EPIDEMIOLOGY OF GENES ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY IN ASIAN POPULATION. LITERATURE REVIEW.

Among the general population, there is a category of individuals with an innate predisposition to obesity. In recent decades, the increase in the prevalence of obesity and related diseases worldwide indicates the need to study the etiological factors associated with its development. At present, it is still unknown how many genes are involved in the pathophysiology of obesity, and many studies are underway to identify "candidate genes" in clinical medicine. The detection of obesity by molecular genetic diagnostics and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures can significantly reduce the incidence. Considering that the majority of people suffering from metabolic diseases are members of the working population, the prevention of these diseases and early diagnosis are of both clinical and social and economic importance. The aim of this study is to analysis of data on the most significant genetic markers in the development of obesity in the Asian population. An online search for literature on genetic markers associated with the development of obesity was conducted in the databases Elibrary, Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science databases was carried out. The study of genetic markers and their determination has great prospects for the successful verification of the main clinical and biological markers of obesity. This will allow assessing the risks of developing obesity and developing standards for corrective measures for individuals with a high genetic risk. Most of the GWAS studies have been conducted in the European population, the discovery of new genes in the Asian population has made a significant contribution to the identification of loci of predisposition to obesity. identification of polymorphic variants of candidate genes that are most significant in the development of this disease is an urgent task for both fundamental science and practical medicine.

EFFICIENCY OF MOBILE APPS FOR SELF-MANAGEMENT IN TYPE II DIABETES: (REVIEW).

Diabetes affects millions of patients worldwide. Despite huge improvements in diabetes pharmacotherapy, innovations in glucose diagnosis and monitoring, and the use of insulin pumps, many people with diabetes are not meeting their glycemic control targets and would benefit from greater flexibility and more individualized diabetes management. All guidelines for the management of type II diabetes mellitus focus on lifestyle changes and self-management. Self-management includes changing eating habits and increasing physical activity. Nowadays, computer and mobile applications are increasingly convenient and widespread tools for self-help, their functions include glycemic control, adapted diets, and educational materials about the disease. Users can be not only patients but also medical personnel. Mobile apps can help people manage their health and well-being, promote healthy lifestyles, and access useful information whenever and wherever they need it. These tools are being implemented almost as quickly as they are being developed. Experts estimate that in 2017, for example, there were 325,000 medical applications available on smartphones, which corresponds to 3.7 billion downloads of mobile medical applications by smartphone users worldwide. The article presents an overview of the effectiveness of electronic devices, programs, and applications for smartphones for the self-management of patients with type II diabetes.

[INFLUENCE OF METFORMIN ON THE DIAMETER AND NUMBER OF DNA BREAKS IN BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES IN OBESITY].

Aim - to assess the DNA damage of lymphocytes before and after the use of Metformin in obese individuals by two indicators: the diameter and the number of DNA breaks in blood lymphocytes. The sample included 27 obese patients aged 18-61 years. Among the participants, persons with chronic decompensated diseases, with bad habits (smokers, drug users, alcohol) were excluded. In order to study the dynamics of blood lymphocyte DNA breaks, patients were prescribed Metformin (Acino) at a daily dose of 850 mg/day for 3 months. DNA damage analysis was performed by assessing foci of phosphorylated histone protein HAX (γ-H2AX) on blood lymphocytes (AKLIDES, Nuk Human Lymphocyte Complete, Medipan, Blankenfelde-Mahlow, Germany). With the appointment of Metformin, the diameter of the ruptures changed and amounted to 0.45±0.23 before treatment, and 0.44±0.27 after treatment, but no statistically significant differences were found. When evaluating the dynamics, a significant decrease in the indicator was revealed, and it amounted to 2.60% (p<0.0001; z=9.97). Before treatment, the value of the indicator "Mean number of ruptures per 1 cell" was 0.57±1.32, after the appointment of Metformin it decreased to 0.27±0.56, but the differences are insignificant and after treatment, there is a decrease in the indicator by 52.18% (p<0.0001; z=9.97). The use of metformin 850 mg/day for 3 months in obesity leads to a decrease in the diameter of cell ruptures and the average number of γ-H2AX foci per cell of serum lymphocyte DNA, which may affect the reduction in the risk of oncopathology. Further research is needed to determine the protective mechanisms of Metformin against genomic instability, especially in relation to DNA damage reactions and epigenetic changes.

[Association of leptin with anthropometric indexes, dyslipidemia and carbohydrate metabolism in Kazakh adults].

Leptin plays an important role in eating behavior, the central action of this hormone is the regulation of appetite and energy expenditure. Anthroponutritiology as a new scientific direction uses the methods of medical anthropology and nutritional science. The study of the relationship between the regulation of energy metabolism, taking into account constitutional features, and anthropometric parameters provides relevance in this direction. The purpose of the research was to study of the relationship between blood serum leptin level and body mass index (BMI) and indicators of lipid profile, carbohydrate metabolism in adult Kazakh population. Material and methods. The sample of the prospective study was 109 persons aged 18-60 years, who were divided depending on BMI into 5 groups, randomized by age and sex. We measured anthropometric parameters and biochemical parameters: serum leptin concentration, fasting blood glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin, HOMA-IR, lipid profile (concentration of cholesterol, low and high density lipoproteins, triglycerides, atherogenic index). Results. In the sample studied, we found that in Kazakh adults, serum leptin level correlated with BMI (ρ=0.57; p<0.01). The highest values were observed at a BMI greater than 40 kg/m2, amounting to 54.9 [33.3; 78.4] vs 10.0 [4.8; 23.1] ng/ml in overweight individuals (p=<0.005). In women, leptin levels were almost 2-fold higher than in men (24.2 vs 12.9 ng/ml, p=<0.001). No significant correlations of leptin level with age and lipid profile have been found. There was a positive association of leptin with insulin (ρ=0.28, p<0.01) and the HOMA-IR (ρ=0.21, p<0.05). Conclusion. The study showed that leptin blood level is associated with constitutional features, the highest values were found in persons with a high degree of obesity. Perhaps this result is associated with leptin resistance. Diagnostic criteria of leptin resistance are currently poorly studied. Taking into consideration clinical and specific actions of leptin there is a place for its further study as a potential biomarker of obesity.

[MARKERS OF OBESITY IN CLINICAL RESEARCH AND PRACTICAL MEDICINE (REVIEW)].

The purpose of this article is to describe the state-of-the-art knowledge of risk factors and targetmarkers of obesity needed for personalization of disease prevention. The frequency of diagnosis of obesity depends to a large extent on how it is determined. In the clinical evaluation of a patient with obesity, it is necessary to assess the anthropometric, metabolic and functional status of organs and systems. This review discusses modern tactics for the diagnosis of obesity. Early diagnosis of the pathological conditions associated with obesity is necessary for their timely treatment and prevention of severe complications. Accurate diagnosis of visceral obesity is not an easy task, as most methods have both merits and limitations for their use.

[DNA DAMAGE AND THEIR CONNECTION WITH EXCESSIVE BODY MASS AND OBESITY (REVIEW)].

The aim of this article is to describe the current level of knowledge about the relationship between overweight and genomic instability. The relationship between overweight / obesity and cancer has been well studied in numerous studies. A feature of overweight and obesity is the formation of reactive oxygen species and cytokines, which lead to damage to the genetic material of the cell. The review article analyzes literary sources, which condemn the data on the methods used in research concerning the links between genomic instability and obesity. Analyzed studies on the stability of DNA in humans and animals with overweight and obesity.