An ethical analysis of obesity as a contraindication to pediatric liver transplant candidacy.

Childhood obesity is becoming more prevalent in the United States (US) and worldwide, including among children in need of a liver transplant. Unlike with heart and kidney failure, end-stage liver disease (ESLD) is unique in that no widely available medical technology can re-create the life-sustaining function of a failing liver. Therefore, delaying a life-saving liver transplant for weight loss, for example, is much harder, if not impossible for many pediatric patients, especially those with acute liver failure. For adults in the United States, guidelines consider obesity a contraindication to liver transplant. Although formal guidelines are lacking in children, many pediatric transplant centers also consider obesity a contraindication to a pediatric liver transplant. Variations in practice among pediatric institutions may result in biased and ad hoc decisions that worsen healthcare inequities. In this article, we define and report the prevalence of childhood obesity among children with ESLD, review existing guidelines for liver transplant in adults with obesity, examine pediatric liver transplant outcomes, and discuss the ethical considerations of using obesity as a contraindication to pediatric liver transplant informed by the principles of utility, justice, and respect for persons.

An ethical analysis of obesity as a contraindication of pediatric kidney transplant candidacy.

The inclusion of body mass index (BMI) as a criterion for determining kidney transplant candidacy in children raises clinical and ethical challenges. Childhood obesity is on the rise and common among children with kidney failure. In addition, obesity is reported as an independent risk factor for the development of CKD and kidney failure. Resultantly, more children with obesity are anticipated to need kidney transplants. Most transplant centers around the world use high BMI as a relative or absolute contraindication for kidney transplant. However, use of obesity as a relative or absolute contraindication for pediatric kidney transplant is controversial. Empirical data demonstrating poorer outcomes following kidney transplant in obese pediatric patients are limited. In addition, pediatric obesity is distributed inequitably among groups. Unlike adults, most children lack independent agency to choose their food sources and exercise opportunities; they are dependent on their families for these choices. In this paper, we define childhood obesity and review (1) the association and impact of obesity on kidney disease and kidney transplant, (2) existing adult guidelines and rationale for using high BMI as a criterion for kidney transplant, (3) the prevalence of childhood obesity among children with kidney failure, and (4) the existing literature on obesity and pediatric kidney transplant outcomes. We then discuss ethical considerations related to the use of obesity as a criterion for kidney transplant.

SARS-CoV-2 RNA positive pediatric organ donors: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Preliminary evidence suggests that non-lung organ donation from resolved, asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected adults may be safe. However, several biological aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection differ in children and the risk for transmission and outcomes of recipients from pediatric donors with SARS-CoV-2 infection are not well described. METHODS: We report two unvaccinated asymptomatic pediatric non-lung organ deceased donors who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by RT-PCR. Donor One unexpectedly had SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected in nasopharyngeal swab and plasma specimens at autopsy despite several negative tests (upper and lower respiratory tract) in the days prior to organ recovery. Donor Two had SARS-CoV- 2 RNA detected in multiple nasopharyngeal swabs but not lower respiratory tract specimens (endotracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage) during routine surveillance prior to organ recovery and was managed with remdesivir and monoclonal antibodies prior to organ recovery. RESULTS: Two hearts, two livers and four kidneys were successfully transplanted into seven recipients. No donor to recipient transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was observed and graft function of all organs has remained excellent for up to 7 months of followup. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the persistent gap between organ availability and the number of children waiting for transplants, deceased pediatric patients with non-disseminated SARS-CoV-2 infection, isolated to upper and/or lower respiratory tract, should be considered as potential non-lung organ donors.

Ethical Considerations in Ever-Expanding Utilization of ECLS: A Research Agenda.

Technological advancements and rapid expansion in the clinical use of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) across all age ranges in the last decade, including during the COVID-19 pandemic, has led to important ethical considerations. As a costly and resource intensive therapy, ECLS is used emergently under high stakes circumstances where there is often prognostic uncertainty and risk for serious complications. To develop a research agenda to further characterize and address these ethical dilemmas, a working group of specialists in ECLS, critical care, cardiothoracic surgery, palliative care, and bioethics convened at a single pediatric academic institution over the course of 18 months. Using an iterative consensus process, research questions were selected based on: (1) frequency, (2) uniqueness to ECLS, (3) urgency, (4) feasibility to study, and (5) potential to improve patient care. Questions were categorized into broad domains of societal decision-making, bedside decision-making, patient and family communication, medical team dynamics, and research design and implementation. A deeper exploration of these ethical dilemmas through formalized research and deliberation may improve equitable access and quality of ECLS-related medical care.

Ethical Considerations in Balancing Use of Seclusion and Restraint With Risk of COVID-19 Exposure: Recommendations for Youth Inpatient Psychiatry Units.

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has presented unique challenges for inpatient psychiatry units (IPUs). IPUs, especially those caring for children and adolescents, rely heavily on milieu group programming to provide care and supervision for patients, and have had to adapt unit policies and procedures to maintain a therapeutic milieu while minimizing COVID-19 transmission.1 Simultaneously providing care while preventing transmission of COVID-19 within IPUs is a formidable task, and many IPUs face the additional challenge of treating youth who have been exposed to, or are actively infected with, COVID-19. In addition, given the need to prevent transmission of COVID-19, recommendations include "mandatory quarantine and isolation when patients refuse to adhere to guidelines,"2 potentially leading to the use of restraint when patients attempt to leave isolation; thus a conflict between the potential risks of enforcing infection prevention policies in order to reduce virus transmission and best practices of eliminating seclusion and restraint (S/R) creates an ethical dilemma for IPUs.

"We Can Do Anything but We Can't Do Everything": Exploring the Perceived Impact of International Pediatric Programs on U.S. PICUs.

Purpose: Every year, an increasing number of international patients seek medical care in the United States (U.S.), yet little is known about their impact. Based on single institution experiences, we wanted to explore the perceived impact of international pediatric patients on large academic U.S. pediatric intensive care units (PICUs), as they are already taxed systems. Methods: To explore current perceptions, seven geographically diverse institutions who advertise care for international patients on their websites and have ≥24 PICU beds were identified after IRB approval was obtained. We consented and interviewed PICU division chiefs or medical directors from each institution regarding their demographics and international patients. Common themes were identified. Results: Participating institutions were diverse in geographic location, census, and resource allocation strategies. Five of the seven institutions reported the presence of a formal international patient program. Four of those five reported an increase in international patients receiving PICU care over the past 5 years. International patients sought complex surgeries, advanced cancer treatments and metabolic/genetic evaluations. We identified three primary domains that require further exploration and research: (1) cultural and language differences leading to barriers in providing optimal care to international patients (2) institutional financial considerations, and (3) perceived positive and negative impact on the care of local/domestic patient populations. Conclusions: The presence of international programs raises a number of important ethical questions, including whether clinicians have a greater duty to serve residents of the local community as opposed to international patients when resources are limited. Further exploration is warranted.