Green fractionation and hydrolysis of fish meal to improve their techno-functional properties.

A green strategy employing water as solvent has been adopted to obtain protein hydrolysates from fish meal (FM), its water-soluble fraction (WSP), and its non-water-soluble fraction (NSP). The techno-functional properties of the hydrolysates have been investigated and compared to hydrolysates obtained with Alcalase®. In general, SWH hydrolysates presented higher content of free amino acids and higher degree of hydrolysis, which reflected on the molecular size distribution. However, Alcalase® hydrolysates presented better solubility (from 74 ± 4% for NSP at pH = 2 up to 99 ± 1% for WSP at pH = 4-7). According to fluorescence experiments, FM and NSP hydrolysates showed the highest surface hydrophobicity, which has been related to better emulsifying properties and higher emulsion stability. The emulsions stabilized with 2%wt. of SWH-treated NSP showed the smallest particle sizes, with D[4,3] = 155 nm at day 0, and good stability, with D[4,3] = 220 nm at day 7, proving that water fractionation followed by SWH treatment is a good method to improve the techno-functional properties of the hydrolysates.

Onion (Allium cepa L.) Skin Waste Valorization: Unveiling the Phenolic Profile and Biological Potential for the Creation of Bioactive Agents through Subcritical Water Extraction.

Onion skin waste (OSW), the primary non-edible byproduct from onion processing, offers a renewable source of bioactive compounds. This study aims to valorize OSW through subcritical water extraction (SWE), aligning with a circular economy and biorefinery principles. SWE was carried out at 145 °C and 50 bar for 50 min in a discontinuous reactor, producing a phenolic-rich extract (32.3 ± 2.6 mg/g) dominated by protocatechuic acid (20.3 ± 2.5 mg/g), quercetin-4'-O-glucoside (7.5 ± 0.2 mg/g), and quercetin (3.2 ± 0.6 mg/g). Additionally, the extract contains sugars (207.1 ± 20.3 mg sucrose-Eq/g), proteins (22.8 ± 1.6 mg BSA-Eq/g), and free amino acids (20.4 ± 1.2 mg arginine-Eq/g). Its phenolic richness determines its scavenging activity against ●NO and O2●- radicals and its α-glucosidase and aldose-reductase inhibition without affecting α-amylase. Notably, the extract demonstrates significant α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 = 75.6 ± 43.5 µg/mL), surpassing acarbose (IC50 = 129.5 ± 1.0 µg/mL) in both pure enzyme and cell culture tests without showing cytotoxicity to AGS, HepG2, and Caco-2 human cell lines. The extract's bioactivity and nutritional content make it suitable for developing antioxidant and antidiabetic nutraceutical/food components, highlighting SWE's potential for OSW valorization without using organic solvents.

Subcritical Water Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Onion Skin Wastes (Allium cepa cv. Horcal): Effect of Temperature and Solvent Properties.

The valorization of onion skin wastes (OSW) through the extraction, identification, and quantification of phenolic compounds was studied in this work, using subcritical water in a semicontinuous extractor (2.5 mL/min; 105-180 °C; 5 MPa). The extraction of flavonoids resulted to be fast (<30 min) and temperature sensitive (maximum at 145 °C; total flavonoids, 27.4 ± 0.9 mg/g dry OSW (DOSW)). The experimental results were fitted to the Weibull model. The influence of the solvent properties on the flavonoids quantification was found to be critical. A precipitate was formed once the extracts cooled down. If removed, a significant fraction of the high temperature extracted flavonoids (as much as 71%, at 180 °C) was lost. Such a condition affected especially those compounds that show extremely low solubility in water at room temperature, whereas quercetin glycosylated derivatives were less affected by the polarity change of the medium induced by the temperature change. It was demonstrated that it is necessary to re-dissolve the subcritical water extracts by the addition of ethanol, which led to a medium with a polarity equivalent to that obtained with water at high temperature. At 145 °C, quercetin (15.4 ± 0.4 mg/g DOSW) and quercetin-4'-glucoside (8.4 ± 0.1 mg/g DOSW) accounted for the 90% of the total flavonoids identified. By recovering high added value bioactive compounds from OSW the principles of circular economy were fulfilled, providing a new use for this agricultural waste.

Water Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenol Compounds from Brewer's Spent Grain: Kinetic Study, Extract Characterization, and Concentration.

Brewer's spent grain (BSG) was chemically characterized obtaining 52.1% of carbohydrates, 17.8% protein, 5.9% lipids, 13.5% insoluble lignin and 24.3% of water-soluble extractives. This work has been focused on the study of polyphenol extraction of the extractive fraction by water ultrasound-assisted extraction. Selected extraction conditions were 47 °C and 21.7 mL water/gdry-BSG. The effect of solvent polarity on polyphenol extraction was studied by using ethanol aqueous mixtures, from 20% to 100% ethanol. The kinetics of polyphenol extraction have been fitted to the power law and the Weibull models yielding mean values of the root mean square deviation lower than 7.5%. Extracts have been characterized in terms of quantification of individual phenolic compounds by HPLC-DAD and protein and sugar soluble fractions (glucose, xylose, and arabinose). Polyphenol profile has been compared with other hydrolytic techniques, such as acid, basic and enzymatic hydrolysis, showing that ultrasound was not as effective as basic hydrolysis to release the phenolic acids esterified to the cell wall. A further centrifuge ultrafiltration concentration step was able to yield a retentate enriched in the protein fraction while individual phenolic compounds where mainly transferred to the permeate.

Green determination of brominated flame retardants and organochloride pollutants in fish oils by vortex assisted liquid-liquid microextraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

A "green", simple, and low-cost sample extraction procedure involving the use of a deep eutectic solvent (DES) in a vortex assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLME) technique followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) analysis was developed for the simultaneous determination of different PBDEs congeners and OCPs residues in fish oils. After evaluation of different eutectic mixtures, the extraction parameters (volume of DES, amount of oil sample and extraction time) were optimized by means of experimental design in order to maximise extraction efficiency. The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy and precision, presenting limits of detection in the low ng g-1 level. Its application in the analysis of five fish oil samples, allowed the detection of all the target analytes at levels up 21.5 ng g-1. Fish oils used in animal feed showed to be more contaminated than fish oils for human consumption.

Omega-3 encapsulation by PGSS-drying and conventional drying methods. Particle characterization and oxidative stability.

Particles from Gas-Saturated Solutions (PGSS)-drying has been used as a green alternative to encapsulate omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) at mild, non-oxidative conditions. PGSS-dried particles have been compared to those obtained by conventional drying methods such as spray-drying and freeze-drying, finding encapsulation efficiencies (EE) up to 98% and spherical morphology for PGSS- and spray-dried particles. Freeze-dried powders showed irregular morphology and EE from 95.8 to 98.6%, depending on the freezing method. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed glass-transition and melting peaks of OSA-starch and a cold-crystallization peak corresponding to the encapsulated n-3 PUFA concentrate. Compared to conventionally dried powders, PGSS-dried microparticles showed lower primary and secondary oxidation after 28 days of storage at 4 °C. Ascorbic acid addition combined with the mild processing conditions of PGSS-drying yielded particles with a maximum peroxide value of 2.5 meq O2/kg oil after 28 days of storage at 4 °C.

Pressurized aqueous ethanol extraction of ß-glucans and phenolic compounds from waxy barley.

Beta-glucans and phenolics were extracted from waxy barley using pressurized aqueous ethanol in a stirred batch reactor at 25bar and 500rpm. The effect of temperature (135-175°C), extraction time (15-55min) and ethanol content (5-20%) was evaluated. Temperature had an opposite effect on the extraction of both compounds. The higher the temperature, the lower the ß-glucan extraction yield due to fragmentation, but a significant increase on the phenolic recovery was observed. Long extraction times favored the extraction of ß-glucans at low temperatures and phenolics at any temperature. The ethanol content was not statistically significant on the ß-glucan extraction, but helped to maintain the molecular weight of the extracted ß-glucan. To obtain liquid extracts rich in high molecular weight ß-glucans and phenolics, mild conditions of 151°C, 21min and 16% ethanol are needed, leading to 51% ß-glucan extraction yield with a molecular weight of 500-600kDa and 5mgGAE/g barley.