A survey of preoperative surgical nutrition practices, opinions, and barriers across Canada.

Malnutrition is prevalent among surgical candidates and associated with adverse outcomes. Despite being potentially modifiable, malnutrition risk screening is not a standard preoperative practice. We conducted a cross-sectional survey to understand healthcare professionals' (HCPs) opinions and barriers regarding screening and treatment of malnutrition. HCPs working with adult surgical patients in Canada were invited to complete an online survey. Barriers to preoperative malnutrition screening were assessed using the Capability Opportunity Motivation-Behaviour model. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitative data were analyzed using summative content analysis. Of the 225 HCPs surveyed (n = 111 dietitians, n = 72 physicians, n = 42 allied HCPs), 96%-100% agreed that preoperative malnutrition is a modifiable risk factor associated with worse surgical outcomes and is a treatment priority. Yet, 65% (n = 142/220; dietitians: 88% vs. physicians: 40%) reported screening for malnutrition, which mostly occured in the postoperative period (n = 117) by dietitians (n = 94). Just 42% (48/113) of non-dietitian respondents referred positively screened patients to a dietitian for further assessment and treatment. The most prevalent barriers for malnutrition screening were related to opportunity, including availability of resources (57%, n = 121/212), time (40%, n = 84/212) and support from others (38%, n = 80/212). In conclusion, there is a gap between opinion and practice among surgical HCPs pertaining to malnutrition. Although HCPs agreed malnutrition is a surgical priority, the opportunity to screen for nutrition risk was a great barrier.

Sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease: prevalence by different definitions and relationship with adiposity.

This was a cross-sectional study with chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients under non-dialysis-dependent (NDD), hemodialysis (HD), and kidney transplant (KTx) treatment aimed to evaluate the prevalence of sarcopenia using the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2) and the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) guidelines, and to analyze the relationship between sarcopenia and its components and body adiposity. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and anthropometry. Bioelectrical impedance provided data on the phase angle and body water. The prevalence of sarcopenia in the total sample (n = 243; 53% men, 48 ± 10 years) was 7% according to the FNIH and 5% according to the EWGSOP2 criteria, and was low in each CKD group independently of the criteria applied (maximum 11% prevalence). Low muscle mass was present in 39% (FNIH) and 36% (EWGSOP2) and dynapenia in 10% of the patients. Patients who were sarcopenic according to the EWGSOP2 criteria presented low body adiposity. Conversely, patients who were sarcopenic according to the FNIH criteria presented high adiposity. This study suggests that in CKD (i) sarcopenia and low muscle mass prevalence varies according to the diagnostic criteria; (ii) sarcopenia and low muscle mass are common conditions; (iii) the association with body adiposity depends on the criteria used to define low muscle mass; and (iv) the FNIH criteria detected higher adiposity in individuals with sarcopenia. Novelty: Prevalence of sarcopenia and low muscle mass in CKD varied according to the diagnostic criteria. Association of excess adiposity with sarcopenia and low muscle mass depends on muscle mass index applied. FNIH criteria detected higher adiposity in individuals with sarcopenia and low muscle mass.

Performance of Bioelectrical Impedance and Anthropometric Predictive Equations for Estimation of Muscle Mass in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients.

Background: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are vulnerable to loss of muscle mass due to several metabolic alterations derived from the uremic syndrome. Reference methods for body composition evaluation are usually unfeasible in clinical settings. Aims: To evaluate the accuracy of predictive equations based on bioelectrical impedance analyses (BIA) and anthropometry parameters for estimating fat free mass (FFM) and appendicular FFM (AFFM), compared to dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), in CKD patients. Methods: We performed a longitudinal study with patients in non-dialysis-dependent, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplant treatment. FFM and AFFM were evaluated by DXA, BIA (Sergi, Kyle, Janssen and MacDonald equations) and anthropometry (Hume, Lee, Tian, and Noori equations). Low muscle mass was diagnosed by DXA analysis. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), Bland-Altman graphic and multiple regression analysis were used to evaluate equation accuracy, linear regression analysis to evaluate bias, and ROC curve analysis and kappa for reproducibility. Results: In total sample and in each CKD group, the predictive equation with the best accuracy was AFFMSergi (men, n = 137: ICC = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.79-0.96, bias = 1.11 kg; women, n = 129: ICC = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.92-0.96, bias = -0.28 kg). AFFMSergi also presented the best performance for low muscle mass diagnosis (men, kappa = 0.68, AUC = 0.83; women, kappa = 0.65, AUC = 0.85). Bias between AFFMSergi and AFFMDXA was mainly affected by total body water and fat mass. None of the predictive equations was able to accurately predict changes in AFFM and FFM, with all ICC lower than 0.5. Conclusion: The predictive equation with the best performance to asses muscle mass in CKD patients was AFFMSergi, including evaluation of low muscle mass diagnosis. However, assessment of changes in body composition was biased, mainly due to variations in fluid status together with adiposity, limiting its applicability for longitudinal evaluations.

Sarcopenic Obesity in Chronic Kidney Disease: Challenges in Diagnosis Using Different Diagnostic Criteria.

OBJECTIVES: Obesity, muscle impairment (low muscle mass or strength), and sarcopenic obesity are present in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and are associated with worse clinical prognosis. However, the various existing definitions for these conditions make the diagnosis variable. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the agreement between diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity and its components in CKD. SUBJECT AND METHODS: 267 patients with CKD were included in the study. We assessed body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and muscle function by handgrip strength (HGS) and adiposity by body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fat mass index (FMI), and percentage of FM. Diagnosis of muscle impairment was made by HGS, appendicular lean mass (ALM), and ALM index; obesity by BMI, WC, FMI, and %FM, and sarcopenic obesity was diagnosed by concomitant presence of muscle impairment and obesity. RESULTS: Prevalence of muscle impairment varied from 11 to 50%, higher when low muscle mass criteria were used. Prevalence of obesity varied from 26 to 62%, higher when WC and %FM criteria were used. Prevalence of sarcopenic obesity varied from 2 to 23%. Women were more affected by sarcopenic obesity. Muscle impairment and sarcopenic obesity were more prevalent among patients on hemodialysis and obesity among nondialysis-dependent and kidney transplant patients. The agreement was poor between muscle mass and strength criteria; substantial between FMI, BMI, and %FM and fair between WC and the other measures; for sarcopenic obesity, it varied from poor to almost perfect. CONCLUSION: Significant differences were found among the various diagnostic criteria that are used in the diagnosis of sarcopenic obesity. Our results highlight the need for standardization in the diagnosis of sarcopenic obesity.

Correction: Bed-side measures for diagnosis of low muscle mass, sarcopenia, obesity, and sarcopenic obesity in patients with chronic kidney disease under non-dialysis-dependent, dialysis dependent and kidney transplant therapy.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242671.].

Comparison between dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and bioelectrical impedance for body composition measurements in adults with chronic kidney disease: A cross-sectional, longitudinal, multi-treatment analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the agreement between bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for assessment of body composition in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS: We performed cross-sectional and prospective analyses by DXA and BIS in whole body (BISWB) and segmental (BISSEG) protocols in CKD non-dialysis-dependent (n = 81), hemodialysis (n = 83), peritoneal dialysis (n = 24), and renal transplantation (n = 80) patients. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots were evaluated. Linear regression analysis was performed for bias assessment and development of equations. Receiver operating characteristics curve was constructed for diagnosis of inadequate error tolerance (DXA - BIS >±2kg). RESULTS: The agreement with DXA was greater for BISWB than BISSEG; for fat mass (FM; ICC men = 0.894; women = 0.931) than fat-free mass (FFM; ICC men = 0.566; women = 0.525), with greater bias for FFM as muscle increases and for FM in body fat extremes. The agreement was lower for body change analysis (ICC FFM men = 0.196; women = 0.495; ICC FM men = 0.465; women = 0.582). The ratio of extra- to intracellular water (ECW/ICW), body mass index, fat mass index, waist circumference, resistance, and reactance interfered in bias between methods. An ECW/ICW cutoff point of ≥0.7250 for inadequate error tolerance was determined. New prediction equations for FFM (r2 = 0.913) and FM (r2 = 0.887) presented adequate error tolerance in 55% and 63% compared with 30% and 39% of the original equation, respectively. CONCLUSION: For body composition evaluation in patients with CKD, BIS applied using the whole body protocol, in normal hydration patients with CKD is as reliable as DXA; BIS must be used with caution in overhydration patients with ECW/ICW ≥ 0.7250. The newly developed equations are indicated for greater precision.

Chronic kidney disease under non-dialysis dependent, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplant treatment: Body composition data.

This article presents a dataset of body composition in chronic kidney disease (CKD) non-dialysis-dependent (NDD), hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) (for at least 3 months), and kidney transplantation (KTx) (for at least 6 months) patients. The data were collected as part of a PhD research project, an observational cross-sectional study followed by a prospective analysis (about 6 months later). Adult CKD patients (18≤age≤60 years old) from a tertiary hospital were recruited: CKD in stages 3b to 5 for NDD patients; PD patients without peritonitis in the last 30 days; HD patients in 4-hour dialysis session, 3 times per week, through an arteriovenous fistula; and KTx patients with CKD in stages 1 to 3a. Patients with presence of amputated limbs or an electronic implant, wheelchair user or inpatient, body weight above 140 kg or BMI higher than 40 kg/m2, acute infections, cancer diagnosis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and others that could alter body composition were excluded. The dataset in this publication consist of some clinical measurements for characterization of the sample, body composition measurements by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and by bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy in tetra-polar whole-body wrist to ankle (BISWB) and segmental (BISSEG) protocols of 266 CKD patients, being 137 men and 129 women; 81 in NDD treatment, 83 in HD, 24 in PD, and 80 in KTx. Measurements were performed consecutively by the same professional after an 8-hour fast, empty urinary bladder, drainage of the peritoneal dialysate, and just after the midweek hemodialysis session. To analyze differences among subgroups according to sex and CKD treatment, unpaired T test or ANOVA and Chi-square, adjusted by Bonferroni post-test, were applied. Agreement in fat free mass and fat mass measurements between BISWB and BISSEG, for cross-sectional data and for body composition changes (prospective measurement - cross-sectional measurement), was checked using intraclass correlation coefficient and 95% confidence intervals. Agreement on individual level was evaluated using the Bland-Altman method with limits of agreement. The data can be valuable in the study of body composition in CKD under all types of treatment and also for agreement analysis among body composition measurements by different instruments and techniques. The data are analysed and interpreted in the research article Bellafronte et al., 2020 [1].

Bed-side measures for diagnosis of low muscle mass, sarcopenia, obesity, and sarcopenic obesity in patients with chronic kidney disease under non-dialysis-dependent, dialysis dependent and kidney transplant therapy.

Muscle depletion and sarcopenic obesity are related to a higher morbimortality risk in chronic kidney disease (CKD). We evaluated bed-side measures/indexes associated with low muscle mass, sarcopenia, obesity, and sarcopenic obesity in CKD and proposed cutoffs for each parameter. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People revised consensus applying dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and hand grip strength (HGS), and obesity according to the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. Anthropometric parameters including calf (CC) and waist (WC) circumferences and WC/height (WC/H); bioelectrical impedance data including appendicular fat free mass (AFFM) and fat mass index (FMI) were assessed. ROC analysis and area under the curve (AUC) were applied for performance analyses. AFFM and CC presented the best performances for low muscle mass diagnosis-AFFM AUC for women was 0.96 and for men, 0.94, and CC AUC for women was 0.89 and for men, 0.85. FMI and WC/H were the best parameters for obesity diagnosis-FMI AUC for women was 0.99 and for men, 0.96, and WC/H AUC for women was 0.94 and for men, 0.95. The cutoffs (sensibility and specificity, respectively) for women were AFFM≤15.87 (90%; 96%), CC≤35.5 (76%; 94%), FMI>12.58 (100%; 93%), and WC/H>0.66 (91%; 84%); and for men, AFFM≤21.43 (98%; 84%), CC≤37 (88%; 69%), FMI>8.82 (93%; 88%), and WC/H>0.60 (95%; 80%). Sensibility and specificity for sarcopenia diagnosis were for AFFM+HGS in women 85% and 99% and in men, 100% and 99%; for CC+HGS in women 85% and 99% and in men, 100% and 100%; and for sarcopenic obesity were for FMI+AFFM in women 75% and 97% and in men, 75% and 95%. The tested bed-side measures/indexes presented excellent performance.