Gender Issues in Physiotherapy in Quebec, Canada.

Purpose: This study examines gender differences in the physiotherapy (PT) profession in the province of Quebec regarding: (1) areas of practice; (2) roles associated with the advancement of the profession; (3) formal disciplinary complaints; and (4) interests and competency perceptions of PT students. Methods: We collected data from the Canadian Institute of Health Information, the Quebec Professional Order of Physiotherapy, Quebec university public Internet sites, and PT associations. We also surveyed PT students at the Université de Montréal. Results: The PT workforce in Quebec was 76.6% women. The presidents of the four main PT associations were men. In the five university programmes, the percentage of male and female physiotherapists in tenure track positions was 46% and 54%, respectively. There were more sanctioned complaints of sexual misconduct and not maintaining continuing education for male physiotherapists, while more women were sanctioned for problems with documentation and billing. Among students, men were more interested in becoming administrators, but neither men nor women had a strong interest in research. Conclusions: Male physiotherapists make up 23.4% of the PT workforce in Quebec but are more involved in leadership positions in the profession than women.

Objectif : examiner les différences de genre en physiothérapie au Québec à l'égard 1) des secteurs d'exercice, 2) des rôles associés à l'avancement de la profession, 3) des plaintes disciplinaires officielles et 4) des intérêts des étudiants en physiothérapie et de leurs perceptions à l'égard des compétences. Méthodologie : collecte de données auprès de l'Institut canadien d'information sur la santé, de l'Ordre professionnel de la physiothérapie du Québec, des sites Internet publics des universités québécoises et des associations de physiothérapie. Sondage auprès des étudiants en physiothérapie de l'Université de Montréal. Résultats : au Québec, la main-d'œuvre en physiothérapie était composée de 76,6 % de femmes. Ce sont des hommes qui présidaient les quatre principales associations de physiothérapie. Dans les cinq programmes universitaires, le pourcentage de physiothérapeutes de sexe masculin et féminin qui occupaient des postes menant à la permanence s'élevait à 46 % et à 54 %, respectivement. On dénombrait plus de plaintes sanctionnées d'inconduite sexuelle et de non-respect de la formation continue chez les physiothérapeutes de sexe masculin, tandis que plus de femmes étaient sanctionnées pour des problèmes de tenue de dossier et de facturation. Chez les étudiants, les hommes étaient plus intéressés à devenir administrateurs, mais ni les hommes ni les femmes ne témoignaient d'un intérêt marqué envers la recherche. Conclusions : les physiothérapeutes de sexe masculin représentent 23.4% de la main-d'œuvre en physiothérapie au Québec, mais occupent plus de postes de direction dans la profession que les femmes.

Patterns of lower limb muscular activity and joint moments during directional efforts using a static dynamometer.

BACKGROUND: Strength and coordination of lower muscle groups typically identified in healthy subjects are two prerequisites to performing functional activities. These physical qualities can be impaired following a neurological insult. A static dynamometer apparatus that measures lower limb joint moments during directional efforts at the foot was developed to recruit different patterns of muscular activity. The objectives of the present study were to 1) validate joint moments estimated by the apparatus, and 2) to characterize lower limb joint moments and muscular activity patterns of healthy subjects during progressive static efforts. Subjects were seated in a semi-reclined position with one foot attached to a force platform interfaced with a laboratory computer. Forces and moments exerted under the foot were computed using inverse dynamics, allowing for the estimation of lower limb joint moments.To achieve the study's first objective, joint moments were validated by comparing moments of various magnitudes of force applied by turnbuckles on an instrumented leg equipped with strain gauges with those estimated by the apparatus. Concurrent validity and agreement were assessed using Pearson correlation coefficients and Bland and Altman analysis, respectively. For the second objective, joint moments and muscular activity were characterized for five healthy subjects while exerting progressive effort in eight sagittal directions. Lower limb joint moments were estimated during directional efforts using inverse dynamics. Muscular activity of eight muscles of the lower limb was recorded using surface electrodes and further analyzed using normalized root mean square data. RESULTS: The joint moments estimated with the instrumented leg were correlated (r > 0.999) with those measured by the dynamometer. Limits of agreement ranged between 8.5 and 19.2% of the average joint moment calculated by both devices. During progressive efforts on the apparatus, joint moments and patterns of muscular activity were specific to the direction of effort. Patterns of muscular activity in four directions were similar to activation patterns reported in the literature for specific portions of gait cycle. CONCLUSION: This apparatus provides valid joint moments exerted at the lower limbs. It is suggested that this methodology be used to recruit muscular activity patterns impaired in neurological populations.