Contemporary Management and Outcomes of Injuries to the Inferior Vena Cava: A Prospective Multicenter Trial From PROspective Observational Vascular Injury Treatment.

INTRODUCTION: Injuries to the inferior vena cava (IVC), while uncommon, have a high mortality despite modern advances. The goal of this study is to describe the diagnosis and management in the largest available prospective data set of vascular injuries across anatomic levels of IVC injury. METHODS: The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma PROspective Observational Vascular Injury Treatment (PROOVIT) registry was queried from November 2013 to January 2019. Demographics, diagnostic modalities, injury patterns, and management strategies were recorded and analyzed. Comparisons between anatomic levels were made using non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum statistics. RESULTS: 140 patients from 19 institutions were identified; median age was 30 years old (IQR 23-41), 75% were male, and 62% had penetrating mechanism. The suprarenal IVC group was associated with blunt mechanism (53% vs 32%, P = .02), had lower admission systolic blood pressure, pH, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and higher ISS and thorax and abdomen AIS than the infrarenal injury group. Injuries were managed with open repair (70%) and ligation (30% overall; infrarenal 37% vs suprarenal 13%, P = .01). Endovascular therapy was used in 2% of cases. Overall mortality was 42% (infrarenal 33% vs suprarenal 66%, P<.001). Among survivors, there was no difference in first 24-hour PRBC transfusion requirement, or hospital or ICU length of stay. CONCLUSIONS: Current PROOVIT registry data demonstrate continued use of ligation extending to the suprarenal IVC, limited adoption of endovascular management, and no dramatic increase in overall survival compared to previously published studies. Survival is likely related to IVC injury location and total injury burden.

Caught in the crossfire: 37 Years of firearm violence afflicting America's youth.

INTRODUCTION: Publicly available firearm data are difficult to access. Trauma registry data are excellent at documenting patterns of firearm-related injury. Law enforcement data excel at capturing national violence trends to include both circumstances and firearm involvement. The goal of this study was to use publicly available law enforcement data from all 50 states to better define patterns of firearm-related homicides in the young. METHODS: All homicides in individuals 25 years or younger in the United States over a 37-year period ending in 2016 were analyzed: infant, 1 year or younger; child, 1 to 9 years old; adolescent, 10 to 19 years old; and young adult, 20 to 25 years old. Primary data files were obtained from the Federal Bureau of Investigation and comprised the database. Data analyzed included homicide type, situation, circumstance, month, firearm type, and demographics. Rates of all homicides and firearm-related homicides per 1 million population and the proportion of firearm-related homicides (out of all homicides) were stratified by year and compared over time using simple linear regression. RESULTS: A total of 171,113 incidents of firearm-related homicide were analyzed (69% of 246,437 total homicides): 5,313 infants, 2,332 children, 59,777 adolescents, and 103,691 young adults. Most (88%) were male and Black (59%) with a median age of 20 years. Firearm-related homicides peaked during the summer months of June, July, and August (median, 1,156 per year; p = 0.0032). Rates of all homicides (89 to 53 per 1 million population) and firearm-related homicides (56 to 41 per 1 million population) decreased significantly from 1980 to 2016 (ß = -1.12, p < 0.0001 and ß = -0.57, p = 0.0039, respectively). However, linear regression analysis identified a significant increase in the proportion of firearm-related homicides (out of all homicides) from 63% in 1980 to 76% in 2016 (ß = 0.33, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: For those 25 years or younger, the proportion of firearm-related homicides has steadily and significantly increased over the past 37 years, with 3 of 4 homicides firearm related in the modern era. Despite focused efforts, reductions in the rate of firearm-related homicides still lag behind those for all other methods of homicide by nearly 50%. That is, while the young are less likely to die from homicide, for those unfortunate victims, it is more likely to be due to a firearm. This increasing role of firearms in youth homicides underscores the desperate need to better direct prevention efforts and firearm policy if we hope to further reduce firearm-related deaths in the young. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Epidemiological study, level III.

Hard signs gone soft: A critical evaluation of presenting signs of extremity vascular injury.

BACKGROUND: Despite advances in management of extremity vascular injuries, "hard signs" remain the primary criterion to determine need for imaging and urgency of exploration. We propose that hard signs are outdated and that hemorrhagic and ischemic signs of vascular injury may be of greater clinical utility. METHODS: Extremity arterial injuries from the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma PROspective Observational Vascular Injury Treatment registry were analyzed to examine the relationships between hard signs, ischemic signs, and hemorrhagic signs of extremity vascular injury with workup, diagnosis, and management. RESULTS: Of 1,910 cases, 1,108 (58%) had hard signs of vascular injury. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) was more commonly used as the diagnostic modality in patients without hard signs, while operative exploration was primarily used for diagnosis in hard signs. Patients undergoing CTA were more likely to undergo endovascular or hybrid repair (EHR) (10.7%) compared with patients who underwent exploration for diagnosis (1.5%). Of 915 patients presenting with hemorrhagic signs, CTA was performed 14.5% of the time and was associated with a higher rate of EHR and observation. Of the 490 patients presenting with ischemic signs, CTA was performed 31.6% of the time and was associated with higher rates of EHR and observation. Hemorrhagic signs were associated with arterial transection, while ischemic signs were associated with arterial occlusion. Patients with ischemic signs undergoing exploration for diagnosis received more units of packed red blood cells during the first 24 hours. There was no difference in amputation rate, reintervention rate, hospital length of stay, or mortality in comparing groups who underwent CTA versus exploration. CONCLUSION: Hard signs have limitations in identification and characterization of extremity arterial injuries. A strategy of using hemorrhagic and ischemic signs of vascular injury is of greater clinical utility. Further prospective study is needed to validate this proposed redefinition of categorization of presentations of extremity arterial injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic, level III.

Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta and Resuscitative Thoracotomy in Select Patients with Hemorrhagic Shock: Early Results from the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma's Aortic Occlusion in Resuscitation for Trauma and Acute Care Surgery Registry.

BACKGROUND: Aortic occlusion is a potentially valuable tool for early resuscitation in patients nearing extremis or in arrest from severe hemorrhage. STUDY DESIGN: The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma's Aortic Occlusion in Resuscitation for Trauma and Acute Care Surgery registry identified trauma patients without penetrating thoracic injury undergoing aortic occlusion at the level of the descending thoracic aorta (resuscitative thoracotomy [RT] or zone 1 resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta [REBOA]) in the emergency department (ED). Survival outcomes relative to the timing of CPR need and admission hemodynamic status were examined. RESULTS: Two hundred and eighty-five patients were included: 81.8% were males, with injury due to penetrating mechanisms in 41.4%; median age was 35.0 years (interquartile range 29 years) and median Injury Severity Score was 34.0 (interquartile range 18). Resuscitative thoracotomy was used in 71%, and zone 1 REBOA in 29%. Overall survival beyond the ED was 50% (RT 44%, REBOA 63%; p = 0.004) and survival to discharge was 5% (RT 2.5%, REBOA 9.6%; p = 0.023). Discharge Glasgow Coma Scale score was 15 in 85% of survivors. Prehospital CPR was required in 60% of patients with a survival beyond the ED of 37% and survival to discharge of 3% (all p > 0.05). Patients who did not require any CPR before had a survival beyond the ED of 70% (RT 48%, REBOA 93%; p < 0.001) and survival to discharge of 13% (RT 3.4%, REBOA 22.2%, p = 0.048). If aortic occlusion patients did not require CPR but presented with hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg; 9% [65% RT; 35% REBOA]), they achieved survival beyond the ED in 65% (p = 0.009) and survival to discharge of 15% (RT 0%, REBOA 44%; p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, REBOA can confer a survival benefit over RT, particularly in patients not requiring CPR. Considerable additional study is required to definitively recommend REBOA for specific subsets of injured patients.

Contemporary Utilization of Resuscitative Thoracotomy: Results From the AAST Aortic Occlusion for Resuscitation in Trauma and Acute Care Surgery (AORTA) Multicenter Registry.

INTRODUCTION: Several reviews of resuscitative thoracotomy (RT) use over the last five decades have been conducted, most recently the evidence-based practice management guideline (PMG) of the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST). The present study was designed to examine contemporary RT utilization and outcomes compared with historical data (n = 10,238) from the EAST PMG review from published series 1974 to 2013. METHODS: The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Aortic Occlusion for Trauma and Acute Care Surgery (AORTA) registry was utilized to identify patients undergoing RT in the emergency department (ED) from November 2013 to December 2016. Demographics, injury data, physiologic presentation, and outcomes were reviewed and compared with those of the EAST PMG review. RESULTS: Three-hundred ten RT patients from 16 contributing AORTA centers were identified. The majority were injured by penetrating mechanisms (197/310, 64% [gunshot (163/197, 83%)]). Signs of life (SOL) (organized electrical activity, pupillary response, spontaneous movement, or appreciable pulse/blood pressure) were present on arrival in 47% (147/310). When compared with the EAST PMG results, there was no difference in either hospital survival (5% vs. 8%) or neurologically intact survival between historical controls or AORTA registry patients in any category combination of mechanism/anatomic location/presenting signs of life. Blunt injuries W/O SOL on admission continue to constitute 14% (45/310) of RTs in the ED, without documented survivors. CONCLUSION: Comparison of historical RT controls to more contemporary patients from the AORTA registry suggests that practices and outcomes following RT have not changed. Despite a wealth of accumulated data over several decades, RT continues to be performed for patients after blunt mechanisms of injury who present W/O SOL despite lack of demonstrated hope for survival benefit.

Independent predictors of enteric fistula and abdominal sepsis after damage control laparotomy: results from the prospective AAST Open Abdomen registry.

IMPORTANCE: Enterocutaneous fistula (ECF), enteroatmospheric fistula (EAF), and intra-abdominal sepsis/abscess (IAS) are major challenges for surgeons caring for patients undergoing damage control laparotomy after trauma. OBJECTIVE: To determine independent predictors of ECF, EAF, or IAS in patients undergoing damage control laparotomy after trauma, using the AAST Open Abdomen Registry. DESIGN: The AAST Open Abdomen registry of patients with an open abdomen following damage control laparotomy was used to identify patients who developed ECF, EAF, or IAS and to compare these patients with those without these complications. Univariate analyses were performed to compare these groups of patients. Variables from univariate analyses differing at P < .20 were entered into a stepwise logistic regression model to identify independent risk factors for ECF, EAF, or IAS. SETTING: Fourteen level I trauma centers. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 517 patients with an open abdomen following damage control laparotomy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Complication of ECF, EAF, or IAS. RESULTS: More patients in the ECF/EAF/IAS group than in the group without these complications underwent bowel resection (63 of 111 patients [57%] vs 133 of 406 patients [33%]; P < .001). Within the first 48 hours after surgery, the ECF/EAF/IAS group received more colloids (P < .03) and total fluids (P < .03) than did the group without these complications. The ECF/EAF/IAS group underwent almost twice as many abdominal reexplorations as did the group without these complications (mean [SD] number, 4.1 [4.1] vs 2.2 [3.4]; P < .001). After multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of ECF/EAF/IAS were a large bowel resection (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 3.56 [95% CI, 1.88-6.76]; P < .001), a total fluid intake at 48 hours of between 5 and 10 L (AOR, 2.11 [95% CI, 1.15-3.88]; P = .02) or more than 10 L (AOR, 1.93 [95% CI, 1.04-3.57]; P = .04), and an increasing number of reexplorations (AOR, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.06-1.21]; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Large bowel resection, large-volume fluid resuscitation, and an increasing number of abdominal reexplorations were statistically significant predictors of ECF, EAF, or IAS in patients with an open abdomen after damage control laparotomy.

Open abdominal management after damage-control laparotomy for trauma: a prospective observational American Association for the Surgery of Trauma multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: We conducted a prospective observational multi-institutional study to examine the natural history of the open abdomen (OA) after trauma and identify risk factors for failure to achieve definitive primary fascial closure (DPC) after OA use in trauma. METHODS: Adults requiring OA for trauma were enrolled during a 2-year period. Demographics, presentation, and management variables were used to compare primary fascial closure and non-primary fascial closure patients, with logistic regression used to identify independent risk factors for failure to achieve primary fascial closure. RESULTS: A total of 572 patients from 14 American College of Surgeons-verified Level I trauma centers were enrolled. The majority were male (79%), mean (SD) age 39 (17) years. Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 15 or greater in 85% of patients and 84% had an abdominal Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score of 3 or greater. Overall mortality was 23%. Initial primary fascial closure with unaltered native fascia was achieved in 379 patients (66%). Patients surviving at least 48 hours were grouped into those achieving DPC and those who did not achieve DPC after OA use. After logistic regression, independent risk factors for failure to achieve DPC included the number of reexplorations required (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2-1.6; p < 0.001) the development of intra-abdominal abscess/sepsis (AOR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.2-4.8; p = 0.011) bloodstream infection (AOR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2-5.7; p = 0.017), acute renal failure (AOR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.2-5.7; p = 0.007), enteric fistula (AOR, 6.4; 95% CI, 1.2-32.8; p = 0.010) and ISS of greater than 15 (AOR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1-5.9; p = 0.037). CONCLUSION: Our study identifies independent risk factors associated with failure to achieve primary fascial closure during initial hospitalization after OA use for trauma. Additional study is required to validate appropriate algorithms that optimize the opportunity to achieve primary fascial closure and outcomes in this population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic study, level III.

Secondary abdominal compartment syndrome causing failure to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass.

The abdominal compartment syndrome has been associated with trauma or primary abdominal procedures. The secondary abdominal compartment syndrome which is not associated with a primary abdominal process is seen in burns and other clinical situations where aggressive fluid resuscitation is needed. This case report describes a secondary abdominal compartment syndrome that occurred during an elective coronary revascularization which resulted in an inability to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). After a decompressive laparotomy was done, the patient was successfully weaned from bypass.

Using the abbreviated injury severity and Glasgow Coma Scale scores to predict 2-week mortality after traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND: Prediction of outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains elusive. We tested the use of a single hospital Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Score, GCS Motor Score, and the Head component of the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) Score to predict 2-week cumulative mortality in a large cohort of TBI patients admitted to the eight U.S. Level I trauma centers in the TBI Clinical Trials Network. METHODS: Data on 2,808 TBI patients were entered into a centralized database. These TBI patients were categorized as severe (GCS score, 3-8), moderate (9-12), or complicated mild (13-15 with positive computed tomography findings). Intubation and chemical paralysis were recorded. The cumulative incidence of mortality in the first 2 weeks after head injury was calculated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the magnitude of the risk for 2-week mortality. RESULTS: Two-week cumulative mortality was independently predicted by GCS, GCS Motor Score, and Head AIS. GCS Severity Category and GCS Motor Score were stronger predictors of 2-week mortality than Head AIS. There was also an independent effect of age (<60 vs. ≥60) on mortality after controlling for both GCS and Head AIS Scores. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomic and physiologic scales are useful in the prediction of mortality after TBI. We did not demonstrate any added benefit to combining the total GCS or GCS Motor Scores with the Head AIS Score in the short-term prediction of death after TBI.

A ten-year review of enterocutaneous fistulas after laparotomy for trauma.

BACKGROUND: In the era of open abdomen management, the complication of enterocutaneous fistula (ECF) seems to be increasing in frequency. In nontrauma patients, reported mortality rates are 7% to 20%, and spontaneous closure rates are approximately 25%. This study is the largest series of ECFs reported exclusively caused by trauma and examines the characteristics unique to this population. METHODS: Trauma patients with an ECF at a single regional trauma center over a 10-year period were reviewed. Parameters studied included fistula output, site, nutritional status, operative history, and fistula resolution (spontaneous vs. operative). RESULTS: Approximately 2,224 patients received a trauma laparotomy and survived longer than 4 days. Of these, 43 patients (1.9%) had ECF. The rate of ECF in men was 2.22% and 0.74% in women. Patients with open abdomen had a higher ECF incidence (8% vs. 0.5%) and lower rate of spontaneous closure (37% vs. 45%). Spontaneous closure occurred in 31% with high-output fistulas, 13% with medium output, and 55% with low output. The mortality rate of ECF was 14% after an average stay of 59 days in the intensive care unit. CONCLUSION: With damage-control laparotomies, the traumatic ECF rate is increasing and is a different entity than nontraumatic ECF. Although the two populations have similar mortality rates, the trauma cohort demonstrates higher spontaneous closure rates and a curiously higher rate of development in men. Fistula output was not predictive of spontaneous closure.

Necessity of repeat head CT and ICU monitoring in patients with minimal brain injury.

BACKGROUND: Recent publications have dismissed the need for routine repeat computed tomography (CT) scans in patients with minimal brain injury (MBI) (Glasgow Coma Scale score 13-15 with positive initial CT) unless physical examination changes. In an attempt to better allocate scarce resources, we hypothesized that not only was repeat head CT unnecessary but also routine intensive care unit (ICU) monitoring of these patients with MBI and stable examinations were unnecessary. METHODS: All blunt injured patients admitted to a level I trauma center from January 2005 through December 2007 who met our criteria for MBI (Glasgow Coma Scale score 14-15 with positive initial CT) were reviewed. All patients had ICU monitoring and repeat CT done (at 12-24 hours) regardless of clinical examination. Patients with skull fractures, facial fractures needing urgent repair, those requiring immediate neurosurgical intervention and those with other injuries requiring ICU monitoring were excluded. Data including demographics, initial brain injury, follow-up CT scan results, changes in clinical examination, neurosurgical interventions, and ICU days were recorded. RESULTS: Two hundred seven patients met criteria. Fifty-eight patients (28%) developed worsening findings on follow-up CT or examination. Eighteen required invasive neurosurgical intervention (6 intracranial pressure [ICP] monitors, 12 craniotomies) and 1 died (stroke). Those requiring ICP monitors had worsening intracranial hemorrhages (IPHs) with clinical examination changes or examination changes only, whereas those requiring craniotomy had worsening subarachnoid hemorrhage (2 patient), epidural hematoma (1 patient), and subdural hematoma (8 patients). Five of the subdural hematoma patients remained asymptomatic before craniotomy. ICU days were significantly increased in those patients with worsening CT findings who did not require neurosurgical intervention compared with those patients with unchanged or improved CT scans (5 days vs. 2.7 days, p < or = 0002). CONCLUSIONS: Routine follow-up CT scans are beneficial in those patients with MBI and may lead to higher levels of medical management or neurosurgical intervention in patients with worsening CT findings. These patients should be kept in an ICU setting until head CT has stabilized. With these dissimilar results from previous studies, a prospectively randomized multicentered trial would be beneficial.

Efficacy of monotherapy in the treatment of Pseudomonas ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with trauma.

BACKGROUND: Controversy persists regarding the optimal treatment regimen for Pseudomonas ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Combination antibiotic therapy is used to broaden the spectrum of activity of empiric treatment and provide synergistic bacteriocidal activity. The relevance of such "synergy" is commonly supposed but poorly supported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of monotherapy in the treatment of Pseudomonas VAP as measured by microbiological resolution. METHODS: Patients admitted to the trauma intensive care unit during a 36-month period with gram-negative VAP diagnosed on initial bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) (> or = 10(5) colony forming units [CFU]/mL) were evaluated. All patients received empiric antibiotic monotherapy based on the duration of intensive care unit stay. Patients with Pseudomonas VAP were identified and appropriate monotherapy was selected. Repeat BAL was performed on day 4 of appropriate antibiotic therapy to determine efficacy. Microbiological resolution was defined as < or = 10(3) CFU/mL. Combination therapy with an aminoglycoside was reserved for patients with either persistent positive or increasing colony counts on repeat BAL. Recurrence was defined as > or = 10(5) CFU/mL on subsequent BAL after 2 weeks of appropriate therapy. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-six patients were identified with late gram-negative VAP. There were 84 patients with Pseudomonas VAP. Monotherapy achieved microbiological resolution in 79 patients (94.1%) with zero recurrence. Thirty-six isolates were completely eradicated at repeat BAL. Five patients (5.9%) required combination therapy to achieve resolution. CONCLUSIONS: Monotherapy in the treatment of Pseudomonas VAP has an excellent success rate in patients with trauma. Empiric monotherapy therapy should be modified once susceptibility of the microorganism is documented (all isolates were sensitive to cefepime) and antibiotic choice should be based on local patterns of susceptibilities. The routine use of combination therapy for synergy is unnecessary. Combination therapy should be reserved for patients with persistent microbiological evidence of Pseudomonas VAP despite adequate therapy.

Temporary abdominal closure techniques: a prospective randomized trial comparing polyglactin 910 mesh and vacuum-assisted closure.

OBJECTIVE: The options for abdominal coverage after damage control laparotomy or abdominal compartment syndrome vary by institution, surgeon preference, and type of patient. Some advocate polyglactin mesh (MESH), while others favor vacuum-assisted closure (VAC). We performed a single institution prospective randomized trial comparing morbidity and mortality differences between MESH and VAC. METHODS: Patients expected to survive and requiring open abdomen management were prospectively randomized to either MESH or VAC. After randomization, an enteral feeding tube was inserted and the closure device placed. VAC patients returned to the operating room every 3 days for a total of three changes at which time polyglactin mesh was placed if closure was not possible. The MESH group had twice daily assessments for the possibility of bedside mesh cinching and closure. Both groups underwent split thickness skin grafting when granulation tissue was evident, if delayed primary closure was not possible. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients were randomized. Both cohorts were matched for Injury Severity Scale score, gender, blunt/penetrating/abdominal compartment syndrome and age. Three patients died within 7 days and were excluded from closure rate calculation. There were no differences between delayed primary fascial closure rates in the VAC (31%) or MESH (26%) groups. The fistula rate in the VAC group was 21% but not statistically different from the 5% rate for MESH. Intraabdominal rates were not statistically different. All VAC fistulas were related to feeding tubes and suture line areas; the MESH fistula followed a retroperitoneal colon leak remote from the mesh. CONCLUSIONS: MESH and VAC are both useful methods for abdominal coverage, and are equally likely to produce delayed primary closure. The fistula rate for VAC is most likely due to continued bowel manipulation with VAC changes with a feeding tube in place-enteral feeds should be administered via nasojejunal tube. Neither method precludes secondary abdominal wall reconstruction.

Reduction in inadequate empiric antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia: impact of a unit-specific treatment pathway.

Empiric antibiotic therapy is routinely initiated for patients with presumed ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Reported mortality rates for inadequate empiric antibiotic therapy (IEAT) for VAP range from 45 to 91 per cent. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a unit-specific pathway for the empiric management of VAP on reducing IEAT episodes and improving outcomes in trauma patients. Patients admitted with VAP over 36-months were identified and stratified by gender, age, severity of shock, and injury severity. Outcomes included number of IEAT episodes, ventilator days, intensive care unit days, hospital days, and mortality. Three hundred and ninety-three patients with 668 VAP episodes were identified. There were 144 (22%) IEAT episodes: significantly reduced compared with our previous study (39%) (P < 0.001). Patients were classified by number of IEAT episodes: 0 (n = 271), 1 (n = 98) and > or = 2 (n = 24). Mortality was 12 per cent, 13 per cent, and 38 per cent (P < 0.001), respectively. Multivariable logistic regression identified multiple IEAT episodes as an independent predictor of mortality (odds ratio = 4.7; 95% confidence interval: 1.684-13.162). Multiple IEAT episodes were also associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit stay (P < 0.001). Trauma patients with multiple IEAT episodes for VAP have increased morbidity and mortality. Adherence to a unit-specific pathway for the empiric management of VAP reduces multiple IEAT episodes. By limiting IEAT episodes, resource utilization and hospital mortality are significantly decreased.

Monitored anesthesia care with propofol versus surgeon-monitored sedation with benzodiazepines and narcotics for preoperative endoscopy in the morbidly obese.

BACKGROUND: Although still controversial, upper endoscopy is frequently performed before bariatric surgery. This study investigated the hypothesis that morbidly obese patients would prefer anesthesiologist-monitored sedation (AMS) compared to surgeon-monitored sedation (SMS) during preoperative endoscopy. METHODS: All patients who underwent endoscopy before their bariatric surgery were given a post-procedure survey regarding their experience with the preoperative endoscopy. The survey inquired about issues during and after the procedure. We compared patients who had AMS with IV propofol versus SMS IV narcotics and benzodiazepines. RESULTS: There were 100 patients (SMS=49 and AMS=51). Few patients complained of pain in the abdomen or throat during the procedure (AMS vs. SMS=2 vs. 8% and 2 vs. 10%, respectively; p=NS). More patients complained about throat pain after the procedure (AMS vs. SMS=37 vs. 45%; p=NS). More patients in the SMS group remembered the scope being placed in the mouth versus AMS (33 vs. 10%; p<0.02). More patients remembered gagging during the procedure in the SMS group versus the AMS group, but this did not reach statistical significance (24 vs. 10%; p=0.06). There was a trend that more patients in the AMS group felt they recovered in less than 1 h (53%) compared to the SMS group (37%; p=0.1). CONCLUSION: Patients who undergo upper endoscopy with either AMS or SMS seem to tolerate the procedure well. The preliminary benefits seen with AMS need to be further explored. AMS should be considered for patients undergoing preoperative upper endoscopy before bariatric surgery.

The evolution of blunt splenic injury: resolution and progression.

BACKGROUND: Nonoperative management of blunt splenic injury (BSI) has become the standard of care for hemodynamically stable patients. Successful nonoperative management raises two related questions: (1) what is the time course for splenic healing and (2) when may patients safely return to usual activities? There is little evidence to guide surgeon recommendations regarding return to full activities. Our hypothesis was that time to healing is related to severity of BSI. METHODS: The trauma registry at a level I trauma center was queried for patients diagnosed with a BSI managed nonoperatively between 2002 and 2007. Follow-up abdominal computed tomography scans were reviewed with attention to progression to healing of BSI. Kaplan-Meier curves were compared for mild (American Association for the Surgery of Trauma grades I-II) and severe (grades III-V) BSI. RESULTS: Six hundred thirty-seven patients (63.9% mild spleen injury and 36.1% severe injury) with a BSI were eligible for analysis. Fifty-one patients had documented healing as inpatients. Ninety-seven patients discharged with BSI had outpatient computed tomography scans. Nine had worsening of BSI as outpatients and two (1 mild and 1 severe) required intervention (2 splenectomies). Thirty-three outpatients were followed to complete healing. Mild injuries had faster mean time to healing compared with severe (12.5 vs. 37.2 days, p < 0.001). Most healing occurred within 2 months but approximately 20% of each group had not healed after 3 months. CONCLUSION: Although mild BSIs heal faster than severe BSIs, nearly 10% of all the BSIs followed as outpatients worsened. Close observation of patients with BSI should continue until healing can be confirmed.

Initial chest CT obviates the need for repeat chest radiograph after penetrating thoracic trauma.

The use of serial chest radiographs (CXRs) to evaluate patients with penetrating thoracic trauma is common practice. However, the time interval between these studies and the duration of observation remains uncertain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a noncontrast chest CT is as reliable as a 6-hour CXR for detecting delayed pneumothorax (PTX) after penetrating thoracic trauma. Hemodynamically stable patients with isolated penetrating thoracic trauma were prospectively evaluated with a CXR and a noncontrast chest CT. If there was no PTX or hemothorax, or a finding that did not require immediate intervention, a 6-hour CXR was obtained. Findings were treated as clinically indicated and patients were discharged if all three studies were negative. One hundred eighteen patients were evaluated (89 stab wounds and 29 gunshot wounds). All initial CXRs were negative. CT identified six PTXs and one hemothorax. Two patients required operative intervention. There were no delayed findings on CXR provided the CT was negative. The mean time to CT and before disposition was 19 minutes and 8 hours, respectively, with a potential decrease in charges of $313.32 per patient. The use of serial CXRs provided no additional information that was not available on the initial chest CT, allowing for expedited discharge, decompressing overcrowded emergency areas, and reducing the number of patients leaving before completion of their work-up.

Penetrating rectal trauma: management by anatomic distinction improves outcome.

BACKGROUND: Controversy persists regarding the optimal management of penetrating rectal injuries, specifically with respect to the routine application of diversion and presacral drainage. Our previous experience suggested that management decisions based on precise anatomic characterization of injury relative to retroperitoneal involvement might improve outcome. A clinical pathway was developed and implemented. Patients managed by the pathway (PATH) were compared with the previous study (PREV, n=58) to determine the impact of the clinical pathway on outcome. METHODS: Consecutive patients with full-thickness penetrating rectal injury subsequent to the development of the pathway were evaluated. Intraperitoneal rectal injuries (IP) were treated with primary repair. Injuries to the proximal two-thirds and accessible distal one-third of the extraperitoneal rectum (EP) were treated with repair and selective fecal diversion. Inaccessible distal EP injuries were treated with diversion and presacral drainage. Infectious complications (wound infection, bacteremia, intraabdominal abscess, retroperitoneal abscess) were compared between the PATH and PREV groups. RESULTS: In all, 54 patients were identified. Demographics, injury severity, and preventive antibiotics (24-hour) were similar between groups. Overall infectious complication rate was 13% in the PATH group versus 31% in the PREV group (p<0.05). There was a zero incidence of retrorectal abscess in the PATH group versus 11% of the total complications in the PREV group. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of the pathway resulted in a significant decrease in infectious morbidity. Management by anatomic distinction allows for omission of colostomy in most IP injuries and select EP injuries, while diminishing the risk of retrorectal abscess in EP injuries with the judicious application of presacral drainage.