Awareness and knowledge of dementia and its communication disorders amongst Brazilian speech and language therapists.

BACKGROUND: Speech and language therapists (SLTs) play an important role in assessing and rehabilitating communication disorders in people with dementia, but there is evidence to suggest that they do not receive appropriate training to provide management and support during their training. AIM: To investigate the level of awareness and knowledge that practising SLTs from Brazil have about dementia and their role in the care of dementia through an online survey. METHODS & PROCEDURES: An online survey tool was developed to collect information from practising Brazilian SLTs regarding their knowledge about dementia, awareness about their role in the care of people with dementia, and opinions on how SLTs may be better prepared to work in the dementia field. The survey was disseminated via social media, websites, and e-mail lists of researchers and stakeholders. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: A total of 227 SLTs completed the survey. Participants showed good knowledge of dementia in general, while their answers were less accurate on primary progressive aphasia. Regarding the awareness by SLTs of their role in the care of people with dementia, most agreed or strongly agreed that SLTs could help people in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of dementia (> 80%). However, fewer participants agreed or strongly agreed that they felt confident in contributing to the treatment and diagnosis process of dementia (about 50%). To improve the training of SLTs in Brazil, most participants believed that it would be necessary to improve the teaching of dementia at the undergraduate speech and language therapy curriculum level and to develop recommendations or guidelines about speech and language therapy practice in dementia. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: The results of this survey point to a need for improvement in the knowledge and confidence of Brazilian SLTs about dementia. To reach this goal, targeted training courses and applied practice opportunities should be embedded within university curricula and training programmes. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject Many studies confirm the importance of speech and language therapy in the non-pharmacological treatment of people with dementia. However, other evidence suggests to a possible lack of training for Brazilian SLTs, especially in the curriculum of undergraduate courses. What this paper adds to existing knowledge This study reveals that Brazilian SLTs have substantial knowledge of dementia and recognize the significance of their role in treating people with dementia. However, a minority expressed confidence in their ability to assess and treat people with dementia. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? The findings of this research demonstrate that Brazilian SLTs have good knowledge of dementia and endorse their professional role in dementia care; however, they lack confidence in their own skills and expertise in diagnostic assessment and treatment of dementia. Interventions aimed at boosting the SLT's confidence level could lead to improved patients outcomes and overall quality of care within clinical settings.

Who are the speech and language therapists who work with primary progressive aphasia in Brazil? An exploratory cross-sectional survey study.

Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) is a progressive language disorder associated with frontotemporal impairment and mainly affects the left hemisphere of the brain. In general, this condition compromises abilities related to comprehension and expression of language. The diagnosis of PPA depends on in-depth knowledge regarding functions of language, neurology, and neuropsychology. Speech and language therapists (SLTs) have a pivotal role in the diagnosis and rehabilitation of PPA. The absence of these professionals involved in the diagnosis and rehabilitation may reflect on the quality of care of people with PPA. Objective: To identify the sociodemographic, educational, and professional practice characteristics of SLTs who work with people with PPA in Brazil. Methods: An online questionnaire was disseminated to reach SLTs across Brazil. The questionnaire collected information regarding sociodemographics, training and education, practice (time, setting, service provision), and sources of referral. Results: The study included 71 participants (95.8% women). Specialization was the most frequent educational level followed by master's degree, and participants where mainly from the Southeast and South regions of Brazil. Neurologists were the professionals who most referred patients with PPA to SLTs. Finally, SLTs worked primarily in homecare settings and provided mainly individual therapy services. Conclusion: SLTs who work with PPA in Brazil can be characterized mainly as professionals with postgraduate degrees, relatively young, and from the South and Southeast regions of Brazil.

A afasia progressiva primária (APP) é um distúrbio progressivo da linguagem associado à atrofia de regiões frontotemporais predominantemente do hemisfério esquerdo do cérebro. De modo geral, a APP afeta as capacidades compreensivas e expressivas da linguagem. O diagnóstico depende de profissionais com profundo conhecimento das funções da linguagem, neurologia e neuropsicologia. A fonoaudiologia tem papel essencial no diagnóstico e reabilitação da APP, e a ausência de fonoaudiólogos nesses processos pode refletir na qualidade do cuidado das pessoas com APP. Objetivo: Identificar as características sociodemográficas, educacionais e de atuação profissional de fonoaudiólogos que atuam com APP no Brasil. Métodos: Foi distribuído um questionário em formato online para fonoaudiólogos de todo o Brasil. O questionário coletou informações sobre aspectos sociodemográficos, de formação, atuação profissional (tempo, local de atuação, tipo de serviço oferecido) e fontes de encaminhamento. Resultados: O estudo incluiu 71 participantes (95,8% mulheres). O nível educacional mais frequente foi a especialização, e as regiões demográficas com maior incidência de profissionais que atendiam APP foram as Regiões Sudeste e Sul do país. Os neurologistas foram os profissionais que mais encaminhavam pacientes com APP para os fonoaudiólogos. Por fim, os fonoaudiólogos atuavam, principalmente, em homecare e realizando, em sua maioria, terapia individual. Conclusão: Os fonoaudiólogos que atuam com APP no Brasil podem ser caracterizados principalmente como profissionais pós-graduados, relativamente jovens e das Regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil.

Self-perception of cognitive sequels in post-COVID-19 individuals.

COVID-19 is an infection, primarily respiratory, caused by the SARS-CoV-2, which can also affect the central nervous system, causing neuropsychological damage. There are studies describing post-COVID-19 cognitive deficits, but it is important to know this outcome in populations with different social, biological, and cultural characteristics. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the self-perception of cognitive sequelae in post-COVID-19 individuals and identify whether there is a possible relationship between the outcome of the participants' self-perception and sociodemographic and clinical data. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, carried out through an online questionnaire on the Google Forms platform, in which sociodemographic data, general health data, clinical manifestations of COVID-19, and post-COVID-19 self-perception of the cognitive domains of memory, attention, language, and executive functions were collected. Results: The final sample consisted of 137 participants, and it was possible to identify that memory and attention were the domains with the highest impression of worsening post-COVID-19, followed by executive functions and language. In addition, it was identified that being female may be related to a worse self-perception of all cognitive functions and that having depression or other psychiatric diseases and obesity can significantly affect at least half of the cognitive domains evaluated. Conclusions: This study pointed to a post-COVID-19 cognitive worsening of the participants.

A COVID-19 é uma infecção, primariamente respiratória, causada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2, mas que também pode atingir o sistema nervoso central, ocasionando danos neuropsicológicos. Há estudos que descrevem os déficits cognitivos pós-COVID-19, mas é importante conhecer esse desfecho em populações com diferentes características sociais, biológicas e culturais. Objetivo: Avaliar a autopercepção de sequelas cognitivas em indivíduos pós-COVID-19 e identificar se há uma possível relação entre o desfecho da autopercepção dos participantes e dados sociodemográficos e clínicos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com o uso de um questionário online na plataforma Google Forms, no qual foram identificados dados sociodemográficos, dados de saúde geral, manifestações clínicas da COVID-19 e a autopercepção dos domínios cognitivos de memória, atenção, linguagem e funções executivas pós-COVID-19. Resultados: A amostra final foi composta de 137 participantes, e pôde-se observar que memória e atenção foram os domínios com maior impressão de piora pós-COVID-19, seguidos por funções executivas e linguagem. Além disso, constatou-se que ser do gênero feminino pode estar relacionado com uma pior autopercepção de todas as funções cognitivas pós-COVID-19 e que ter depressão ou outras doenças psiquiátricas e obesidade pode afetar significativamente pelo menos metade dos domínios cognitivos avaliados. Conclusões: Este trabalho apontou para a piora cognitiva pós-COVID-19 dos participantes.

Clustering and switching analysis of verb fluency in individuals with Alzheimer's disease. / Análise de clustering e switching da fluência de verbos em indivíduos com doença de Alzheimer.

PURPOSE: To investigate verb fluency performance in individuals with Alzheimer's disease compared with healthy older adults by analyzing total correct responses, number of clusters, average cluster size, and number of switches. METHODS: This is a case-control study of 39 healthy older adults and 29 older adults with a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Verb fluency performance was analyzed in terms of total number of correct verbs retrieved, number of clusters, average cluster size, and number of switches. To obtain the study outcomes, we previously conducted a procedure for categorization of the verbs that would compose the clusters. The classification of verbs was adapted for this study, including assessment by raters and analysis of inter-rater reliability. RESULTS: Individuals with Alzheimer's disease showed significantly poorer performance than healthy controls in the number of switches and total number of correct verbs retrieved. The two groups did not differ significantly in the other measures. CONCLUSION: In this study, individuals with Alzheimer's disease showed impaired verb fluency, characterized by a reduced number of verbs retrieved and fewer transitions between verb categories. The findings suggest that, in Alzheimer's disease, verb fluency is more sensitive to cognitive deficits resulting from executive dysfunction than from semantic disruption.

OBJETIVO: Investigar o desempenho na tarefa de fluência de verbos de pessoas com doença de Alzheimer em comparação à idosos saudáveis, a partir da análise do número total de palavras corretas evocadas, do número de clusters, do tamanho médio dos clusters e do número de switches. MÉTODO: Este é um estudo de caso-controle no qual participaram 39 idosos saudáveis e 29 participantes com diagnóstico de doença de Alzheimer. O desempenho da fluência de verbos dos participantes foi analisado quanto ao total de verbos gerados corretamente, número de clusters, tamanho médio dos clusters e número de switches. Para a obtenção dos desfechos do estudo foi realizado um processo prévio de definição das categorias de verbos que constituiriam clusters. A classificação dos verbos foi adaptada para a este estudo, incluindo a análise de juízes com investigação do índice de concordância. RESULTADOS: Dentre as variáveis de interesse comparadas entre os grupos estudados, houve um desempenho estatisticamente inferior no grupo de pessoas com doença de Alzheimer quanto ao número de switches e total de verbos gerados corretamente. Nas demais medidas, os grupos foram semelhantes. CONCLUSÃO: Neste estudo pessoas com doença de Alzheimer apresentaram déficit no desempenho da tarefa de fluência verbal de verbos, caracterizado por uma redução do número total de verbos gerados e uma menor variabilidade de categorias de verbos. Os achados sugerem que, na doença de Alzheimer, a fluência de verbos é mais sensível aos déficits cognitivos decorrentes de disfunção executiva do que aos déficits semânticos.

Análise de clustering e switching da fluência de verbos em indivíduos com doença de Alzheimer / Clustering and switching analysis of verb fluency in individuals with Alzheimer's disease

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar o desempenho na tarefa de fluência de verbos de pessoas com doença de Alzheimer em comparação à idosos saudáveis, a partir da análise do número total de palavras corretas evocadas, do número de clusters, do tamanho médio dos clusters e do número de switches. Método Este é um estudo de caso-controle no qual participaram 39 idosos saudáveis e 29 participantes com diagnóstico de doença de Alzheimer. O desempenho da fluência de verbos dos participantes foi analisado quanto ao total de verbos gerados corretamente, número de clusters, tamanho médio dos clusters e número de switches. Para a obtenção dos desfechos do estudo foi realizado um processo prévio de definição das categorias de verbos que constituiriam clusters. A classificação dos verbos foi adaptada para a este estudo, incluindo a análise de juízes com investigação do índice de concordância. Resultados Dentre as variáveis de interesse comparadas entre os grupos estudados, houve um desempenho estatisticamente inferior no grupo de pessoas com doença de Alzheimer quanto ao número de switches e total de verbos gerados corretamente. Nas demais medidas, os grupos foram semelhantes. Conclusão Neste estudo pessoas com doença de Alzheimer apresentaram déficit no desempenho da tarefa de fluência verbal de verbos, caracterizado por uma redução do número total de verbos gerados e uma menor variabilidade de categorias de verbos. Os achados sugerem que, na doença de Alzheimer, a fluência de verbos é mais sensível aos déficits cognitivos decorrentes de disfunção executiva do que aos déficits semânticos.

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate verb fluency performance in individuals with Alzheimer's disease compared with healthy older adults by analyzing total correct responses, number of clusters, average cluster size, and number of switches. Methods This is a case-control study of 39 healthy older adults and 29 older adults with a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Verb fluency performance was analyzed in terms of total number of correct verbs retrieved, number of clusters, average cluster size, and number of switches. To obtain the study outcomes, we previously conducted a procedure for categorization of the verbs that would compose the clusters. The classification of verbs was adapted for this study, including assessment by raters and analysis of inter-rater reliability. Results Individuals with Alzheimer's disease showed significantly poorer performance than healthy controls in the number of switches and total number of correct verbs retrieved. The two groups did not differ significantly in the other measures. Conclusion In this study, individuals with Alzheimer's disease showed impaired verb fluency, characterized by a reduced number of verbs retrieved and fewer transitions between verb categories. The findings suggest that, in Alzheimer's disease, verb fluency is more sensitive to cognitive deficits resulting from executive dysfunction than from semantic disruption.

Self-perception of cognitive sequels in post-COVID-19 individuals / Autopercepção de sequelas cognitivas em indivíduos pós-COVID-19

ABSTRACT. COVID-19 is an infection, primarily respiratory, caused by the SARS-CoV-2, which can also affect the central nervous system, causing neuropsychological damage. There are studies describing post-COVID-19 cognitive deficits, but it is important to know this outcome in populations with different social, biological, and cultural characteristics. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the self-perception of cognitive sequelae in post-COVID-19 individuals and identify whether there is a possible relationship between the outcome of the participants' self-perception and sociodemographic and clinical data. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, carried out through an online questionnaire on the Google Forms platform, in which sociodemographic data, general health data, clinical manifestations of COVID-19, and post-COVID-19 self-perception of the cognitive domains of memory, attention, language, and executive functions were collected. Results: The final sample consisted of 137 participants, and it was possible to identify that memory and attention were the domains with the highest impression of worsening post-COVID-19, followed by executive functions and language. In addition, it was identified that being female may be related to a worse self-perception of all cognitive functions and that having depression or other psychiatric diseases and obesity can significantly affect at least half of the cognitive domains evaluated. Conclusions: This study pointed to a post-COVID-19 cognitive worsening of the participants.

RESUMO. A COVID-19 é uma infecção, primariamente respiratória, causada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2, mas que também pode atingir o sistema nervoso central, ocasionando danos neuropsicológicos. Há estudos que descrevem os déficits cognitivos pós-COVID-19, mas é importante conhecer esse desfecho em populações com diferentes características sociais, biológicas e culturais. Objetivo: Avaliar a autopercepção de sequelas cognitivas em indivíduos pós-COVID-19 e identificar se há uma possível relação entre o desfecho da autopercepção dos participantes e dados sociodemográficos e clínicos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado com o uso de um questionário online na plataforma Google Forms, no qual foram identificados dados sociodemográficos, dados de saúde geral, manifestações clínicas da COVID-19 e a autopercepção dos domínios cognitivos de memória, atenção, linguagem e funções executivas pós-COVID-19. Resultados: A amostra final foi composta de 137 participantes, e pôde-se observar que memória e atenção foram os domínios com maior impressão de piora pós-COVID-19, seguidos por funções executivas e linguagem. Além disso, constatou-se que ser do gênero feminino pode estar relacionado com uma pior autopercepção de todas as funções cognitivas pós-COVID-19 e que ter depressão ou outras doenças psiquiátricas e obesidade pode afetar significativamente pelo menos metade dos domínios cognitivos avaliados. Conclusões: Este trabalho apontou para a piora cognitiva pós-COVID-19 dos participantes.

Who are the speech and language therapists who work with primary progressive aphasia in Brazil? An exploratory cross-sectional survey study / Quem são os fonoaudiólogos que trabalham com afasia progressiva primária no Brasil? Um estudo de inquérito transversal exploratório

ABSTRACT Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) is a progressive language disorder associated with frontotemporal impairment and mainly affects the left hemisphere of the brain. In general, this condition compromises abilities related to comprehension and expression of language. The diagnosis of PPA depends on in-depth knowledge regarding functions of language, neurology, and neuropsychology. Speech and language therapists (SLTs) have a pivotal role in the diagnosis and rehabilitation of PPA. The absence of these professionals involved in the diagnosis and rehabilitation may reflect on the quality of care of people with PPA. Objective: To identify the sociodemographic, educational, and professional practice characteristics of SLTs who work with people with PPA in Brazil. Methods: An online questionnaire was disseminated to reach SLTs across Brazil. The questionnaire collected information regarding sociodemographics, training and education, practice (time, setting, service provision), and sources of referral. Results: The study included 71 participants (95.8% women). Specialization was the most frequent educational level followed by master's degree, and participants where mainly from the Southeast and South regions of Brazil. Neurologists were the professionals who most referred patients with PPA to SLTs. Finally, SLTs worked primarily in homecare settings and provided mainly individual therapy services. Conclusion: SLTs who work with PPA in Brazil can be characterized mainly as professionals with postgraduate degrees, relatively young, and from the South and Southeast regions of Brazil.

RESUMO A afasia progressiva primária (APP) é um distúrbio progressivo da linguagem associado à atrofia de regiões frontotemporais predominantemente do hemisfério esquerdo do cérebro. De modo geral, a APP afeta as capacidades compreensivas e expressivas da linguagem. O diagnóstico depende de profissionais com profundo conhecimento das funções da linguagem, neurologia e neuropsicologia. A fonoaudiologia tem papel essencial no diagnóstico e reabilitação da APP, e a ausência de fonoaudiólogos nesses processos pode refletir na qualidade do cuidado das pessoas com APP. Objetivo: Identificar as características sociodemográficas, educacionais e de atuação profissional de fonoaudiólogos que atuam com APP no Brasil. Métodos: Foi distribuído um questionário em formato online para fonoaudiólogos de todo o Brasil. O questionário coletou informações sobre aspectos sociodemográficos, de formação, atuação profissional (tempo, local de atuação, tipo de serviço oferecido) e fontes de encaminhamento. Resultados: O estudo incluiu 71 participantes (95,8% mulheres). O nível educacional mais frequente foi a especialização, e as regiões demográficas com maior incidência de profissionais que atendiam APP foram as Regiões Sudeste e Sul do país. Os neurologistas foram os profissionais que mais encaminhavam pacientes com APP para os fonoaudiólogos. Por fim, os fonoaudiólogos atuavam, principalmente, em homecare e realizando, em sua maioria, terapia individual. Conclusão: Os fonoaudiólogos que atuam com APP no Brasil podem ser caracterizados principalmente como profissionais pós-graduados, relativamente jovens e das Regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil.

Mentira terapêutica: a visão do fonoaudiólogo brasileiro sobre uma estratégia de comunicação controversa no atendimento ao paciente com demência / Therapeutic lying: Brazilian speech and language therapists' point of view about a controversial communication strategy employed in the care for people with dementia

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi obter a visão do fonoaudiólogo brasileiro a respeito da utilização da mentira terapêutica como estratégia de comunicação no manejo de pacientes com demência. Método Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa, transversal, de caráter descritivo. A coleta de dados foi realizada de modo online através de um questionário contendo questões de múltipla escolha e resposta aberta. Resultados Os resultados quantitativos indicaram que a maioria dos fonoaudiólogos já fizeram uso da estratégia e desejam aprender mais sobre, julgando a técnica como relativamente válida, ética e adequada. Os dados qualitativos indicaram os motivos para o uso da técnica, sendo estes: tranquilizar o paciente em situação de agitação; estimular o engajamento na terapia; evitar estresse relacionado à perda de memória; manejar dificuldade ou recusa alimentar; manejar dificuldade ou recusa ao tratamento medicamentoso; evitar que paciente evada o local; manejar situações de delírio, confusão e/ou paranoia; garantir a segurança; e quando outras estratégias não funcionam. Conclusão A maioria dos fonoaudiólogos brasileiros utilizam a mentira terapêutica em sua prática clínica e o fazem levando em consideração o benefício da pessoa com demência, embora reconheçam a falta de conhecimento e preparo acerca do assunto. Consideraram essa estratégia de comunicação relativamente ética, válida e adequada. O artigo chama atenção para a necessidade de formação e de recomendações sobre o uso da mentira terapêutica entre pessoas com demência pelos fonoaudiólogos.

ABSTRACT Purpose The objective of this research was to obtain the speech and language therapists' point of view about the use of therapeutic lying as a communication strategy in dementia care. Methods The present research was a quantitative, qualitative, and descriptive cross-sectional study. Data was collected through an online survey with multiple choices and open answer questions. Results The quantitative results indicated that the majority of the speech and language therapists have already used therapeutic lying as a communicative strategy and wish to learn more about it, considering the technique as relatively valid, ethical and adequate. The qualitative results indicated the reasons for the usage of the technique: to reassure the patient in case of agitation; to encourage engagement in therapy; to avoid stress-related to memory loss; to manage difficulty or refusal to eat; to manage difficulty or refusal for drug treatment; to prevent patients from leaving the building; to manage delirium, confusion and/or paranoia; to ensure safety; and for use when other strategies do not work. Conclusion The majority of speech and language therapists use therapeutic lying in their clinical practice, taking into consideration the best interest of the person with dementia, although professionals recognize their lack of knowledge on the subject. They have considered the communication strategy as relatively ethical, valid and adequate. The article calls attention to the necessity of education and guidelines for speech and language therapists in the use of therapeutic lying among people with dementia.

Therapeutic lying: Brazilian speech and language therapists' point of view about a controversial communication strategy employed in the care for people with dementia. / Mentira terapêutica: a visão do fonoaudiólogo brasileiro sobre uma estratégia de comunicação controversa no atendimento ao paciente com demência.

PURPOSE: The objective of this research was to obtain the speech and language therapists' point of view about the use of therapeutic lying as a communication strategy in dementia care. METHODS: The present research was a quantitative, qualitative, and descriptive cross-sectional study. Data was collected through an online survey with multiple choices and open answer questions. RESULTS: The quantitative results indicated that the majority of the speech and language therapists have already used therapeutic lying as a communicative strategy and wish to learn more about it, considering the technique as relatively valid, ethical and adequate. The qualitative results indicated the reasons for the usage of the technique: to reassure the patient in case of agitation; to encourage engagement in therapy; to avoid stress-related to memory loss; to manage difficulty or refusal to eat; to manage difficulty or refusal for drug treatment; to prevent patients from leaving the building; to manage delirium, confusion and/or paranoia; to ensure safety; and for use when other strategies do not work. CONCLUSION: The majority of speech and language therapists use therapeutic lying in their clinical practice, taking into consideration the best interest of the person with dementia, although professionals recognize their lack of knowledge on the subject. They have considered the communication strategy as relatively ethical, valid and adequate. The article calls attention to the necessity of education and guidelines for speech and language therapists in the use of therapeutic lying among people with dementia.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi obter a visão do fonoaudiólogo brasileiro a respeito da utilização da mentira terapêutica como estratégia de comunicação no manejo de pacientes com demência. MÉTODO: Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa, transversal, de caráter descritivo. A coleta de dados foi realizada de modo online através de um questionário contendo questões de múltipla escolha e resposta aberta. RESULTADOS: Os resultados quantitativos indicaram que a maioria dos fonoaudiólogos já fizeram uso da estratégia e desejam aprender mais sobre, julgando a técnica como relativamente válida, ética e adequada. Os dados qualitativos indicaram os motivos para o uso da técnica, sendo estes: tranquilizar o paciente em situação de agitação; estimular o engajamento na terapia; evitar estresse relacionado à perda de memória; manejar dificuldade ou recusa alimentar; manejar dificuldade ou recusa ao tratamento medicamentoso; evitar que paciente evada o local; manejar situações de delírio, confusão e/ou paranoia; garantir a segurança; e quando outras estratégias não funcionam. CONCLUSÃO: A maioria dos fonoaudiólogos brasileiros utilizam a mentira terapêutica em sua prática clínica e o fazem levando em consideração o benefício da pessoa com demência, embora reconheçam a falta de conhecimento e preparo acerca do assunto. Consideraram essa estratégia de comunicação relativamente ética, válida e adequada. O artigo chama atenção para a necessidade de formação e de recomendações sobre o uso da mentira terapêutica entre pessoas com demência pelos fonoaudiólogos.

Investigation of the Association Between History of Learning Disabilities and Primary Progressive Aphasia in Brazilian Portuguese Speakers.

Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) is a neurological syndrome characterized by impaired language due to neurodegeneration. It is subdivided into three variants: semantic, agrammatic or nonfluent, and logopenic. Pieces of evidence have suggested that learning disabilities in childhood, such as dyslexia, might be susceptibility factors in the occurrence of PPA in adulthood. The objective of this study was to verify the existence of the relationship between PPA and the history of learning disabilities of patients and their children, compared to a control group of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). A questionnaire was applied to investigate the presence of indicators of learning disabilities and difficulties in individuals with PPA and AD and their children. Twenty subjects with PPA and 16 with AD participated in the study. Our findings are presented and discussed in light of the current scientific evidence and the social, educational, and economic Brazilian scenario. Despite the challenges of doing research with individuals with PPA in Brazil, we present the first evidence about the investigation of association between the history of learning disabilities and difficulties and PPA in native Brazilian Portuguese speakers.

Fighting social isolation of vulnerable people with dementia through remote group meetings: An experience report.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION: With the COVID-19 pandemic (WHO, 2020), social distancing became a crucial means to prevent further spread of the disease (Wendy et al, 2020). This raises concerns for dementia care (Wang et al, 2020), as social distancing leads to reduced cognitive stimulation, exercise, social networking and leisure activities (Brown et al, 2020). Active participation in art has shown positive impacts on the psychosocial wellbeing of stroke survivors (Morris et al, 2019). Additionally, engaging with humor potentially improves the memory, communication and self-esteem of people with dementia (PWD) (Stevens, 2012). This study aims at reporting an innovative, interdisciplinary remote intervention targeted at groups of PWD and stroke survivors during the COVID-19 pandemic. These were part of the university community outreach program Playful Living, which aims at promoting digital inclusion, quality of life and equity through artistic group activities. The project began in 2020 and consists of weekly group meetings through online platforms, with different creative practices happening each week. These include dance, gastronomy, storytelling and clowning. There are 32 participants: 13 PWD, 14 stroke survivors and 5 older adults with no diagnosis of neurological conditions. All participants were selected considering social vulnerability determinants: income, race, gender and educational background. Participants were divided into four groups, each with a fixed team (students of Speech Therapy, Psychology, Dance and Dramatic Arts) and moving members. So far, seven meetings took place. The activities have provided different opportunities for sharing memories, experiencing and expressing emotions through art. Participants reported looking forward to the meetings, with increasing participation and bonding. A major concern has been digital inclusion: stable internet access, camera and microphone management. Those aspects directly affect participants' ability to engage in group dynamics and potentially impact their self-esteem and well-being. However, improvements are observed on a daily basis, thanks to the combined efforts of team members and caregivers. The project has provided participants with means for self-expression and social interaction in a safe environment. Perceived difficulties thus far point toward the need for continued efforts in terms of social and digital inclusion for this population currently and beyond the pandemic setting.

Playing remotely in times of crisis: A program to overcome social isolation.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to examine the feasibility of an intergenerational remote intervention program designed to promote the wellbeing and social connection of vulnerable older adults, mainly people with aphasia and dementia during the COVID-19 pandemic in the south of Brazil. Undergraduate students were guided to lead weekly sessions of clowning, storytelling, dancing, and cooking-related activities for 3 months (from November/2020 to February/2021). METHOD: The mixed-method design of the study addresses the implementation and feasibility of the program. Data analysis considered both quantitative-number of individuals who accepted the invitation to participate, voluntary dropouts, attendance-and qualitative data-participative observation and thematic analysis of evaluative conversations. An inclusive group of 34 older adults with stroke-induced cognitive impairments, dementia and individuals without any neurological conditions enrolled in the program based on social and racial equity principles. Feasibility and acceptability were addressed in terms of recruitment, implementation, remote evaluation, delivery of remote intervention, adherence, and attendance. Activities and participants' perceptions are described. RESULTS: The initial period of the program achieved 83.7% of adherence and sustainability for additional 3 months. Preliminary results suggest feasibility and acceptability, considering formal and informal support in digital inclusion. Participatory observations describe that the structure of sessions and activities were well received. The analysis of participants' perceptions detects the thematic saliency of feelings of social connection and a sense of having learned with the group. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary results of this study demonstrate the feasibility and acceptability of the program, pointing to its potential mental health benefits.

First Symptoms of Primary Progressive Aphasia and Alzheimer's Disease in Brazilian Individuals.

Background: Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) is characterized by progressive language impairment due to focal degeneration of brain areas related to linguistic processing. The detection and differential diagnosis of PPA can be difficult with clinical features that may overlap with features of other neurological conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The scientific production on PPA in Latin American patients is still scarce. This study investigated the first symptoms in a Brazilian sample of patients with PPA in comparison with AD patients. Method: We compared the first symptoms reported by caregivers of people with PPA (n = 20; semantic variant n = 8, non-fluent variant n = 7, logopenic variant n = 3, and unclassified cases n = 2) and AD (n = 16). Data were collected through the application of a structured questionnaire that was presented in an interview format to the caregiver who knew the patient best. Results: Anomia, paraphasias and motor speech difficulties were the first symptoms capable of differentiating patients with PPA from those with AD, while memory was exclusive of AD. Among the PPA variants, anomia was the initial symptom associated with the semantic variant, while motor speech difficulties were associated with the non-fluent variant. The results are discussed considering the unique cultural and sociodemographic characteristics of this studied population. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that some of the initial symptoms of PPA patients may be unique to clinical variants of PPA and of AD, and their investigation may be useful for the early and differential diagnosis of this population.

Dementia in Latin America: Paving the way toward a regional action plan.

Across Latin American and Caribbean countries (LACs), the fight against dementia faces pressing challenges, such as heterogeneity, diversity, political instability, and socioeconomic disparities. These can be addressed more effectively in a collaborative setting that fosters open exchange of knowledge. In this work, the Latin American and Caribbean Consortium on Dementia (LAC-CD) proposes an agenda for integration to deliver a Knowledge to Action Framework (KtAF). First, we summarize evidence-based strategies (epidemiology, genetics, biomarkers, clinical trials, nonpharmacological interventions, networking, and translational research) and align them to current global strategies to translate regional knowledge into transformative actions. Then we characterize key sources of complexity (genetic isolates, admixture in populations, environmental factors, and barriers to effective interventions), map them to the above challenges, and provide the basic mosaics of knowledge toward a KtAF. Finally, we describe strategies supporting the knowledge creation stage that underpins the translational impact of KtAF.

The effect of intentionality on verbal memory assessment over days.

BACKGROUND: Intentionality to remember is associated with better performances in episodic memory retrieval. The practice effect has better performance in memory retrieval. However, little is known about the effect of intentionality on memory over days and the influence of age, gender, and level of education on it as well as on practice effect. OBJECTIVES: To verify the effect of intentionality and practice effect on memory performance over days, using an ecological approach. METHODS: One hundred and twenty subjects from 18 to 81 years of age and free of psychiatric and neurological disorders were evaluated. They were randomized into a "testing effect group" and a "intentionality group" and then were asked to read a text on the FIFA World Cup. The "intentionality group" was instructed to pay careful attention to the text because they would answer a questionnaire with 10 factual items from the text after 2 and 7 days. The "testing effect group" had the same procedure at the same time as the first group but were not instructed about the intentionality, and answered the questionnaire immediately after reading the text. RESULTS: Memory performance was better 2 days after the exposure session than 7 days later in the "intentionality group". On the other hand, there was no difference in memory performance from the "testing effect group" 2 and 7 days later. CONCLUSIONS: Intention to recall may enhance memory over a short period of days, while retaining similar amount of information over days to what was acquired immediately after text exposure.

INTRODUÇÃO: A intencionalidade de lembrar associa-se a melhores desempenhos na recuperação da memória episódica. O efeito da prática também apresenta melhores desempenhos na recuperação da memória. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a intencionalidade na memória ao longo dos dias sob influência da idade, sexo e escolaridade, assim como sob efeito da prática. OBJETIVOS: Verificar o efeito da intencionalidade e de testes no desempenho da memória ao longo dos dias, utilizando abordagem ecológica. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 120 sujeitos (idade 18-81 anos) e a ausência de distúrbios psiquiátricos e neurológicos. Eles foram randomizados para o "grupo de efeito de testes" ou para o "grupo de intencionalidade" e expostos ao texto da Copa do Mundo de Futebol. O "grupo de intencionalidade" foi instruído a prestar muita atenção ao texto, pois seria aplicado um questionário com 10 itens factuais do texto 2 e 7 dias depois. O "grupo de efeito de testes" realizou o mesmo procedimento no mesmo tempo que o primeiro grupo, mas não foi instruído em relação à intencionalidade e responderam ao questionário imediatamente após a leitura do texto. RESULTADOS: O desempenho da memória foi melhor 2 dias após a exposição do que 7 dias depois no "grupo de intencionalidade". Por outro lado, não houve diferença no desempenho de memória no "grupo de efeito de testes" 2 e 7 dias depois. CONCLUSÕES: A intenção de recordar pode melhorar a memória por um curto período de dias. Enquanto o efeito de teste pode reter ao longo de dias quantidade similar de informação que foi adquirida imediatamente após a exposição do texto.

Erros Residuais de Fala - estudo preliminar sobre características dos sistemas fonético/fonológico em falantes do Português Brasileiro / Residual Speech Errors ­ preliminary study on characteristics of phonetic/phonological systems in Brazilian Portuguese speakers / Errores Residuales de Habla ­ estudio preliminar sobre las características de los sistemas fonético/fonológico en hablantes del Portugués Brasileño

Introdução: Erros residuais de Fala podem ser caracterizados como resquícios de um importante atraso de fala pregresso. Objetivo: Apresentar dados preliminares, relativos ao sistema fonético/fonológico de um grupo de sujeitos com Erros Residuais de Fala. Métodos: Estudo transversal, quantitativo, realizado a partir de um levantamento de dados de prontuários de 39 sujeitos com Erros Residuais de Fala, com idade igual ou superior a nove anos. Foram analisadas informações como alterações segmentais de fala, caracterizadas por distorções e processos fonológicos, idade e sexo. As variáveis foram organizadas em uma planilha do Excel e submetidas à análise estatística. Resultados: A amostra ficou formada predominantemente por meninos, na faixa etária dos nove e dez anos. Notou-se maior ocorrência de processos fonológicos envolvendo os fonemas fricativos /ʃ/ e /ʒ/, a líquida /r/ e redução de encontro consonantal. Em relação ao sistema fonético, identificaram-se, principalmente, distorções envolvendo os fones [r], [s] e [X]. Observou-se diferença estatisticamente significante, para a redução de encontro consonantal, envolvendo o fonema /l/ pelo sexo feminino e substituição do fonema /s/ entre as faixas etárias, com porcentagem de erros maior para a faixa etária dos 11-12 anos. Conclusão: Os Erros Residuais de Fala ocorreram em maior porcentagem na faixa etária dos nove e dez anos, em meninos. Tais erros podem ser caracterizados por processos fonológicos e/ou distorções fonéticas, envolvendo fricativas e líquidas.

Introduction: Residual Speech Errors can be characterized as remnants of an important previous speech delay. Purpose: To show preliminary data, related to the phonetic/phonological system of a group of subjects with Residual Speech Errors. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, retrospective and quantitative study based on medical records of 39 subjects with Residual Speech Errors, aged nine years or older. Information such as segmental speech changes, characterized by distortions and phonological processes, age and gender was investigated. The variables were entered in an Excel spreadsheet and submitted to statistical analysis. Results: The diagnosis of Residual Speech Errors was the most frequent in the sample, which had a prevalence of boys in the age group of nine and ten years old. There was a higher occurrence of phonological processes involving the fricatives /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, the liquid /r/ phoneme and consonant cluster reduction. In relation to the phonetic system, distortions involving phones [r], [s] and [X] were found. There was a significant statistically difference for the consonant cluster reduction involving phoneme /l/ by females and the substitution of the /s/ phoneme between the age groups, with a greater percentage of errors for the 11-12 age group. Conclusion: Residual Speech Errors occurred in a higher percentage in the age group of nine and ten years old, in boys. Such errors can be characterized by phonological processes and/or phonetic distortions, involving fricatives and liquids.

Introducción: Los Errores Residuales de Habla pueden caracterizarse como remanentes de un retraso importante en el habla anterior. Objetivo: Presentar datos preliminares relativos al sistema fonético/fonológico de un grupo de sujetos con Errores Residuales de Habla. Métodos: Estudio transversal, cuantitativo, realizado a partir de una recogida de datos de registros médicos de 39 sujetos con Errores Residuales de Habla, con edad igual o superior a nueve años. Se han analizado informaciones como las alteraciones segméntales de habla caracterizado por distorsiones y procesos fonológicos, edad y sexo. Las variables fueron organizadas en una hoja de cálculo de Excel y sometidas a análisis estadístico. Resultados: La muestra se ha formado mayoritariamente por niños del sexo masculino, en la franja etaria de nueve a diez años. Se ha observado una ocurrencia más grande de procesos fonológicos con relación a los fonemas fricativos /ʃ/ y /ʒ/, la líquida /r/ y reducción de grupo consonántico. Respecto al sistema fonético, se han identificado, principalmente, distorsiones involucrando los fonos [r], [s] y [X]. Se ha notado diferencia estadísticamente significante para la reducción de grupo consonántico, involucrando el fonema /l/, por el sexo femenino y sustitución del fonema /s/ entre franjas etarias, con porcentaje de errores más grande para la franja de edad de los once y doce años. Conclusión: Los Errores Residuales de Habla han ocurrido en mayor porcentaje en la franja etaria de los nueve y diez años, en los niños del sexo masculino. Tales errores se pueden caracterizar por procesos fonológicos y/o distorsiones fonéticas, involucrando fricativas y líquidas.

The effect of intentionality on verbal memory assessment over days / O efeito da intencionalidade na avaliação da memória verbal ao longo de dias

ABSTRACT Background: Intentionality to remember is associated with better performances in episodic memory retrieval. The practice effect has better performance in memory retrieval. However, little is known about the effect of intentionality on memory over days and the influence of age, gender, and level of education on it as well as on practice effect. Objectives: To verify the effect of intentionality and practice effect on memory performance over days, using an ecological approach. Methods: One hundred and twenty subjects from 18 to 81 years of age and free of psychiatric and neurological disorders were evaluated. They were randomized into a "testing effect group" and a "intentionality group" and then were asked to read a text on the FIFA World Cup. The "intentionality group" was instructed to pay careful attention to the text because they would answer a questionnaire with 10 factual items from the text after 2 and 7 days. The "testing effect group" had the same procedure at the same time as the first group but were not instructed about the intentionality, and answered the questionnaire immediately after reading the text. Results: Memory performance was better 2 days after the exposure session than 7 days later in the "intentionality group". On the other hand, there was no difference in memory performance from the "testing effect group" 2 and 7 days later. Conclusions: Intention to recall may enhance memory over a short period of days, while retaining similar amount of information over days to what was acquired immediately after text exposure.

RESUMO Introdução: A intencionalidade de lembrar associa-se a melhores desempenhos na recuperação da memória episódica. O efeito da prática também apresenta melhores desempenhos na recuperação da memória. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a intencionalidade na memória ao longo dos dias sob influência da idade, sexo e escolaridade, assim como sob efeito da prática. Objetivos: Verificar o efeito da intencionalidade e de testes no desempenho da memória ao longo dos dias, utilizando abordagem ecológica. Métodos: Foram avaliados 120 sujeitos (idade 18-81 anos) e a ausência de distúrbios psiquiátricos e neurológicos. Eles foram randomizados para o "grupo de efeito de testes" ou para o "grupo de intencionalidade" e expostos ao texto da Copa do Mundo de Futebol. O "grupo de intencionalidade" foi instruído a prestar muita atenção ao texto, pois seria aplicado um questionário com 10 itens factuais do texto 2 e 7 dias depois. O "grupo de efeito de testes" realizou o mesmo procedimento no mesmo tempo que o primeiro grupo, mas não foi instruído em relação à intencionalidade e responderam ao questionário imediatamente após a leitura do texto. Resultados: O desempenho da memória foi melhor 2 dias após a exposição do que 7 dias depois no "grupo de intencionalidade". Por outro lado, não houve diferença no desempenho de memória no "grupo de efeito de testes" 2 e 7 dias depois. Conclusões: A intenção de recordar pode melhorar a memória por um curto período de dias. Enquanto o efeito de teste pode reter ao longo de dias quantidade similar de informação que foi adquirida imediatamente após a exposição do texto.

Exploratory study of the teaching of neuropsychology in the curricula of undergraduate courses in Speech-Language Pathology. / Estudo exploratório do ensino da neuropsicologia nos currículos dos cursos de graduação em fonoaudiologia.

PURPOSE: To determine the level of teaching of neuropsychology within undergraduate courses of speech-language pathology in Brazil using an exploratory document analysis of the curricula of the undergraduate courses. METHODS: It is a quantitative exploratory document analysis. A review of available documents from websites and/or received from course directors (pedagogical course project, course content, and/or syllabus) of public and private universities in Brazil was carried out. Using an agreed consensus checklist, 3 researchers verified which universities offered subjects on neuropsychology by means of a search for the term 'neuropsychology' or neuropsychological'. Associations between type of university and region and the provision of neuropsychology courses were also explored. RESULTS: 72 universities were included in the study and only nine of them offered subjects on neuropsychology. None of the associations tested was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The provision of neuropsychology for speech-language pathology undergraduate students is limited, and not associated with the type of university, the year of the pedagogical course project, or the region in which the university is located. The findings call attention to the need to adapt undergraduate curricula in speech-language pathology to consider the entire scope of this profession and address the epidemiology of communication disorders.

OBJETIVO: Identificar a presença do ensino da neuropsicologia nos cursos de graduação em fonoaudiologia no Brasil através de uma análise exploratória dos currículos dos cursos de graduação. MÉTODO: Estudo documental exploratório quantitativo. Foi realizada uma busca de documentos (projeto pedagógico de curso, ementário e/ou matriz curricular) nos websites das instituições de ensino superior públicas e privadas, ou via e-mail. A busca das informações necessárias para o estudo foi feita por três pesquisadores através de um checklist elaborado em consenso. Dessa maneira, pôde-se caracterizar as instituições de ensino e, posteriormente, foram investigadas quais delas ofereciam disciplinas que abordassem o tema da neuropsicologia através de uma busca pelo nome da disciplina. Foram exploradas associações entre a natureza da instituição de ensino superior, ano do projeto pedagógico de curso e região demográfica, com a presença de disciplinas sobre neuropsicologia. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídas no estudo 72 instituições de ensino, sendo que destas apenas nove ofereciam a disciplina de neuropsicologia. Nenhuma das associações testadas gerou diferença estatisticamente significativa. CONCLUSÃO: Há uma carência na oferta de disciplinas de neuropsicologia para os estudantes de fonoaudiologia, e esta carência não tem relação nenhuma com a natureza da instituição de ensino superior, o ano do projeto pedagógico de curso ou com a região demográfica. Os achados chamam a atenção para a importância de um currículo que considere todo o escopo de atuação profissional e se ajuste à epidemiologia dos distúrbios da comunicação.

Estudo exploratório do ensino da neuropsicologia nos currículos dos cursos de graduação em fonoaudiologia / Exploratory study of the teaching of neuropsychology in the curricula of undergraduate courses in Speech-Language Pathology

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar a presença do ensino da neuropsicologia nos cursos de graduação em fonoaudiologia no Brasil através de uma análise exploratória dos currículos dos cursos de graduação. Método Estudo documental exploratório quantitativo. Foi realizada uma busca de documentos (projeto pedagógico de curso, ementário e/ou matriz curricular) nos websites das instituições de ensino superior públicas e privadas, ou via e-mail. A busca das informações necessárias para o estudo foi feita por três pesquisadores através de um checklist elaborado em consenso. Dessa maneira, pôde-se caracterizar as instituições de ensino e, posteriormente, foram investigadas quais delas ofereciam disciplinas que abordassem o tema da neuropsicologia através de uma busca pelo nome da disciplina. Foram exploradas associações entre a natureza da instituição de ensino superior, ano do projeto pedagógico de curso e região demográfica, com a presença de disciplinas sobre neuropsicologia. Resultados Foram incluídas no estudo 72 instituições de ensino, sendo que destas apenas nove ofereciam a disciplina de neuropsicologia. Nenhuma das associações testadas gerou diferença estatisticamente significativa. Conclusão Há uma carência na oferta de disciplinas de neuropsicologia para os estudantes de fonoaudiologia, e esta carência não tem relação nenhuma com a natureza da instituição de ensino superior, o ano do projeto pedagógico de curso ou com a região demográfica. Os achados chamam a atenção para a importância de um currículo que considere todo o escopo de atuação profissional e se ajuste à epidemiologia dos distúrbios da comunicação.

ABSTRACT Purpose To determine the level of teaching of neuropsychology within undergraduate courses of speech-language pathology in Brazil using an exploratory document analysis of the curricula of the undergraduate courses. Methods It is a quantitative exploratory document analysis. A review of available documents from websites and/or received from course directors (pedagogical course project, course content, and/or syllabus) of public and private universities in Brazil was carried out. Using an agreed consensus checklist, 3 researchers verified which universities offered subjects on neuropsychology by means of a search for the term 'neuropsychology' or neuropsychological'. Associations between type of university and region and the provision of neuropsychology courses were also explored. Results 72 universities were included in the study and only nine of them offered subjects on neuropsychology. None of the associations tested was statistically significant. Conclusion The provision of neuropsychology for speech-language pathology undergraduate students is limited, and not associated with the type of university, the year of the pedagogical course project, or the region in which the university is located. The findings call attention to the need to adapt undergraduate curricula in speech-language pathology to consider the entire scope of this profession and address the epidemiology of communication disorders.

Effects of a short educational program about aphasia (SEPA) on the burden and quality of life of family caregivers of people with aphasia.

PURPOSE: To develop a short educational program about aphasia (SEPA) for family caregivers of people with aphasia and verify its effect in their burden and quality of life. METHODS: This is a quantitative experimental study. The participants included in the study were family caregivers of people with aphasia. They completed the Zarit interview scale and WHOQOL-Bref instruments pre- and post-intervention. The intervention was a short educational program about aphasia, administered in a group setting and conducted in two didactic sessions. RESULTS: Four participants were included in the study. In the group analysis, there was no significant difference in any measure. However, looking into the individual performances, all participants presented a trend for improvement in most of the scores. CONCLUSION: Possibly, family caregivers of people with aphasia might benefit from the SEPA. It would be relevant for future studies to include larger samples and consider new strategies to improve inclusion of participants.