ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Many people living with dementia experience challenges comprehending language and benefit from nonverbal communication supports. Little published empirical evidence exists for care partners regarding supportive strategies for nonverbal communication with people living with dementia. This study aimed to conduct a scoping review of nonverbal strategies for care partners which have been observed to support communication with people living with dementia. METHODS: Current best practices for scoping research guided this review. CINAHL, PsycInfo, Scopus, and Pubmed databases were searched December 8, 2020. Empirical studies that examined the supportiveness of nonverbal communication strategies used by care partners of people living with dementia were eligible. All publication dates were included. Eligible studies were published in English in peer-reviewed journals. Studies were screened first by title and abstract, and subsequently by full-text review. Data charting was conducted using an evidence summary table, which was subsequently used for analysis. Results were presented in the form of a written summary. RESULTS: Sixteen studies were included in the final review. Six categories of supportive nonverbal communication strategies were identified: eye contact, gestures, facial expression, touch, close proximity, and frontal orientation. Studies observed six outcomes which indicated that these nonverbal strategies were supportive for communication with people living with dementia; however, person-centered outcomes were limited. CONCLUSIONS: The review identified supportive nonverbal communication strategies used by care partners with people living with dementia in the current literature. Disagreement exists in the literature regarding which outcomes define supportive nonverbal communication with people living with dementia. This in combination with the benefits of person-centered approaches to care with people living with dementia presents a critical need to delineate which nonverbal communication strategies are person-centered in future research. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: Six supportive nonverbal communication strategies identified by scoping literature review, but there is disagreement in how the literature defines "supportive" @marie_y_s @EmmaBender19.
Subject(s)
Dementia , Humans , Nonverbal Communication , Delivery of Health Care , Empirical ResearchABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Understanding social media use and digital literacy among young Canadian children is an increasing area of concern, given the importance of digital inclusion for full and informed participation in evolving educational, civic, corporate, social, and economic spaces. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore internet and social media knowledge as well as social media use among Canadian children aged between 6 and 10 years. METHODS: We conducted interview surveys with 42 children aged between 6 and 10 years who participated in an after-school health promotion program in an urban community in Southwestern Ontario to understand their digital literacy skills and social media use. The data were analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. RESULTS: Of the 42 children who participated in this study, 24 (57%) reported that they used social media, specifically YouTube (19/24, 79% reported use), Snapchat (16/24, 67% reported use), and Facebook (8/24, 33% reported use). While using social media, children reported sharing personal information, including videos or pictures of themselves (12/24, 50%), videos or pictures of others (8/24, 33%), and their birthday (12/24, 50%), whereas only one-third (9/24, 38%) of the children believed that only close family and friends had access to the content they shared. When reporting on the quality of life in the context of using social media, most (17/24, 71%) children never felt sad, half (12/24, 50%) never had difficulty making new friends, and nearly one-third (7/24, 30%) indicated that they never had difficulty wanting to play outside. CONCLUSIONS: Owing to the rapidly evolving uptake and use of social media among young Canadians, the implementation of childhood digital health literacy education is vital to best support digital inclusion and well-being in Canada. The findings of our study highlight the need for future research to understand where children receive their digital literacy knowledge from and whether this knowledge is gained through self-directed social media use or observation from other actors, such as parents, siblings, or friends.