Understanding the role of gaze behaviour and coaching experience in the assessment of youth soccer teams.

This study aimed to explore the perceptual-cognitive characteristics of coaches as they assessed team performance in youth soccer. The primary focus was to investigate the alignment between coaches' subjective analyses of team behaviour and objective analyses, while also examining the relationship between coaches' gaze behaviour and their levels of coaching experience, particularly considering the potential differences that may exist among coaches with varying levels of experience. Sixty-five male and female adults with various soccer coaching experience (experienced, novice, other team sport experience, and non-team sport experience) watched five 4-minute videos and assessed team behaviour. These subjective evaluations were compared to objective data obtained from video analysis and GPS, which included measures of completed skills, spatiotemporal characteristics, and passing networks. The participants' fixation duration and frequency were measured for each video clip, and the area around the ball specifically. The study found no significant differences between groups regarding the number of times participants' subjective analysis aligned with the objective data (p = 0.059, ɳ2 = 0.07). However, coaches with soccer coaching experience demonstrated a higher fixation frequency and more revisits to the ball area when compared to participants without soccer experience (p = <.001, ɳ2 = 0.09). The current study offers a unique approach to uncovering soccer coaching expertise by combining objective and subjective evaluations of team performance. In summary, the study reveals that coaching experience did not impact how often coaches subjective analyses matched objective data. However, soccer coaches had distinctive gaze behaviour patterns where they revisited the area around the ball more often.

Coaches' perceptions of collective behaviour in soccer teams do not align with objective data, regardless of their level of coaching experience.Gaze behaviour differs between coaches with varying expertise levels.Both experienced and novice coaches visually revisit the area around the ball more often than non-coaches when assessing team performance.Quantitative data may provide an additional level of team analysis than subjective coach assessment alone.

Experienced academy soccer coaches' perspectives on players' skilfulness.

INTRODUCTION: Soccer coaches are critical to academies as they are central to identifying players with the potential to succeed (i.e., talent). Research suggests coaches perceive skill as determining players' potential. Regardless, researchers only broadly explored their views and quantified players' skill using objective measures, which is problematic as coaches still rely on their subjective intuition. A plausible reason is that skill assessments do not meet coaches' needs. OBJECTIVE: So,this study explored academy soccer coaches' perspectives on skilfulness. METHODS: Participants required a minimum B-level AFC/FA Pro Coaching Licence and five years' experience for inclusion. Australian soccer coaches (n = 4) and academy directors (n = 7) (Mage = 35.90 ± 8.36 years; Mexperience = 14 ± 7.02 years) participated in semi-structured interviews (Mtime = 50.73 ± 7.33). RESULTS: We analysed coaches' responses using reflexive thematic analysis, generating four themes describing skilful players as i) technically proficient, ii) adaptable, iii) effective decision-makers, and iv) influential to their team's success. We produced three themes on the situational and contextual nature of their views, perceiving skill through a v) developmental lens, relying on their vi) experiential knowledge, and their views were vii) context-specific. CONCLUSION: Additional research is needed to create a refined conceptual model for assessing soccer skilfulness.

Distinguishing skill from technique in football.

The current commentary adopts a skill acquisition science perspective on the distinction between skill and technique, two constructs often confused in football science and practice. It first positions technique as a coordination pattern. It then argues that experts rarely (if ever) coordinate their neuromuscular system in the same way through evidence of inter- and intra-individual movement variability from football science and other domains of sport science. It concludes by asserting that skill distinguishes itself from technique by its requirement for functional and beneficial coordination patterns, meaning that coaches, sporting practitioners and researchers should consider skill as any technique that an athlete successfully applies to a situation that requires it.

Quadriceps tendon malalignment is an independent anatomical deformity which is the primary abnormality associated with lateral facet patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis.

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study are to, firstly, develop techniques to accurately identify extensor mechanism malalignment by measuring the alignment of the quadriceps tendon (QTA) with computerized tomography (CT) scans. Secondly, to investigate correlations between QTA and lower limb bony anatomical variations within a representative normal population. Lastly, to evaluate the clinical significance of QTA by establishing its potential connection with lateral facet patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis (LFPFJOA). METHOD: CT scans were orientated to a mechanical axis reference frame and three techniques developed to measure the alignment of the quadriceps tendon. Multiple measurement of bony alignment from the hip to the ankle were performed on each scan. A series of 110 cadaveric CT scans were measured to determine normal values, reproducibility, and correlations with bony anatomy. Secondly, a comparison between 2 groups of 25 patients, 1 group with LFPFJOA and 1 group with isolated medial OA and no LFPFJOA. RESULTS: From the cadaveric study, it was determined that the alignment of the quadriceps tendon is on average 4.3° (SD 3.9) varus and the apex of the tendon is 9.1 mm (SD 7.7 mm) lateral to the trochlear groove and externally rotated 1.9° (SD 12.4°) from the centre of the femoral shaft. There was no association between the quadriceps tendon alignment and any other bony measurements including tibial tubercle trochlear groove distance (TTTG), coronal alignment, trochlear groove alignment and femoral neck anteversion. A lateralized QTA was significantly associated with LFPFJOA. QTA in the LFPFJOA group was 9.6° varus (SD 2.8°), 21.3 mm (SD 6.6) lateralised and 17.3° ER (SD 11°) compared to 5.5° (SD 2.3°), 10.7 mm (SD 4.9) and 3.3° (SD 7.2°), respectively, in the control group (p < 0.001). A significant association with LFPFJOA was also found for TTTG (17.2 mm (SD 5.7) vs 12.1 mm (SD 4.3), p < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis confirmed the QTA as having the stronger association with LFPFJOA than TTTG (AUC 0.87 to 0.92 for QTA vs 0.79 for TTTG). CONCLUSION: These studies have confirmed the ability to accurately determine QTA on CT scans. The normal values indicate that the QTA is highly variable and unrelated to bony anatomy. The comparative study has determined that QTA is clinically relevant and a lateralised QTA is the dominant predictor of severe LFPFJOA. This deformity should be considered when assessing patella maltracking associated with patella osteoarthritis, patella instability and arthroplasty. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III (retrospective cohort study).

Core body temperature responses during competitive sporting events: A narrative review.

Due to the lack of research in real-world sports competitions, the International Olympic Committee, in 2012, called for data characterising athletes' sport and event-specific thermal profiles. Studies clearly demonstrate that elite athletes often attain a core body temperature (Tc) ≥ 40°C without heat-related medical issues during competition. However, practitioners, researchers and ethical review boards continue to cite a Tc ≥ 40°C (and lower) as a threshold where athlete health is impacted (an assumption from laboratory studies). Therefore, this narrative review aims to: (i) summarise and review published data on Tc responses during competitive sport and identify key considerations for practitioners; (ii) establish the incidence of athletes experiencing a Tc ≥ 40°C in competitive sport alongside the incidence of heat illness/heat stroke (EHI/EHS) symptoms; and (iii) discuss the evolution of Tc measurement during competition. The Tc response is primarily based on the physical demands of the sport, environmental conditions, competitive level, and athlete disability. In the reviewed research, 11.9% of athletes presented a Tc ≥ 40°C, with only 2.8% of these experiencing EHI/EHS symptoms, whilst a high Tc ≥ 40°C (n = 172; Tc range 40-41.5°C) occurred across a range of sports and environmental conditions (including some temperate environments). Endurance athletes experienced a Tc ≥ 40°C more than intermittent athletes, but EHI/EHS was similar. This review demonstrates that a Tc ≥ 40°C is not a consistently meaningful risk factor of EHI/EHS symptomology in this sample; therefore, Tc monitoring alongside secondary measures (i.e. general cognitive disturbance and gait disruption) should be incorporated to reduce heat-related injuries during competition.

The influence of an esports-adapted coping effectiveness training (E-CET) on resilience, mental health, and subjective performance among elite league of Legends players: A pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop, and pilot esports-adapted coping effectiveness training (E-CET) and measure its influence on coping effectiveness (global and specific), subjective performance, mental health (psychological distress and wellbeing), and resilience. DESIGN: Five elite male League of Legends players competing in the League of Legends Circuit Oceania participated in a mixed methods research design. The effects of E-CET were measured using a within-subjects quasi-experimental design (i.e., pre-to-post, no control group). To measure the effects of E-CET on specific stressors, a longitudinal diary design was used. METHOD: Players participated in a 2-h session of E-CET and a 45-min follow-up workshop. The 2-h workshop delivered content on two conceptual areas: (1) developing awareness of the stress and coping process; and (2) how to cope with stress. Players completed pre-intervention, post-intervention, and follow-up measures and twice-weekly stress journals. RESULTS: E-CET led to increases in players' perceived coping effectiveness and subjective performance, but there were no changes in psychological distress, psychological wellbeing, and resilience. However, the results indicate some positive signs for future coping interventions with League of Legends players and iterations of E-CET. CONCLUSION: The E-CET program appears to provide an opportunity to improve performance and mental health for esports players.

The prevalence of relative age effects and the influence of the talent pool size on Australian male and female youth football.

The current study explored the association between talent pool size and relative age effects in Football Australia's talent pathway. It also compared relative age effects between male and female players. Participants were 54,207 youth football players (females: n = 12,527, age-range = 14.0-15.9; males: n = 41,680, age-range = 13.0-14.9) eligible for the National Youth Championships. We developed linear regression models to examine the association between the member federation size and the probability of a player being born earlier in the year. We also analysed selection probabilities based on birth quartile and year half across three layers. Overall, talent pool size was associated with a higher probability of selecting a player born in the first half of the year over the second. More specifically, an increase of 760 players led to a 1% higher selection probability for those born in the first six months of a chronological age group. In addition, there were more occurrences of relative age effects in the male than the female sample. Future studies should focus on the impact of the talent pool size on relative age effects at each major talent identification/selection stage of a talent pathway.

Augmented Reality Navigation Can Achieve Accurate Coronal Component Alignment During Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Background Computer-navigated knee arthroplasty has been shown to improve accuracy over conventional instruments. The next generation of computer assistance is being developed using augmented reality. The accuracy of augmented reality navigation has not been established. Methods From April 2021 to October 2021, a prospective, consecutive series of 20 patients underwent total knee arthroplasty utilising an augmented reality-assisted navigation system (ARAN). The coronal and sagittal alignment of the femoral and tibial bone cuts was measured using the ARAN and the final position of the components was measured on postoperative CT scans. The absolute difference between the measurements was recorded to determine the accuracy of the ARAN. Results Two cases were excluded due to segmentation errors, leaving 18 cases for analysis. The ARAN produced a mean absolute error of 1.4°, 2.0°, 1.1° and 1.6° for the femoral coronal, femoral sagittal, tibial coronal and tibial sagittal alignments, respectively. No outliers (absolute error of >3°) were identified in femoral coronal or tibial coronal alignment measurements. Three outliers were identified in tibial sagittal alignment, with all cases demonstrating less tibial slope (by 3.1°, 3.3° and 4°). Five outliers were identified in femoral sagittal alignment and in all cases, the component was more extended (3.1°, 3.2°, 3.2°, 3.4° and 3.9°). The mean operative time significantly decreased from the first nine augmented reality cases to the final nine cases by 11 minutes (p<0.05). There was no difference in the accuracy between the early and late ARAN cases. Conclusion Augmented reality navigation can achieve accurate alignment of total knee arthroplasty with a low rate of component malposition in the coronal plane. Acceptable and consistent accuracy can be achieved from the initial adoption of this technique, however, some sagittal outliers were identified and there is a clear learning curve with respect to operating time. The level of evidence was IV.

Using Critical Success Index or Gilbert Skill Score as composite measures of positive predictive value and sensitivity in diagnostic accuracy studies: Weather forecasting informing epilepsy research.

The Critical Success Index (CSI) and Gilbert Skill score (GS) are verification measures that are commonly used to check the accuracy of weather forecasting. In this article, we propose that they can also be used to simplify the joint interpretation of positive predictive value (PPV) and sensitivity estimates across diagnostic accuracy studies of epilepsy data. This is because CSI and GS each provide a single measure that takes the weather forecasting equivalent of PPV and sensitivity into account. We have re-analysed data from our recent systematic review of diagnostic accuracy studies of administrative epilepsy data using CSI and GS. We summarise the results and benefits of this approach.

Collective behaviour in high and low-level youth soccer teams.

BACKGROUND: An expert/non-expert paradigm often helps understand the underpinnings of sports expertise; however, this method is scarcely extended to the complexities of collective behaviour in youth soccer. AIM: Therefore, the objectives of the current study are to investigate differences in the collective behaviour of youth soccer teams by expertise level. METHODOLOGY: Soccer players aged 15 to 20 years from high (n = 35) and low (n = 40) playing levels competed in two age-matched 5v5 small-sided games. For each game, teams' skill involvement (shot, pass, dribble, touch), passing networks (closeness, density, betweenness), and spatiotemporal characteristics (stretch index, effective area, length (L) & width (W), LpW ratio, synchrony) were measured using video footage and GPS coordinates. RESULTS: High level teams had more attempted (p = .009), and completed skills (p = .003), particularly for the number of passes (p = .001) and shots (p = .012-.045). However, there were no significant between-group differences for either the passing networks or spatiotemporal characteristics. CONCLUSION: The findings from the current research suggest that the high-level teams can quickly and effectively move the ball within existing team structures and may better optimise their afforded space to execute desired skills when compared to the low-level teams.

Why are the phenotypes of TRAF6 knock-in and TRAF6 knock-out mice so different?

The expression of TNF-Receptor Associated Factor 6 (TRAF6) is essential for many physiological processes. Here we studied the phenotype of TRAF6[L74H] knock-in mice which are devoid of TRAF6 E3 ligase activity in every cell of the body, but express normal levels of the TRAF6 protein. Remarkably, TRAF6[L74H] mice have none of the phenotypes seen in TRAF6 KO mice. Instead TRAF6[L74H] mice display an entirely different phenotype, exhibiting autoimmunity, and severe inflammation of the skin and modest inflammation of the liver and lungs. Similar to mice with a Treg-specific knockout of TRAF6, or mice devoid of TRAF6 in all T cells, the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes displayed an activated effector memory phenotype with CD44high/CD62Llow expression on the cell surface. In contrast, T cells from WT mice exhibited the CD44low/CD62Lhigh phenotype characteristic of naïve T cells. The onset of autoimmunity and autoinflammation in TRAF6[L74H] mice (two weeks) was much faster than in mice with a Treg-specific knockout of TRAF6 or lacking TRAF6 expression in all T cells (2-3 months) and we discuss whether this may be caused by secondary inflammation of other tissues. The distinct phenotypes of mice lacking TRAF6 expression in all cells appears to be explained by their inability to signal via TNF Receptor Superfamily members, which does not seem to be impaired significantly in TRAF6[L74H] mice.

Skill assessments in youth soccer: A scoping review.

Talent identification in youth soccer is a complex decision-making process that requires selectors to judge an individual's future potential. While there has been considerable research into the performance characteristics of talented players, investigators have limited consensus on the best approach to assess soccer skills. Most of the research explains why we should measure skill instead of how we go about assessing skill. Therefore, the current scoping review aimed to synthesize and analyse skill assessments in youth soccer. Four electronic databases (EBSCO, ProQuest, PubMed, and Scopus) were searched for relevant studies. Information regarding the sample characteristics and methodological design of the skill assessments were extracted, synthesised, and presented in a qualitative analysis. Overall, 226 skill assessments were used across the 93 included studies. Male players from different ages (U/7-U/23) and playing levels comprised most (89%) of the collective sample. The majority of assessments were performed in settings not representative of football match-play (68%), focused on offensive skills (99%), and included skill outcome measures (95%). The variability of assessments highlights some confusion about the best way to assess soccer skill, potentially limiting selectors ability to identify skilful players. Ultimately, this will impact the number of quality players within the talent pool.

One threat, different answers: the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on cornea donation and donor selection across Europe.

OBJECTIVES: To assess to which extent the COVID-19 pandemic affected corneal transplantation by virtue of donor selection algorithms in different European countries. DESIGN: Survey. SETTING: 110 eye banks in 26 European countries. PARTICIPANTS: 64 eye banks covering 95% of European corneal transplantation activity. INTERVENTIONS: A questionnaire listing the number of corneas procured and distributed from February to May 2018-2020 was circulated to eye banks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was the number of corneal procurements. Additional outcomes were national algorithms for donor selection, classified according to their stringency (donors with COVID-19 history, suspected for COVID-19, asymptomatic, PCR testing) and the pandemic severity in each country. We calculated Spearman's correlation coefficient to determine, two by two, the relationship between the 3-month decline in eye banking activity (procurement), the stringency of donor selection algorithm and the grading of pandemic severity (cases and deaths). A partial correlation was run to determine the relationship between decline and stringency while controlling for pandemic severity. RESULTS: Procurements decreased by 38%, 68% and 41%, respectively, in March, April and May 2020 compared with the mean of the previous 2 years, while grafts decreased, respectively, by 28%, 68% and 56% corresponding to 3866 untreated patients in 3 months. Significant disparities between countries and the decrease in activity correlated with stringency in donor selection independent of pandemic severity. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate significant differences between countries regarding donor screening algorithms based on precautionary principles and, consequently, a decrease in the donor pool, already constrained by a long list of contraindications. Fundamental studies are needed to determine the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by corneal transplantation and guide evidence-based recommendations for donor selection to justify their substantial medical and economic impact.

Defining T Cell Subsets in Human Tonsils Using ChipCytometry.

ChipCytometry is a multiplex imaging method that can be used to analyze either cell suspensions or tissue sections. Images are acquired by iterative cycles of immunostaining with fluorescently labeled Abs, followed by photobleaching, which allows the accumulation of multiple markers on a single sample. In this study, we explored the feasibility of using ChipCytometry to identify and phenotype cell subsets, including rare cell types, using a combination of tissue sections and single-cell suspensions. Using ChipCytometry of tissue sections, we successfully demonstrated the architecture of human palatine tonsils, including the B and T cell zones, and characterized subcompartments such as the B cell mantle and germinal center zone, as well as intrafollicular PD1-expressing CD4+ T cells. Additionally, we were able to identify the rare tonsillar T cell subsets, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) and γδ-T cells, within tonsil tissue. Using single-cell suspension ChipCytometry, we further dissected human tonsillar T cell subsets via unsupervised clustering analysis as well as supervised traditional manual gating. We were able to show that PD1+CD4+ T cells are comprised of CXCR5+BCL6high follicular Th cells and CXCR5-BCL6mid pre-follicular Th cells. Both supervised and unsupervised analysis approaches identified MAIT cells in single-cell suspensions, confirming a phenotype similar to that of blood-derived MAIT cells. In this study, we demonstrate that ChipCytometry is a viable method for single-cell suspension cytometry and analysis, with the additional benefit of allowing phenotyping in a spatial context using tissue sections.

CURE in a Box: an Online CURE for Introductory Biology Majors That Incorporates Vision and Change.

Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) help fulfill the recommendation of Vision and Change for biology curricula to focus on key concepts and skills to better prepare students for careers in the sciences. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has forced many schools to move instruction online, highlighting the dearth of resources available for offering a CURE for introductory biology outside of the traditional laboratory-based setting. Here, we present a revision of our first-semester General Biology laboratory for a synchronous online setting where students perform a research-based wet lab component at home using an affordable preassembled kit while still meeting the CURE learning objectives. This template can be utilized by other colleges and universities that are looking to offer a safe, reliable, and affordable CURE in their introductory biology courses whether in a virtual or face-to-face environment.

Academic Technologies for College Students With Intellectual Disability.

Institutes of higher education have encountered an increase in enrollment of students with intellectual disability (ID). This increase is due, in part, to societal movements (e.g., inclusive participation in life activities) and federal legislation. There are potential benefits to both individuals with ID and society when students within this population complete college (e.g., earn certificates, a collection of completed courses and experiences, increased future employment opportunities). Nevertheless, there are barriers to college that students with ID need to overcome to have successful experiences, particularly in their academic or functional academic courses. This paper presents numerous instructional technologies grounded in behavior analytic strategies and Universal Design for Learning (UDL) that university faculty might implement in their courses and/or recommend to their students for studying to facilitate the learning of college students with ID and their classmates.

Usability and Acceptability of a Mobile App to Help Emerging Adults Address their Friends' Substance Use (Harbor): Quantitative Study.

BACKGROUND: Technology-assisted intervention and prevention strategies present opportunities for substance use-related research with emerging adults (EAs) and their peers. Emerging adulthood is a developmentally distinct period in which individuals between the ages of 18 and 29 years undergo unique emotional, cultural, developmental, and biological changes as they transition into adulthood. Crowdsourcing, or gathering feedback from a large group within web-based communities, offers researchers a unique and cost-effective way to obtain large amounts of information in a short period. OBJECTIVE: This paper presents market feedback obtained via Amazon's Mechanical Turk from EAs (N=458) on the acceptability and utility of brief intervention scripts for a smartphone app currently under development. The mobile app, Harbor, teaches friends of EAs with substance use problems effective and supportive strategies for helping their friend make changes in their substance use behavior. METHODS: We examined feedback on the wording of the intervention scripts and estimated the market size of EAs who may use this app. Furthermore, we calculated correlations between script ratings and measures of personal risky drinking (ie, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) and the participants' use of confrontational, enabling, or supportive behaviors with an existing friend. RESULTS: Approximately half of our sample (208/458, 45.4%) indicated that they had a close friend for whom they had concerns about their substance use, suggesting a potentially high demand for an app such as Harbor. Initial findings suggest that peers who engage in less enabling behaviors with friends who have a substance use problem exhibited lower risky drinking behaviors overall (r206=-0.501; P<.001). Concerning acceptability, 98.0% (449/458) of the sample rated the scripts' dialogue as either somewhat, moderately, or extremely realistic (mean 3.92, SD 0.48) on 5-point Likert scale items. Finally, 95.4% (437/454) of respondents indicated that the scripts would be at least slightly helpful for training peers to help their friends with substance use issues. Finally, individuals who were better able to identify enabling language in enabling scripts self-reported fewer enabling behaviors toward their friend's substance use (r206=-0.236; P=.001). CONCLUSIONS: There exists a demonstrated level of desirability and acceptability among EAs for a mobile app such as Harbor. EAs who wish to engage in more supportive behaviors with their friends who engage in substance use and who are amenable to assisting their friends with sobriety likely would use and benefit from this app.

Subcortical nuclei volumes are associated with cognition in children post-convulsive status epilepticus: Results at nine years follow-up.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between subcortical nuclei volume and cognition in children with post-convulsive status epilepticus (CSE). METHODS: Structural T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans (Siemens Avanto, 1.5 T) and neuropsychological assessments (full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) and Global Memory Scores (GMS)) were collected from subjects at a mean 8.5 years post-CSE (prolonged febrile seizures (PFS), n = 30; symptomatic/known, n = 28; and other, n = 12) and from age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). Subjects with CSE were stratified into those with lower cognitive ability (LCA) (CSE+, n = 22) and those without (CSE-, n = 48). Quantitative volumetric analysis using Functional MRI of the Brain Software Library (FSL) (Analysis Group, FMRIB, Oxford) provided segmented MRI brain volumes. Univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed to compare subcortical nuclei volumes across subgroups. Multivariable linear regression was performed for each subcortical structure and for total subcortical volume (SCV) to identify significant predictors of LCA (FSIQ <85) while adjusting for etiology, age, socioeconomic status, sex, CSE duration, and intracranial volume (ICV); Bonferroni correction was applied for the analysis of individual subcortical nuclei. RESULTS: Seventy subjects (11.8 ±â€¯3.4 standard deviation (SD) years; 34 males) and 72 controls (12.1 ±â€¯3.0SD years; 29 males) underwent analysis. Significantly smaller volumes of the left thalamus, left caudate, right caudate, and SCV were found in subjects with CSE+ compared with HC, after adjustment for intracranial, gray matter (GM), or cortical/cerebellar volume. When compared with subjects with CSE-, subjects with CSE+ also had smaller volumes of the left thalamus, left pallidum, right pallidum, and SCV. Individual subcortical nuclei were not associated, but SCV was associated with FSIQ (p = 0.005) and GMS (p = 0.014). Intracranial volume and etiology were similarly predictive. CONCLUSIONS: Nine years post-CSE, SCV is significantly lower in children who have LCA compared with those that do not. However, in this cohort, we are unable to determine whether the relationship is independent of ICV or etiology. Future, larger scale studies may help tease this out.