Subject(s)
Adalimumab/administration & dosage , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage , Biological Products/administration & dosage , Hidradenitis Suppurativa/drug therapy , Adalimumab/adverse effects , Adult , Aged , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/adverse effects , Biological Products/adverse effects , Drug Administration Schedule , Female , Hidradenitis Suppurativa/diagnosis , Hidradenitis Suppurativa/epidemiology , Hidradenitis Suppurativa/immunology , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: In the last decade, increasing evidence suggests a key role of adenosine in Parkinson's disease (PD) and A2A adenosine receptors (A2A ARs) as an important pharmacological target in PD. An overexpression of A2A ARs has been found in putamen and in peripheral blood cells of PD patients. The primary aim of this study was to verify whether the alterations in A2A ARs in lymphocytes of PD subjects correlate with disease severity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A consecutive sample of PD patients was enrolled. A clinical examination and a face-to-face interview were carried out. A2A ARs were investigated to verify the affinity and receptor density in lymphocyte membranes. The data were compared with those found in healthy controls. Moreover, the correlation between A2A AR density and affinity and clinical variables was evaluated in PD patients. RESULTS: In human lymphocyte membranes from PD patients, an increase in A2A AR density and a decrease in A2A AR affinity were found if compared with healthy subjects. A statistically significant correlation between the A2A AR density or affinity and specific clinical parameters as motor and cognitive impairment was detected. Patients with higher A2A AR density and lower affinity were more likely to exhibit motor complications. CONCLUSIONS: Parkinson's disease patients show an A2A AR upregulation in lymphocyte membranes if compared with healthy subjects. The correlation found between A2A AR density or affinity and clinical parameters highlights the central role of A2A AR modulation in the pharmacological treatment for PD and could suggest the putative role of A2A AR as a candidate biomarker of PD severity.
Subject(s)
Parkinson Disease/complications , Parkinson Disease/pathology , Receptor, Adenosine A2A/metabolism , Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists/pharmacokinetics , Aged , Disease Progression , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Dyskinesias/etiology , Female , Humans , Lymphocytes/drug effects , Lymphocytes/metabolism , Male , Middle Aged , Protein Binding/drug effects , Statistics, Nonparametric , Triazines/pharmacokinetics , Triazoles/pharmacokinetics , Tritium/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The annual incidence of childhood and adolescence epilepsy ranges from 41 to 97 diagnoses per 100,000 people in western Countries, with a reported decline over time. We aimed at studying the incidence of epilepsy in children and adolescents (1 month to 14 years) and its temporal trend in the province of Ferrara, northern Italy. METHODS: We implemented a community-based prospective multi-source registry. All children with newly diagnosed epilepsy in the period 1996-2005 were recorded. RESULTS: The incidence rate of newly diagnosed epilepsy in the considered age range was 57 per 100,000 person-years, (95% CI: 49.3-65.9), with a peak in the first year of life (109.4; 95% CI: 69.4-164.1), without differences between the two gender. The estimates were significantly lower than those observed previously (97.3; 95% CI: 81.9-115.7). CONCLUSIONS: Incidence rates for epilepsy in the Italian population aged 1 month to 14 years are in line with those of other European and Northern American Countries. The incidence of childhood epilepsy has declined over time in our area. A reduced impact of serious perinatal adverse events could partly explain the decline.