ABSTRACT
Epigenetic alterations are associated with cancer and their targeting is a promising approach for treatment of this disease. Among current epigenetic drugs, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors induce changes in gene expression that can lead to cell death in tumors. Valproic acid (VPA) is a HDAC inhibitor that has antitumor activity at mM range. However, it is known that VPA is a hepatotoxic drug. Therefore, the aim of this study was to design a set of VPA derivatives adding the arylamine core of the suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) with different substituents at its carboxyl group. These derivatives were submitted to docking simulations to select the most promising compound. The compound 2 (N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propylpentanamide) was the best candidate to be synthesized and evaluated in vitro as an anti-cancer agent against HeLa, rhabdomyosarcoma and breast cancer cell lines. Compound 2 showed a better IC50 (µM range) than VPA (mM range) on these cancer cells. And also, 2 was particularly effective on triple negative breast cancer cells. In conclusion, 2 is an example of drugs designed in silico that show biological properties against human cancer difficult to treat as triple negative breast cancer.
Subject(s)
Amides/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Computer Simulation , Drug Design , Pentanes/pharmacology , Rhabdomyosarcoma/pathology , Valproic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Amides/chemical synthesis , Amides/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , HeLa Cells , Histone Deacetylases/metabolism , Humans , MCF-7 Cells , Models, Molecular , Molecular Structure , Pentanes/chemical synthesis , Pentanes/chemistry , Repressor Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Repressor Proteins/metabolism , Structure-Activity Relationship , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
Epigenetic therapy is an important focus of research for drug development in the treatment of cancer. Valproic acid (VPA) is an HDAC inhibitor that has been evaluated in clinical studies. Despite its success in treating cancer, the mechanism of inhibition of VPA in HDAC is unknown. To this end, we have used docking and molecular dynamic simulations to investigate VPA binding to HDAC, employing both native and rebuilt 3-D structures. The results showed that VPA, via its carboxyl group, coordinates the Zn atom and other local residues (H141-142 and Y360) located at the catalytic site (CS) of HDAC. This causes electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions while having little interaction with the hydrophobic side chains, resulting in a low affinity. However, after several docking studies on different native HDAC 3-D structures and after using several snapshots from MD simulations, it became apparent that VPA bound with highest affinity at a site located at the acetyl-releasing channel, termed the hydrophobic active site channel (HASC). The affinity of VPA for HASC was due to its highly hydrophobic properties that allow VPA to take part in van der Waals interactions with Y18, I19, Y20, V25, R37, A38, V41, H42, I135 and W137, while VPA's carboxylate group has several hydrogen bonding interactions with the backbones of S138, I19, N136 and W137. MD simulations showed that the HASC door continuously opened and closed, which affected the affinity of VPA to the HASC, but the affinity toward the HASC was consistently higher than that obtained for the CS, suggesting that the HASC could be involved in the mechanism of inhibition.
