Technical note: Effects of attachment of hind teats before cleaning and attachment of front teats on milking characteristics in automatic milking systems.

Milking characteristics differ between the 4 quarters of a dairy cow udder. In particular, milking time is mostly prolonged in hind quarters compared with front quarters because of the usually higher amount of stored milk. The standard milking routine (STDMR) in both conventional and automatic milking systems (AMS) consists of teat preparation of all 4 quarters, followed by attachment of the 4 teat cups, regardless of the distribution of milk between quarters. In the current study, an alternative teat preparation and milking routine (ALTMR) in AMS was tested, which consisted of cleaning and starting the milking of hind teats before cleaning and attachment of front teats. The hypothesis was based on the fact that hind quarters have usually a longer milking time than front quarters. Starting the milking of hind quarters while the front teats are being cleaned may reduce the difference in the end of milking between front and hind quarters and thus reduce total milking time. Both routines were tested on 5 Swedish dairy farms equipped with AMS in a 4-wk experiment in which treatments were alternated weekly. Total milk yield did not differ between treatments. Machine-on time (MOT) was longer in ALTMR than in STDMR because the difference in milking time between hind and front quarters was less than the time needed to prepare the front teats. However, the longer MOT in ALTMR was compensated by a shorter total preparation time, including the attachment of the first teat cup, as only the hind teats (instead of all 4 teats) were cleaned before milking was started. This resulted in a similar total milking time from start of cleaning of the first quarter until the end of milking of the last quarter in both treatments. Because of the prolonged MOT, average milk flow rate was lower in ALTMR than STDMR. Peak flow rate was higher in ALTMR than STDMR, but only in teat cups 1 (first attached, hind quarter) and 3 (third attached, front quarter), whereas main milk flow was higher in ALTMR than STDMR in both front quarters. In conclusion, splitting teat cleaning and the start of milking between hind and front quarters does not prolong total milking time, including teat cleaning. The partially positive effect on peak and main milk flow indicates that the ALTMR is a suitable milking routine in AMS. In herds with a greater difference of milk stored in hind compared with front quarters, a reduced total milking time can be expected for ALTMR.

Vacuum levels and milk-flow-dependent vacuum drops affect machine milking performance and teat condition in dairy cows.

Different levels of claw vacuum during machine milking may influence milking performance and teat condition. The claw vacuum acts on the teat and is responsible for removal and transport of milk but is also causing potential effects on the teat tissue. In the absence of milk flow, the claw vacuum is similar as the system vacuum. During milk flow, the claw vacuum drops to lower levels depending on lifting height and tube length and diameter, which may influence milking performance and the mechanical load on the teat tissue. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of high system vacuum and extremely low claw vacuum during milk flow on milking performance and teat condition after milking recorded by ultrasound. Treatments were control (treatment 1) with a system vacuum of 42 and a minimum claw vacuum during milk flow of 33 kPa; treatment 2 representing a system vacuum of 50 kPa, with a minimum claw vacuum almost similar as treatment 1 (34 kPa); and treatment 3 with the same system vacuum as treatment 1 but a claw vacuum drop during milk flow down to 24 kPa. Total milk yield was similar in all treatments, but strip yield was lower in treatment 3 than in the other treatments. Milk flow was similar in treatment 1 and treatment 2, but was reduced in treatment 3, thus causing a prolonged milking time in treatment 3. Teat wall thickness was increased and teat cistern diameter was decreased in treatment 2 as compared with the other treatments. The results demonstrate that the minimum claw vacuum had the main influence on milking performance independent of the level of the system vacuum and related vacuum drops and a low minimum claw vacuum caused low milk flow and long milking times. Teat condition at the end of milking, however, was mainly dependent on the system vacuum, and the load on the teat tissue was obviously increased at a system vacuum of 50 kPa. This effect was obviously occurring toward the end of milking when milk flow decreased and hence the milk flow dependent vacuum drop disappeared. Therefore, an early cluster detachment should be considered to avoid an increased effect on the teat tissue. Estimates of simulated early detachment levels in the present study of up to 1,000g/min lead to the assumption of minimal milk loss at simultaneously shorter machine-on time through the avoidance of lowest milk flow at the end of milking.

Factors affecting practice-area choices by pharmacy students in the Midwest.

The results of a survey to determine the first-choice practice intentions of midwestern pharmacy students and to describe and quantify the factors affecting their decisions are reported. Questionnaires were sent to 12 pharmacy schools in American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy District IV and distributed during November 1988 to January 1989. The questionnaires were given to entry-level pharmacy students who were in their final year of study. The students were asked to indicate their preferred practice setting upon graduation and to rate the importance of 21 factors that a pharmacist might consider when selecting a first position. A total of 715 usable responses were received (response rate, 6.75%). OF the respondents, 83.2% were enrolled in B.S. degree programs and 16.8% in entry-level Pharm.D. degree programs. The distribution of first choices of a practice area was as follows: chain community pharmacy, 33.1%; hospital pharmacy, 27.6%; independent community pharmacy, 12.4%; industry, 8.4%; "other," 5.5%; ambulatory-care clinic, 5.2%; graduate school, 3.8%; department store, discount store, or grocery store, 1.7%; home health care, 1.5%; and nursing home, 0.8%. The three factors ranked as most important in affecting the choice of a practice area were personal fulfillment, salary, and the opportunity to use one's abilities and education. The ranking of the factors varied depending on the practice area chosen. Midwestern pharmacy students were most interested in chain community and hospital pharmacy practice settings. Retail-oriented students placed salary concerns first, whereas clinically oriented students emphasized personal fulfillment. These findings have implications for recruitment strategies.