ABSTRACT
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases are key mediators of environmental stress response and are promising targets for treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer. Numerous efforts have led to the discovery of several potent inhibitors; however, so far no highly selective type-II inhibitors have been reported. We previously identified VPC-00628 as a potent and selective type-II inhibitor of p38α/ß with few off-targets. Here we analyzed the chemical building blocks of VPC-00628 that played a key role in achieving potency and selectivity through targeting an inactive state of the kinases induced by a unique folded P-loop conformation. Using a rapid, systematic combinatorial synthetic approach, we identified compound 93 (SR-318) with excellent potency and selectivity for p38α/ß, which potently inhibited the TNF-α release in whole blood. SR-318 therefore presents a potent and selective type-II inhibitor of p38α/ß that can be used as a chemical probe for targeting this particular inactive state of these two p38 isoforms.
Subject(s)
Organic Chemicals/pharmacology , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , Humans , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Organic Chemicals/chemistry , Protein Binding , Protein Conformation , Protein Isoforms , Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyrazoles/chemistry , p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/geneticsABSTRACT
Large, diverse compound libraries are an essential requisite in target-based drug development. In this work, a robust microwave-assisted synthesis for the diastereoselective generation of 3-saccharinyl-trans-ß-lactams is reported. The method is optimised for combinatorial library synthesis in which decoration of the scaffold is varied on both the ß-lactam and the saccharine moiety. Within the European Lead Factory (ELF) consortium, a library of 263 compounds was efficiently produced using the developed methodology.
Subject(s)
Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques , Lactams/chemical synthesis , Microwaves , Small Molecule Libraries/chemical synthesis , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Lactams/chemistry , Molecular Structure , Small Molecule Libraries/chemistry , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
We report short and efficient scalable syntheses of enantiomerically pure (3R,4S)-3-(hydroxymethyl4-(hydroxyethyl))-piperidine and 1-hydroxymethyl-octahydro-1H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyridine scaffolds. The alkaloid core was readily synthesized from naturally occurring quinine and can serve as a valued starting point for drug-discovery. Cleavage of a terminal 1,2-diol and acid catalysed epoxide opening cyclization are the key steps involved. A number of members of a projected small-molecular library is synthesized for each scaffold.
Subject(s)
Piperidines/chemistry , Pyridines/chemistry , Small Molecule Libraries/chemistry , Amino Alcohols/chemical synthesis , Amino Alcohols/chemistry , Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic/methods , Drug Discovery , Piperidines/chemical synthesis , Pyridines/chemical synthesis , Quinine/analogs & derivatives , Quinine/chemical synthesis , Small Molecule Libraries/chemical synthesisABSTRACT
Spirocycles frequently occur in natural products and experience increasing interest in drug discovery, given their richness in sp3 centers and distinct three-dimensionality. We have systematically explored chemical space populated with currently available bioactive spirocycles. Compounds containing spiro systems were classified and their scaffolds and spirocyclic ring combinations analyzed. Nearly 47 000 compounds were identified that contained spirocycles in different structural contexts and were active against roughly 200â targets, among which several pharmaceutically relevant members of the Gâ protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family were identified. Spirocycles and corresponding compounds displayed notable scaffold diversity but contained only limited numbers of combinations of differently sized rings. These observations indicate that there should be significant potential to further expand spirocyclic chemical space for drug discovery, exploiting the privileged substructure concept. Inspired by those findings, we embarked on the design and chemical synthesis of three distinct novel spirocyclic scaffolds that qualify for downstream library synthesis, thus exploring principally new chemical space with high potential for pharmaceutical research.
Subject(s)
Spiro Compounds/chemistry , Biological Products/chemical synthesis , Biological Products/chemistry , Databases, Chemical , Drug Discovery , Molecular Conformation , Peptide Hydrolases/chemistry , Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors , Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism , Spiro Compounds/chemical synthesisABSTRACT
High-throughput screening (HTS) represents a major cornerstone of drug discovery. The availability of an innovative, relevant and high-quality compound collection to be screened often dictates the final fate of a drug discovery campaign. Given that the chemical space to be sampled in research programs is practically infinite and sparsely populated, significant efforts and resources need to be invested in the generation and maintenance of a competitive compound collection. The European Lead Factory (ELF) project is addressing this challenge by leveraging the diverse experience and know-how of academic groups and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) engaged in synthetic and/or medicinal chemistry. Here, we describe the novelty, diversity, structural complexity, physicochemical characteristics and overall attractiveness of this first batch of ELF compounds for HTS purposes.
Subject(s)
Drug Design , Drug Discovery/methods , High-Throughput Screening Assays/methods , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods , Cooperative Behavior , Europe , HumansABSTRACT
A concise and efficient synthesis of cyclopentitols as a scaffold for a two-dimensional compound library for drug discovery is described. Starting from d-mannose, the key steps are Wittig olefination and ring-closing metathesis (RCM) followed by a [3,3]-sigmatropic Overmann rearrangement to form an sp(3)-rich, natural product-like scaffold from which a focused compound library with different functionalities is prepared.
