The diagnosis of Adamantiades-Behçet disease: Clinical features and diagnostic/classification criteria.

Adamantiades-Behçet's disease (ABD) is a chronic-relapsing multisystemic inflammatory disease with unknown etiology first described by a Greek ophthalmology Benediktos Adamantiades and a Turkish dermatology Hulusi Behçet. Any organ or apparatus may be involved, though more often there is an involvement of oral and genital mucosae as well as ocular lesions, skin features, and vascular findings. Since there is neither laboratory nor radiological pathognomonic test, the diagnosis is basically clinical according to peculiar signs and symptoms of the disease. With the purpose of giving objectivity and homogeneity to the diagnosis, many authors in time introduced a long series of diagnostic and classification criteria for Adamantiades-Behçet's disease. This mini-review provides an overview of published diagnostic/classification criteria.

Adamantiades-Behçet disease: from clinical heterogeneity to diagnosis during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Adamantiades-Behçet disease (ABD) is a systemic disease with vasculitis, characterized by recurrent oral aphthosis and ocular, cutaneous, articular, vascular, cardiopulmonary manifestations and it is mainly found in the territories of the antique "silk road". ABD pathogenesis remains unknown although genetic, infectious and environmental factors seem to be implicated in the development of the disease, which is considered an auto-inflammatory condition. COVID-19 infection can present some symptoms, in particular at the level of oral and pulmonary mucosa, which require a differential diagnosis with ABD. Furthermore, the immunological alterations of this disease, and the drugs used for its treatment could influence the infection by COVID-19, and its clinical evolution. Nevertheless, vaccination anti-COVID-19 is recommended in ABD patients. The most commonly used diagnostic criteria for ABD are those established in 2014 by the International Team for the Revision of the International Criteria for BD (ITR-ICBD). Furthermore, criteria for disease severity according to the Overall Damage Index of Behçet's Syndrome (BODI) have recently been proposed in order to quantify the severity of the disease as well as the evolution during follow-up. In ABD patients it is mandatory to investigate on the presence of active/latent tuberculosis, because of the common organ involvement, such as eyes and bowel. ABD has a high morbidity and low mortality, sometimes linked to the rupture of an arterial aneurysm and/or neurological complications. This article is based on a general review on ABD ranging from the history of ABD to possible causes and clinical manifestations. A specific section has been dedicated to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Adamantiades-Behçet Disease at the Beginning of the Silk Route: North-East Italian Experience.

Dear Editor, Adamantiades-Behçet's disease (ABD) is an inflammatory disease classified as vasculitis, which was originally diagnosed in patients with aphthous stomatitis, genital ulcerations, and ocular manifestations. However, any organ or system may be involved, particularly the central and peripheral nervous systems, joints, as well as the gastrointestinal tract. The etiology of ABD is still not fully understood, but some evidence indicates that an autoimmune process could be triggered by an infectious or environmental agent specific for the geographic region (1). Although BD can occur worldwide, it is most prevalent in the region along the ancient commercial route called the "Silk Road". In Italy, studies on the precise prevalence of ABD are lacking (2). As there are no specific diagnostic laboratory tests or histopathologic findings which confirm the preliminary diagnosis, the final diagnosis should be based on clinical criteria (3). Skin and mucosae are the target organs of this disease, and therefore their involvement has been considered in the numerous diagnostic criteria developed over the years (4). The first most important and popular criteria were created in 1990 by the International Study Group (ISG) (5). Because of their low sensitivity, the new International Criteria for Behçet's Disease (ICBD) were established, and were presented at the International Conference of Behçet's Disease in Lisbon in 2006 (6,7). In 2014, the International Team for the Revision of the International Criteria for BD submitted new criteria assigning 2 points to ocular lesions, oral aphthosis, and genital aphthosis, and 1 point to skin lesions, central nervous system involvement, and vascular manifestations. The pathergy test, when used, was assigned 1 point. A patient scoring ≥4 points is classified as having BD (8). We performed a single center, case-control study on a cohort of patients of Friuli Venezia Giulia, enrolled from January 2010 to September 2015 in the Dermatology Unit of the University of Trieste. The aim was to analyze the clinical features and compare the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the three diagnostic criteria for ABD presented above in patients born in this particular region which is located at the very start of the "Silk Route". We enrolled 153 consecutive patients (74 cases and 79 controls) in the study. The characteristics and clinical features of patients and controls are summarized in Table 1. The most common diagnoses in the control group were recurrent oral aphtosis, lichen planus, mucous-membrane pemphigoid, and lupus erythematosus. The inclusion criterion was the presence of at least one principal clinical feature of ABD (oral aphtosis, genital aphtosis, skin lesions, ocular involvement) properly recorded in clinical records. Patient recruitment was done in a consecutive manner. Exclusion criteria were incomplete clinical records and absence of follow-up data. The diagnosis of ABD was established by expert dermatologists, without the use of any particular diagnostic criterion. For ABD, diagnosis agreement among dermatologists was required. The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki protocols. Possible associations between categorical variables were detected by the use of Fisher's exact test or Pearson χ2 test, depending on the sample size. Logistic regression was performed in order to identify which symptoms are of higher impact in the diagnosis of ABD. A comparison in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy among the three diagnostic criteria (ISG 1990, ITR 2006, and ITR 2014) was performed. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was obtained for each diagnostic criterion. Data were produced with a 95% confidence interval; P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was done using Stata SE12 software (Stata Corporation, Tx, USA). According to our data, patients with ABD had a significantly lower age at diagnosis compared with controls (P=0.0001); this was confirmed for both men (P=0.0006) and women (P=0.004). The presence of oral aphtosis was not necessarily pathognomonic of ABD (P=0.005) as it was found in 97.3% of patients with ABD and in 83.5% of controls. Genital aphtosis was directly associated with ABD diagnosis (P<0.001), as it was present in 79.7% of patients with ABD, but in only 8.9% of controls. Furthermore, even skin manifestations and ocular lesions were observed at different rates in patients with ABD and controls (P<0.001 and P=0.003, respectively). The presence of pseudofolliculitis was significantly more frequent in patients than in controls (P<0.001), whereas erythema nodosum and skin aphtosis did not differ considerably between ABD and controls. Joint manifestations were as common in patients with ABD as in controls (P=0.6): arthralgia and arthritis alone do not indicate a diagnosis of ABD. Neurological symptoms as well as vascular involvement, if present, can be suggestive of ABD, but their absence does not exclude an ABD diagnosis (P=0.06 and P=0.04). Positive pathergy tests and positive HLA B51 tests were significantly more frequent in patients than in controls (P=0.007 and P=0.009, respectively), although if negative they did not exclude a diagnosis of ABD. Logistic regression showed that genital aphtosis (odds ratio (OR)=12948, P<0.001), neurological manifestations (OR=819.263, P=0.001), vascular manifestations (OR=240.2573, P=0.001), cutaneous manifestations (OR=104.5625, P=0.002), oral aphtosis (OR=145.3229, P=0.004), and younger age at diagnosis (OR=0.8950334, P=0.000) were associated with ABD diagnosis (Table 2). There was no single pathognomonic symptom of ABD. We found that the ITR criteria -both from 2006 and 2014 - had a higher sensitivity (98.7% and 100%, respectively), specificity (94.9% and 97.9%, respectively), and accuracy (96.7% and 98.7%, respectively) compared with the ISG 1990 criterion, which scored 66% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and 83.7% accuracy. Area Under Roc Curve (AUC) was significantly different between ISG 1990 and ITR 2006 and between ISG 1990 and ITR 2014 (Figure 1). Even though no statistically significant difference was found between the ITR 2014 and ITR 2006 criteria, the former had a better performance according to our records. The clinical features reported in our retrospective case-control study are comparable to data found in the literature from European and international reports. A recent study (8) found a similar organ involvement percentage to our study, although we found a higher prevalence of HLA B51 positive patients and a lower percentage of ocular manifestations in our records. The results of the logistic regression performed based on our records indicate genital aphtosis, oral aphtosis, ocular involvement, neurological signs, and vascular features are more strongly linked to the diagnosis of ABD. According to our data, the presence of oral aphtosis is not paramount for the diagnosis of ABD, which fits well with the intent of the ITR 2006 and 2014 diagnostic criteria. The new ITR 2014 criteria added neurological signs to the diagnostic symptoms of ABD, emphasizing the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to patients suspected to have ABD.

Clinical features of 705 Borrelia burgdorferi seropositive patients in an endemic area of northern Italy.

BACKGROUND: Lyme Borreliosis is a multisystemic infection caused by spirochetes of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. The features of Lyme Borreliosis may differ in the various geographical areas, primarily between the manifestations found in America and those found in Europe and Asia. OBJECTIVE: to describe the clinical features of Lyme Borreliosis in an endemic geographic area such as Friuli-Venezia Giulia in the Northeastern part of Italy. METHODS: The medical records of patients resulted seropositive for Borrelia burgdorferi have been retrospectively recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: Seven hundred and five patients met the inclusion criteria, 363 males and 342 females. Erythema migrans was the most common manifestation, detected in 437 patients. Other classical cutaneous manifestations included 58 cases of multiple erythema migrans, 7 lymphadenosis benigna cutis, and 18 acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans. The musculoskeletal system was involved in 511 patients. Four hundred and sixty patients presented a neurological involvement. Flu-like symptoms preceded or accompanied or were the only clinical feature in 119 patients. COMMENTS: The manifestations of Lyme borreliosis recorded in this study are similar to the ones of other endemic areas in Europe, even if there are some peculiar features which are different from those reported in Northern Europe and in the USA.

Bortezomib and bilateral herpes zoster.

Bortezomib is a proteasome inhibitor that has proven to be a very effective treatment for multiple myeloma. There is considerable debate about the potential for reactivation of the varicella zoster virus (VZV) in patients with multiple myeloma during treatment with bortezomib. This report describes the case of a 70-year-old patient with multiple myeloma that developed bilateral herpes zoster shortly after being treated with bortezomib. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of using an antiviral prophylaxis with acyclovir in these patients treated with bortezomib.