethyl acetate (EAEP) extracts using an ultrasonic assisted technique. The antioxidant capacities of the samples were evaluated by free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), cation radical scavenging activity (ABTS), and reducing activity (CUPRAC) and (FRAP). The strongest biological activities were detected in ethanol and methanol extracts. Enzyme inhibition of the propolis samples were determined against the human glutathione S-transferase (GST) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). IC50 values of MEP1, MEP2, and MEP3 samples against the ACE were found as 13.9 µg/mL, 14.8 µg/mL, and 12.8 µg/mL, while against the GST IC50 values of MEP1, MEP2, and MEP3 samples were as 5.92 µg/mL, 9.49 µg/mL, and 5.72 µg/mL. To know the possible causes of the biological test results advanced LC/MS/MS method was applied. trans-ferulic acid, kaempferol, and chrysin were found as the most abundant phenolic compounds in each sample. The propolis extracts obtained using the proper solvent have a good potential to be used in pharmaceuticals to treat the diseases related to oxidative damage, hypertension, and inflammation. Finally, the interactions between chrysin, trans-ferulic acid and kaempferol molecules with ACE and GST receptors were analyzed using molecular docking study. Selected molecules interact with active residues by binding to the active site of the receptors.

The role of Bax/Bcl-2 and Nrf2-Keap-1 signaling pathways in mediating the protective effect of boric acid on acrylamide-induced acute liver injury in rats.

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to investigate whether boric acid (BA) can protect rats from acrylamide (AA)-induced acute liver injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: AA was used to induce acute liver injury. Thirty rats were divided into five group including Group 1 (saline), Group 2 (AA), Group 3 (20 mg/kg BA), Group 4 (10 mg/kg BA+AA) and Group 5 (20 mg/kg BA+AA). Their blood and liver were harvested to be kept for analysis. Liver function enzyme activities were performed by spectrophotometric method. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde levels were determined by colorimetric method. The in-silico studies were performed using the "blind docking" method. RESULTS: Administration AA to rats, biochemical parameters, liver histology, and expression levels of apoptotic markers were negatively affected. However, after the administration of BA, the altered biochemical parameters, liver histology, and expression levels of apoptotic markers were reversed. Moreover, the mechanisms of AA-induced deterioration in the levels of SOD, CAT, and Nrf2-Keap-1 and the mechanisms of the protective effect of BA against these deteriorations were explained by in silico studies. CONCLUSION: Thus, the present study could explain the interactions between AA and thiol-containing amino acid residues of Keap-1, the effect of BA on these interactions, and the biochemical toxicity caused by the AA. In this sense, this work is the first of its kind in the literature. Based on the biochemical, histopathological, and in silico results, it can be suggested that BA has the potential to be used as a protective agent against AA-induced liver injury.

The synthesis and characterization of azocalix[4]arene based chemosensors and investigation of their properties.

In the present study, azocalix[4]arenes were prepared by linking 4-methoxy, 4-methyl, 4-ethyl, 4-chloro, 4-bromo and 4-nitroaniline to calix[4]arene through a diazo-coupling reaction. A new family of azocalix[4]arene tetraester derivatives, (4a-f), have been prepared with the incorporation of ethyl ester units to azocalix[4]arene. Characterization of the synthesized azocalix[4]arenes was carried using elemental analyses, UV-vis, FT-IR and (1)H NMR spectroscopic techniques. The effect of varying pH levels and solvent types on the absorption ability of azocalix[n]arenes substituted with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups was examined. Thermal decomposition of azocalix[4]arene derivatives (4a-f) was investigated by means of thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermogravimetry (DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) analyses. In conclusion of the examination of the extraction we found a selectivity characteristic of these compounds toward Ag(+), Hg(+) and Hg(2+) cations.