Prognostic stratification ability of the CPS+EG scoring system in HER2-low and HER2-zero early breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: The CPS+EG scoring system was initially described in unselected early breast cancer (eBC) patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), leading to refined prognostic stratification, and thus helping to select patients for additional post-NAC treatments. It remains unknown whether the performance is the same in new biological breast cancer entities such as the HER2-low subtype. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Outcomes (disease-free (DFS) and overall survival OS)) of 608 patients with HER2-non amplified eBC and treated with NAC were retrospectively analyzed according to CPS-EG score. We compared the prognostic stratification abilities of the CPS+EG in HER2-low and HER2-0 eBC, analyzing ER+ and ER- tumors separately. RESULTS: In ER+ eBC, the CPS+EG scoring system seems to retain a prognostic value, both in HER2-low and HER2-0 tumors, by distinguishing populations with significantly different outcomes (good: score 0-1, poor: score 2-3, and very poor: score 4-5). Using C-indices for DFS and OS, CPS+EG provided the highest prognostic information in ER+ eBC, especially in HER2-0 tumors. In contrast, in ER- eBC, the CPS+EG does not appear to be able to distinguish different outcome groups, either in HER2-low or HER2-0 tumors. In ER- eBC, C-indices for DFS and OS were highest for pathological stage, reflecting the predominant prognostic importance of residual disease in this subtype. CONCLUSIONS: HER2-low status does not influence the prognostic performance of the CPS+EG score. Our results confirm the usefulness of the CPS+EG score in stratifying the prognosis of ER+ eBC after NAC, for both HER2-0 and HER2-low tumors. For ER- eBC, HER2-low status does not influence the performance of the CPS+EG score, which was lower than that of the pathological stage alone.

Pathologic complete response and survival in HER2-low and HER2-zero early breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancers without HER2 amplification but still expressing this membrane protein constitute a new entity called HER2-low tumors. It is important to characterize them in terms of sensitivity to treatment and prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: To investigate chemosensitivity and long-term prognosis of HER2-low early breast cancer (eBC), compared to HER2-0 tumors, we retrospectively retrieved clinicopathological characteristics, response to treatment, and survival data from 511 patients treated for eBC with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in a French cancer center between 2007 and 2018. Factors associated with the achievement of pathologic complete response (pCR) and survival were studied among hormone receptor positive (HR+) and negative (HR-) eBC. RESULTS: A total of 280 HR+ (61% HER2-low), and 231 HR- (28% HER2-low) eBC were included. We found classical clinicopathological factors usually associated with chemosensitivity and prognosis, in both HR+ and HR- eBC. By uni- and multivariable analysis, HER2 status (low vs 0) was not independently associated with pCR, either in HR+ or HR- eBC. Relapse free (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were not significantly different between HER2-low and HER2-0 among HR+ tumors. In contrast, among HR- negative tumors, RFS and OS were slightly better in HER2-0 eBC by univariable but not by multivariable analysis. CONCLUSIONS: In eBC patients treated with NAC, taking into account HR expression subtype and other current clinicopathological features, HER2-low tumors did not appear to have different chemosensitivity or prognosis, compared to their HER2-0 counterparts.

Evaluation of the management of intracystic papillary carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Intracystic papillary carcinoma is defined as papillary carcinoma located in a dilated or cystic duct. There is no consensus regarding the management of this lesion. The aim of our study is to evaluate the frequency of associated invasive lesions and the need to perform an axillary staging during surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study concerning intracystic papillary carcinomas diagnosed at the Georges-François Leclerc Cancer Center between January 2010 and December 2021. Inclusion criteria were an age superior to 18 years and a histologic diagnosis confirmed at biopsy. RESULTS: Fifty-nine patients were included in this study. All but one patient underwent surgery: 39 patients (67.2%) underwent lumpectomy, and 18 patients (31.1%) underwent total mastectomy. An axillary staging was performed in 51 patients (86.4%). On final histologic analysis, 31 patients (52.5%) had pure intracystic papillary carcinoma and/or associated with in situ and 27 patients (45.8%) had invasive and/or microinvasive lesions. After univariate analysis, the only variable significantly associated with the presence of invasive lesions on final histologic analysis was the palpation of the lesion with a P-value of 0.09. DISCUSSION: Through this study, it appears necessary to discuss the realization of an axillary staging by conducting an axillary sentinel node procedure because of the high frequency of invasive lesions associated with intracystic papillary carcinoma.

Axillary pathologic response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery according to breast cancers subtypes and survival impact.

PURPOSE: To retrospectively assess the rate of pathologic complete response in the axilla according to breast cancer biologic subtypes, and to study the impact of nodal response on survival. METHODS: Inclusion criteria were all T-stage breast cancers with initial lymph node involvement, non-metastatic, treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery with axillary lymph node dissection, managed at the George-François Leclerc Cancer Center in Dijon, France, between 2000 and 2018. RESULTS: Among 437 patients included, the rate of complete nodal response rate varied according to tumor subtypes: 69.4% in Hormone Receptors (HR)-/HER2-positive, 47.4% in HR-/HER2-negative, 46.7% in HR+/HER2-positive, 8.5% in HR+/HER2-negative. By multivariate analysis, the factors significantly associated with complete nodal response were HER2-positive profile (OR 4.48 [2.14-9.65], P<0.001 if HR+; OR 8.02 [3.54-18.74], P<0.001 if HR-), triple negative tumors (OR 3.01 [1.40-6.58], P=0.005), SBRIII grade (OR 6.85 [2.28-29.58], P=0.002) and breast complete response (OR 18.69 [9.67-38.53], P<0.001). Five-year recurrence rates were 15.7% in ypN0, 23% in ypN1, 41.2% in ypN2, 50% in ypN3 patients (P<0.001). Five-year overall survival rates were 92.2% in ypN0, 85.7% in ypN1, 72.2% in ypN2, 65.4% in ypN3 patients (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The impact of nodal response on survival was significant. Pathologic complete response in the axilla appears to be a good surrogate marker of long-term outcome in patients treated for these cancers.

Anticipating changes in the HER2 status of breast tumours with disease progression-towards better treatment decisions in the new era of HER2-low breast cancers.

BACKGROUND: HER2 expression is often negative or low in primary breast cancers (BCs) but its changes with disease progression remain poorly known. We aimed to estimate them between primary and recurrent tumours, and identify predictive factors. METHODS: We compared the HER2 status, and clinical and pathological characteristics by its evolution category (stable or changed), between all primary BCs and matched recurrences registered in our database in 2000-2020 (n = 512). RESULTS: HER2-low tumours were the most prevalent at diagnosis (44.9%), followed by HER2-negative tumours (39.3%). HER2 status significantly changed in 37.3% of recurrences, mainly of HER2-negative and HER2-low tumours. HER2-negative tumours which relapsed as HER2-low significantly more frequently expressed oestrogen receptors (ER) and recurred later than stably HER2-negative tumours. Changed HER2 status in distant metastases correlated with lower proliferation rates and higher ER expression in primary tumours, and among metastases of hormone receptor-positive (HR+) tumours-with weak progesterone receptor (PR) expression in primary tumours. CONCLUSIONS: HER2 status changes with BC progression, with enrichment of HER2-low tumours in advanced stages. The ER+/PR- status, low proliferation index and time to late recurrence correlated with these changes. These findings highlight the need of retesting recurrences, especially of HR + primary tumours, to identify candidates for new anti-HER2 therapies.

Impact of complete surgical staging on survival of patients with early-stage (FIGO I or II) ovarian cancer: Data from the Cote d'Or Registry of Gynecological Cancers from 1998 to 2015.

INTRODUCTION: Early-stage ovarian cancer represents 20 to 33% of all ovarian cancers and is thus quite rare in France, with around 1200 new cases per year. No study to date has convincingly demonstrated the utility of lymphadenectomy in early-stage ovarian cancer. We sought to evaluate the impact on overall survival of complete surgical staging in patients management for FIGO stage I and II ovarian cancer. METHODS: We performed a retrospective observational study using data from the Cote d'Or Registry of Gynecological Cancers. We included patients with invasive early stage epithelial ovarian cancer (FIGO stages I and II), diagnosed between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2015. RESULTS: A total of 179 patients were included in the study. Patients who had lymphadenectomy were younger on average (P<0.001) and had fewer comorbidities (P=0.03). Lymphadenectomy was performed during the first surgery in 59.2% of cases (58 patients) and during a second, re-staging surgery in 40.8% (n=40). When complete surgical staging was performed, the rate of up-staging (to at least FIGO stage III) was 11.2% (11/98). The median follow-up was 8.4 years. At the study, 31.6% patients with complete surgical staging had died and 48.4% patients also died in the group without lymphadenectomy, HR 0.59 CI [0.36-0.97] P<0.04. CONCLUSION: In patients with early-stage ovarian cancer, complete surgical staging appears to yield a benefit in terms of overall survival. In 10 to 15% of cases, it leads to upstaging, with the resultant indication for maintenance therapy, which has also shown a survival benefit.

HER2-positive invasive lobular carcinoma: a rare breast cancer which may not necessarily require anti-HER2 therapy. A population-based study.

BACKGROUND: HER2-positive (HER2 +) invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) is rare and poorly characterised. In particular, patient outcomes compared to those associated with HER2 + invasive ductal cancer (IDC) and HER2-negative (HER2 -) ILC, as well as the benefits of anti-HER2 therapy, are not well established. METHODS: We analysed the data from the Côte d'Or Registry of Breast and Gynaecological Cancers (France) for all patients diagnosed with early-stage HER2 + ILC (62 cases), HER2 + IDC (833 cases) and HER2 - ILC (685 cases) between 1998 and 2015 to compare overall and disease-free survival (OS and DFS) between these groups in correlation with anti-HER2 therapy. RESULTS: ILCs were associated with older age, larger tumours, lower histological grades, higher hormonal receptor positivity rates and multifocality, and more common endocrine therapy. OS and DFS between the three groups did not differ. We found that anti-HER2 therapy was associated with a survival benefit in patients with HER2 + IDC. In contrast, the survival of HER2 + ILC patients was not improved by anti-HER2 treatment, remaining close to that of HER2 - ILC patients. CONCLUSION: HER2 + ILC seems not to be associated with better outcomes than HER2 + IDC but may not differ from HER2 - ILC in terms of survival.

Pathologic and immunohistochemical prognostic markers in residual triple-negative breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Background: The persistence of residual tumour after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in localised triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is known to have a negative prognostic value. However, different degrees of expression of some immunohistochemical markers may correlate with different prognoses. Methods: The expression of biomarkers with a known prognostic value, i.e., cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6), androgen receptor (AR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) proliferation-related nuclear antigen Ki-67, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), protein 53 (p53), forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3), and cluster differentiation 8 (CD8), was analysed by immunohistochemistry in 111 samples after NAC in non-metastatic TNBC patients addressed to Georges-François Leclerc Cancer Centre Dijon, France. Clinical and pathological variables were retrospectively collected. Cox regression was used to identify immunohistochemical (IHC) and clinicopathological predictors of event-free survival (EFS) (relapse or death). Results: Median age was 50.4 years (range 25.6-88.3), 55.9% (n = 62) were non-menopausal, 70 (63.1%) had stage IIA-IIB disease. NAC was mostly sequential anthracycline-taxanes (72.1%), and surgical intervention was principally conservative (51.3%). We found 65.7% ypT1, 47.2% lymph node involvement (ypN+), and 29.4% lymphovascular invasion (LVI). Most residual tumours were EGFR >110 (H-score) (60.5%, n = 66), AR ≥4% (53.2%, n = 58), p53-positive mutated (52.7%, n = 58), CD8 ≥26 (58.1%, n = 61), FOXP3 ≥7 (51.4%, n = 54), more than half in the stroma, and 52.3% (n = 58) HER2 score 0. After a median follow-up of 80.8 months, 48.6% had relapsed. Median EFS was 62.3 months (95% CI, 37.2-not reached (NR)). Factors independently associated with poor EFS were AR-low (p = 0.002), ypN+ (p < 0.001), and LVI (p = 0.001). Factors associated with lower overall survival (OS) were EGFR-low (p = 0.041), Ki-67 high (p = 0.024), and ypN+ (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Post-NAC residual disease in TNBC showed biomarkers specific to a basal-like subtype and markers of lymphocyte infiltration mostly present in the stroma. Prognostic markers for EFS were AR, LVI, and ypN and warrant further validation in a prognostic model.

Custom multi­tumor next­generation sequencing panel for routine molecular diagnosis of solid tumors: Validation and results from three­year clinical use.

Molecular testing is extremely important in cancer care, starting as early as at diagnosis. In order to address the challenge of providing reliable results within the timeframe adapted to patient management and suitable to guide clinical decisions, a capture­based next­generation sequencing (NGS) panel focusing on ten genes known to harbor genetic variations which may be targeted by approved drugs in patients with cancer was designed and validated. Very favorable analytical performances were obtained for both solid and liquid biopsies. For solid biopsies, a low read depth (80X per nucleotide) led to the genotype detection accuracy of 100%. The read of raw data for liquid biopsies resulted in the 91.19% result concordance between paired solid and liquid samples. The present method met all the requirements for the ISO15189 certification. During our three­year experience of routinely using this panel, almost 2,300 samples from lung and colorectal cancers, melanomas and gastrointestinal stromal tumors have been analyzed. It was found that our panel detected slightly more gain­of­function variants than described in the literature. Surprisingly, loss­of­function variants were also detected in certain of the analyzed genes. Finally, liquid biopsy data revealed statistically different mutated allele frequencies between tumor types, but also between mutated genes and variants themselves. In conclusion, the use of our capture­based NGS panel is perfectly adapted to perform relevant molecular diagnosis in a time frame compatible with patient care.

Omitting axillary lymph node dissection after positive sentinel lymph node in the post-Z0011 era: Compliance with NCCN and ASCO clinical guidelines and Z0011 criteria in a large prospective cohort.

PURPOSE: In the ACOSOG Z0011 trial, patients with primary breast cancer and 1-2 tumor-involved sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) undergoing breast-conserving surgery had no oncological outcome benefit after axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), despite a relevant rate of non-SLN metastases of 27%. According to the St Gallen expert consensus, and NCCN and ASCO clinical guidelines, ALND may be avoided in patients who meet all ACOSOG Z0011 inclusion criteria. This recommendation can also be extended to patients undergoing mastectomy, with 1 or 2 positive SLNs and an indication for chest wall radiation, in whom axillary radiotherapy can be proposed as an alternative to completion ALND. The aim of this study was to assess non-compliance with the NCCN and ASCO clinical guidelines and Z0011 criteria, namely the rate of performance of completion ALND when it was not recommended, and the rate of failure to perform completion ALND when recommended. METHODS: Data were prospectively analysed from T1-2 N0 breast cancer patients undergoing an SLN procedure and treated at the Georges-François Leclerc Cancer Center between November 2015 and May 2017. Factors associated with non-compliance treatment decisions were identified using logistic regression. RESULTS: Among 563 patients included, 122 (21.7%) had at least one positive SLN. ALND was not recommended for 76 patients (62.3%), and was recommended in 46 patients (37.7%). The rate of non-compliant treatment was 32% (39/122) overall: ALND was performed despite not being recommended in 16/76 patients (21.1%) and was not performed in 50% of patients in whom it was recommended (23/46). By multivariate analyses, lymphovascular invasion ((Odds Ratio (OR)=6.1; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4-26.7; P=0.02)) and only one SLN removed (OR=9.1; 95%CI: 2.2-33.3; P=0.002) were associated with performance of completion ALND when not recommended. Conversely, >1 SLN removed (OR=5.1; 95%CI: 1.2-22.2; P=0.03) was associated with the failure to perform completion ALND when recommended. CONCLUSION: Almost one third of patients with invasive breast cancer receive treatment that is not in compliance with recommendations regarding completion ALND.

Triple-negative breast lobular carcinoma: a luminal androgen receptor carcinoma with specific ESRRA mutations.

Primary triple-negative invasive lobular breast carcinomas (TN-ILCs), which do not express hormone receptors and HER2 at diagnosis, are rare and poorly known. In this study, we analyzed the largest TN-ILC series ever reported in the literature, in comparison to phenotypically similar breast tumor subtypes: triple-negative invasive ductal carcinoma (TN-IDC) and hormone receptor-positive invasive lobular carcinoma (HR + ILC). All primary TN-ILCs registered in our database between 2000 and 2018 (n = 38) were compared to tumors from control groups, matched by stage and Elston/Ellis grade, with regard to clinical, pathologic, and immunohistochemical characteristics. A comparative molecular analysis (whole-exome and RNA sequencing using next-generation technology) was also performed. We found that TN-ILC patients were older than those with HR + ILC (P = 0.002) or TN-IDC (P < 0.001). Morphologically, TN-ILCs had aggressive phenotypes, with more pleomorphism (P = 0.003) and higher nuclear grades than HR + ILCs (P = 0.009). Immunohistochemistry showed that TN-ILCs less frequently expressed basal markers (CK5/6, EGFR and SOX10) than TN-IDCs (P < 0.001), while androgen receptor (AR) positivity was more prevalent (P < 0.001). Survival curves analysis did not show differences between TN-ILC and TN-IDC patients, while overall and distant metastasis-free survival were significantly worse compared to those with HR + ILCs (P = 0.047 and P = 0.039, respectively). At a molecular level, we found that TN-ILCs had particular transcriptomic profiles, characterized by increased AR signaling, and associated with frequent alterations in the PI3K network and ERBB2. Interestingly, whole-exome analysis also identified three specific recurrent ESRRA hotspot mutations in these tumors, which have never been described in breast cancer to date and which were absent in the other two tumor subtypes. Our findings highlight that TN-ILC is a unique aggressive breast cancer associated with elderly age, which belong to the luminal androgen receptor subtype as determined by immunohistochemistry and transcriptomic profiling. Moreover, it harbors specific molecular alterations (PI3K, ERBB2 and ESRRA) which may pave the way for new targeted therapeutic strategies.

ER-/PR+ breast cancer: A distinct entity, which is morphologically and molecularly close to triple-negative breast cancer.

Determining the status of steroid hormone receptors [oestrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR)] is a crucial part of the breast cancer workup. Thereby, breast cancers can be classified into four subtypes. However, the existence of ER-/PR+ tumours, often reported to be ill-classified due to technical errors, remains controversial. In order to address this controversy, we reviewed the hormone receptor status of 49 breast tumours previously classified as ER-/PR+ by immunohistochemistry, and compared clinical, pathological and molecular characteristics of confirmed ER-/PR+ tumours with those of ER+ and triple-negative tumours. We unequivocally confirmed the ER-/PR+ status in 27 of 49 tumours (0.3% of all breast cancers diagnosed in our institution between 2000 and 2014). We found that ER-/PR+ were morphologically and histologically similar to triple-negative tumours, but very distinct from ER+ tumours, with more aggressive phenotypes and more frequent basal marker expression than the latter. On the molecular level, RNA sequencing revealed different gene expression profiles between the three groups. Of particular interest, several genes controlled by the suppressor of zest 12 (SUZ12) were upregulated in ER-/PR+ tumours. Overall, our results confirm that ER-/PR+ breast cancers are an extremely rare but 'real' tumour subtype that requires careful diagnosis and has distinct features warranting different responsiveness to therapies and different clinical outcomes. Studies on larger cohorts are needed to further characterise these tumours. The likely involvement of SUZ12 in their biology is an interesting finding which may - in a long run - give rise to the development of new therapeutic alternatives.

Specificities of small cell neuroendocrine prostate cancer: Adverse prognostic value of TTF1 expression.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether small cell neuroendocrine prostate cancers (NEPCa) emerging after anti-androgen treatments are different from the rarest cases diagnosed de novo, and to identify effective predictive markers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The expression of neuroendocrine markers, androgen receptor (AR) and androgen-regulated genes, as well as markers of aggressiveness, were analyzed by immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray containing samples of 30 sNEPCa, either pure or admixed with conventional PCa, and including 14 cases diagnosed de novo and 16 cases subsequent to prior androgen deprivation. RESULTS: Chromogranin A is a better marker of NE differentiation than synaptophysin in post-treatment NEPCa, with 94% and 44% of positive tumors, respectively, while both markers are equally expressed in de novo cases. Despite the acquisition of a NE phenotype, more than half of NEPCa expressed AR and the androgen-regulated gene NKX3.1, more frequently in cases admixed with conventional PCa. TTF1 staining, present in half of NEPCa, was associated with loss of androgen-regulated genes and with markers of aggressiveness, including increased proliferation, Zeb1 expression and PTEN loss. In multivariate analysis, only TTF1 expression was significantly associated with shorter overall survival. CONCLUSION: These results suggest the persistence of androgen signaling in a number of NEPCa cases, and the interest of TTF1 staining as a predictive biomarker.

An exceptional metaplastic lobular breast carcinoma diagnosed through exome sequencing.

Metaplastic breast carcinoma is a rare subtype of breast cancer. This subtype is mostly found in association with poorly differentiated ductal breast carcinomas and rarely with other breast carcinoma types. We report the case of a 69-year-old woman with an exceptional invasive lobular breast carcinoma associated with metaplastic squamous cell bone metastasis occurring 2 years after the initial breast cancer diagnosis. Whole-exome sequencing and subsequent immunohistochemistry of the lesions were used to link the squamous cell bone metastasis of unknown origin to the primary breast carcinoma initially diagnosed. Searching for primary carcinoma when metastatic lesions of unknown origin occur can be complex. Current molecular biology techniques may help pathologists in associating metastasis with the primary carcinoma by identifying shared specific gene mutations, even when different morphological and immunohistochemical profiles are observed between the tumours.

[Strategies in case of metastatic sentinel lymph node in breast cancer]. / Stratégies en cas de positivité du ganglion sentinelle dans les cancers du sein.

Management strategy of micro or macro metastatic sentinel lymph node(s) (SLNs) in breast cancer has dramatically changed over the past ten years and the publication of five randomized trials results: ACOSOG Z0011, IBCSG 23-01, and AATRM comparing axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) versus SLNs biopsy alone; and AMAROS and OTOASOR comparing ALND versus axillary radiotherapy. Despite methodological limitations of several of these trials, notably ACOSOG Z0011, the international recommendations (ASCO, NCCN) and the expert consensus of St Gallen do not recommend the performance of a complementary ALND in case of macro or micro metastatic SLN, if all ACOSOG Z0011 inclusion criteria are met. Moreover, in the context of a mastectomy, with one or two positive SLN and a wall irradiation indication, an axillary radiotherapy can be proposed as an alternative to ALND. Additionally, ALND is also indicated in extracapsular involvement or when three or more SLNs are metastatic. This change in strategy led to a significant decrease on the number of ALNDs performed and resulted on the abandon of SLNs extemporaneous examination. In France, there are no national recommendations on axillary management in the context of SLN involvement. Moreover, a multitude of different local guidelines, led to very heterogeneous practices in our country. The next evolution on axillary management strategy will be the implementation of a SLNs procedure after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for patients with lymph node involvement proven before NAC and for whom NAC has allowed axillary downstaging.

Cleaved Caspase-3 Transcriptionally Regulates Angiogenesis-Promoting Chemotherapy Resistance.

Caspases are well known for their role in apoptosis. Recently, nonapoptotic roles of caspases have been identified, however, these noncanonical roles are not well documented and the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Here, we studied the role of cleaved caspase-3 using human- and mouse-proficient caspase-3 cancer cell lines and human-deficient caspase-3 cancer cells. Cleaved caspase-3 functioned as a transcription factor and directly bound to DNA. A DNA-binding domain was identified in the small subunit of caspase-3 and an active conformation was essential for caspase-3 transcriptional activity. Caspase-3 DNA binding enhanced angiogenesis by upregulating the expression of proangiogenic genes and by activating pathways that promoted endothelial cell activation. Some proapoptotic genes were downregulated in caspase-3-proficient cells. Inhibiting caspase-3 increased the efficacy of chemotherapy and decreased spontaneous tumor development. These data highlight a novel nonapoptotic role of caspase-3 and suggest that cleaved caspase-3 could be a new therapeutic target in cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings report a noncanonical function of caspase-3 by demonstrating its ability to transcriptionally regulate the VEGFR pathway.

Trends in molecular subtypes of breast cancer: description of incidence rates between 2007 and 2012 from three French registries.

BACKGROUND: The incidence and incidence trends of breast cancer according to molecular subtype are unknown at a population level in France. The registry data enables this study and may give this information, that is crucial to describe and understand breast cancer epidemiology. METHODS: We estimated the incidence rates of breast cancer for each molecular subtype using data from three cancer registries in France for the period from 2007 to 2012. Molecular subtypes were defined with immunohistochemical data. Poisson models were estimated to modelize the course of breast cancer incidence and to test the trends. RESULTS: The study included 12,040 patients diagnosed between 2007 and 2012 in the three administrative areas covered by the registries. There was no significant trends in the proportion of each molecular subtype year by year. The age distribution of incident cases was different depending on the molecular subtypes (p < 0.001). The course of incidence between 2007 and 2012 was also different depending on molecular subtype according to the multivariate Poisson model (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The description of incident cases of breast cancer according to molecular subtype at a population level showed differences in trends. The trends in incidence differed according to molecular subtype, and this should improve our understanding of overall changes in incidence. This analysis is important to plan screening and treatment resources at a population level.

Prognostic Factors of Survival among Women with Metastatic Breast Cancer and Impact of Primary or Secondary Nature of Disease on Survival: A French Population-Based Study.

We aim to determine whether differences in survival exist between two populations of women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and to identify prognostic factors of survival after metastasis diagnosis. Data on women with MBC diagnosed between 2000 and 2011 were provided by the Côte d'Or Breast cancer registry. Survival rates and median overall survival (OS) after metastasis diagnosis were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method and prognostic factors were determined in a Cox proportional hazard model. Overall, 282 women with primary MBC and 340 with secondary MBC were included. A 2-year survival rate was significantly better in women with primary MBC (50.8% [95% CI: 47.8-53.8%] versus 44.5% [95% CI: 41.8-47.2%]). However, median OS did not differ between the two groups (p = 0.1). The prognostic factors associated with worst survival were a triple-negative tumor type (p < 10-4 ), multiple metastases sites (p < 10-4 ), an older age at metastasis (p < 10-4 ), and a SBR grade G3 (p = 0.007). OS between women with primary MBC and women with secondary MBC does not seem to differ significantly. This population-based study provides original epidemiological data on French women without any selection bias inherent to hospital cohorts.

Atypical epithelial hyperplasia of the breast: state of the art.

INTRODUCTION: Atypical epithelial hyperplasia (AEH) of the breast is considered benign histological lesions with breast cancer risk. This review focuses on clinical signification and management of AEH that remains controversial. AREAS COVERED: A review of published studies was performed using medline database. In this review, we fully describe the current evidence available. In particular, we describe 1) data from immunohistochemistry and molecular studies that suggest AEH is a precursor of breast cancer; 2) epidemiological studies demonstrate low rate of breast cancer in women with AEH; 3) surgical excision is necessary after diagnosis of AEH, such as lobular carcinoma in situ or atypical ductal hyperplasia, on core needle biopsy; 4) although current recommendations are evolving to fewer (if not no) excisions for flat epithelial with atypia and classic lobular neoplasia found on percutaneous biopsy (without radiologic indications for excision). Expert commentary: HEA management steel need prospective evidences, but recent retrospective data give some clue for less invasive management for some of HEA.

Tumor infiltration by Tbet+ effector T cells and CD20+ B cells is associated with survival in gastric cancer patients.

Tumor-infiltrating T and B lymphocytes could have the potential to affect cancer prognosis. The objective of this study was to investigate the prognostic significance of tumor infiltration by CD8 and CD4 T cells, and B lymphocytes in patients with localized gastric cancer. In a retrospective cohort of 82 patients with localized gastric cancer and treated by surgery we quantitatively assessed by immunohistochemistry on surgical specimen, immune infiltrates of IL-17+, CD8+, Foxp3+, Tbet+ T cells and CD20+ B cells both in the tumor core and at the invasive margin via immunohistochemical analyses of surgical specimens. We observed that CD8+ and IL17+ T-cell densities were not significantly associated with gastric cancer prognosis. In contrast, high infiltration of Tbet+ T cells, high numbers of CD20+ B-cell follicles, and low infiltration of Foxp3+ T cells, were associated with better relapse-free survival. Interestingly, treatment with neoadjuvant chemotherapy or histological tumor type (diffuse versus intestinal) did not influence type and density of immune infiltrates or their prognostic value. Immunohistochemical analysis of the gastric cancer stromal microenvironment revealed organized T and B cell aggregates, with strong structural analogies to normal secondary lymphoid organs and which could be considered as tertiary lymphoid structures. Using transcriptomic data from an independent cohort of 365 localized gastric cancer, we confirmed that a coordinated Th1, and B cell stromal gene signature is associated with better outcome. Altogether, these data suggest that tumor infiltration by B and Th1 T cells could affect gastric cancer prognosis and may be used to better define the outcome of patients with localized gastric cancer.