[Excess mortality in nursing homes during the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic]. / Surmortalité dans les Ehpad pendant la première vague de la pandémie de la Covid-19.

Overall mortality in France is 147 568 deaths since the first wave. Although accounting for nearly 20% of deaths in France, the excess mortality in long-term care facilities compared to previous years has not been fully studied. The Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the vulnerability of residents in long-term care facilities, with highly dependent elderly patients being the most exposed to the risk of death, with deleterious effects linked to the effects of confinement, which in Ehpad has resulted in major isolation of residents and the appearance by care teams of cognitive disorders appearing or deteriorating in residents, as well as a significant loss of autonomy.

Infection of lung megakaryocytes and platelets by SARS-CoV-2 anticipate fatal COVID-19.

SARS-CoV-2, although not being a circulatory virus, spread from the respiratory tract resulting in multiorgan failures and thrombotic complications, the hallmarks of fatal COVID-19. A convergent contributor could be platelets that beyond hemostatic functions can carry infectious viruses. Here, we profiled 52 patients with severe COVID-19 and demonstrated that circulating platelets of 19 out 20 non-survivor patients contain SARS-CoV-2 in robust correlation with fatal outcome. Platelets containing SARS-CoV-2 might originate from bone marrow and lung megakaryocytes (MKs), the platelet precursors, which were found infected by SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 autopsies. Accordingly, MKs undergoing shortened differentiation and expressing anti-viral IFITM1 and IFITM3 RNA as a sign of viral sensing were enriched in the circulation of deadly COVID-19. Infected MKs reach the lung concomitant with a specific MK-related cytokine storm rich in VEGF, PDGF and inflammatory molecules, anticipating fatal outcome. Lung macrophages capture SARS-CoV-2-containing platelets in vivo. The virus contained by platelets is infectious as capture of platelets carrying SARS-CoV-2 propagates infection to macrophages in vitro, in a process blocked by an anti-GPIIbIIIa drug. Altogether, platelets containing infectious SARS-CoV-2  alter COVID-19 pathogenesis and provide a powerful fatality marker. Clinical targeting of platelets might prevent viral spread, thrombus formation and exacerbated inflammation at once and increase survival in COVID-19.

A Restructured Hospital Into a One-Building Organization for COVID-19 Patients: A Resilient and Effective Response to the Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic is a unique crisis challenging healthcare institutions as it rapidly overwhelmed hospitals due to a large influx of patients. This major event forced all the components of the healthcare systems to adapt and invent new workflows. Thus, our tertiary care hospital was reorganized entirely. During the cruising phase, additional staff was allocated to a one-building organization comprising an intensive care unit (ICU), an acute care unit, a physical medicine and rehabilitation unit, and a COVID-19 screening area. The transfer of patients from a ward to another was more efficient due to these organizations and pavilion structure. The observed mortality was low in the acute care ward, except in the palliative unit. No nosocomial infection with SARS-CoV-2 was reported in any other building of the hospital since this organization was set up. This type of one-building organization, integrating all the components for comprehensive patient care, seems to be the most appropriate response to pandemics.

COVID-19 Lung Pathogenesis in SARS-CoV-2 Autopsy Cases.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a major public health issue. COVID-19 is considered an airway/multi-systemic disease, and demise has been associated with an uncontrolled immune response and a cytokine storm in response to the virus. However, the lung pathology, immune response, and tissue damage associated with COVID-19 demise are poorly described and understood due to safety concerns. Using post-mortem lung tissues from uninfected and COVID-19 deadly cases as well as an unbiased combined analysis of histology, multi-viral and host markers staining, correlative microscopy, confocal, and image analysis, we identified three distinct phenotypes of COVID-19-induced lung damage. First, a COVID-19-induced hemorrhage characterized by minimal immune infiltration and large thrombus; Second, a COVID-19-induced immune infiltration with excessive immune cell infiltration but no hemorrhagic events. The third phenotype correspond to the combination of the two previous ones. We observed the loss of alveolar wall integrity, detachment of lung tissue pieces, fibroblast proliferation, and extensive fibrosis in all three phenotypes. Although lung tissues studied were from lethal COVID-19, a strong immune response was observed in all cases analyzed with significant B cell and poor T cell infiltrations, suggesting an exhausted or compromised immune cellular response in these patients. Overall, our data show that SARS-CoV-2-induced lung damage is highly heterogeneous. These individual differences need to be considered to understand the acute and long-term COVID-19 consequences.

The first wave of COVID-19 in hospital staff members of a tertiary care hospital in the greater Paris area: A surveillance and risk factors study.

INTRODUCTION: Understanding how hospital staff members (HSMs), including healthcare workers, acquired severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during the first wave can guide the control measures in the current second wave in Europe. METHODS: From March 5 to May 10, 2020, the Raymond-Poincaré Hospital held a weekday consultation for HSMs for PCR testing. HSMs were requested to complete a questionnaire on their potential exposure to SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS: Of 200 HSMs screened, 70 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Ninety-nine HSMs completed the questionnaire of whom 28 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. In the multivariable analysis, age of ≥44 years (aOR = 5.2, 95% CI [1.4-22.5]) and not systematically using a facemask when caring for a patient (aOR = 13.9, 95% CI [1.8-293.0]) were significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Working in a COVID-19-dedicated ward (aOR = 0.7, 95% CI [0.2-3.2]) was not significantly associated with infection. Community-related exposure in and outside the hospital, hospital meetings without facemasks (aOR = 21.3, 95% CI [4.5-143.9]) and private gatherings (aOR = 10, 95% CI [1.3-91.0]) were significantly associated with infection. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the effectiveness of barrier precautions and highlight in-hospital infections not related to patient care and infections related to exposure in the community. Protecting HSMs against COVID-19 is crucial in fighting the second wave of the epidemic.

Pre-test probability for SARS-Cov-2-related infection score: The PARIS score.

INTRODUCTION: In numerous countries, large population testing is impossible due to the limited availability of RT-PCR kits and CT-scans. This study aimed to determine a pre-test probability score for SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: This multicenter retrospective study (4 University Hospitals) included patients with clinical suspicion of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Demographic characteristics, clinical symptoms, and results of blood tests (complete white blood cell count, serum electrolytes and CRP) were collected. A pre-test probability score was derived from univariate analyses of clinical and biological variables between patients and controls, followed by multivariate binary logistic analysis to determine the independent variables associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS: 605 patients were included between March 10th and April 30th, 2020 (200 patients for the training cohort, 405 consecutive patients for the validation cohort). In the multivariate analysis, lymphocyte (<1.3 G/L), eosinophil (<0.06 G/L), basophil (<0.04 G/L) and neutrophil counts (<5 G/L) were associated with high probability of SARS-CoV-2 infection but no clinical variable was statistically significant. The score had a good performance in the validation cohort (AUC = 0.918 (CI: [0.891-0.946]; STD = 0.014) with a Positive Predictive Value of high-probability score of 93% (95%CI: [0.89-0.96]). Furthermore, a low-probability score excluded SARS-CoV-2 infection with a Negative Predictive Value of 98% (95%CI: [0.93-0.99]). The performance of the score was stable even during the last period of the study (15-30th April) with more controls than infected patients. CONCLUSIONS: The PARIS score has a good performance to categorize the pre-test probability of SARS-CoV-2 infection based on complete white blood cell count. It could help clinicians adapt testing and for rapid triage of patients before test results.

Clinical Cutaneous Features of Patients Infected With SARS-CoV-2 Hospitalized for Pneumonia: A Cross-sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of a current pandemic worldwide. This virus can reach all organs and disturbs the immune system, leading to a cytokine storm in severe forms. We aimed to report cutaneous features among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalized patients. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study on 1 given day among all patients hospitalized in acute care for COVID-19 and included all patients with cutaneous features. Follow-up 48 hours later was obtained. RESULTS: Among 59 adult patients hospitalized on the day of the study in an infectious diseases ward for SARS-CoV-2 infection who were confirmed by molecular assay and/or radiological findings (computed tomography scan), 40 were included. Several cutaneous manifestations were found: macular exanthema (80%), face edema (32%), livedo (13%), urticarial rash (8%), purpura (5%), oral lichenoid lesions (33%), and conjunctivitis (18%). Cutaneous biopsy was performed in 17 patients. Histological findings showed mast cell hyperplasia (100%), superficial perivascular infiltrate of lymphocytes (94%), and superficial edema (47%) consistent with capillary leak. CONCLUSIONS: Various dermatological signs can be encountered during COVID-19. A macular rash was the most frequent. All cutaneous features could be related to a vascular leak process.

A Case of Postmalaria Neurologic Syndrome and Pediatric Literature Review.

Postmalaria neurologic syndrome is an under-recognized self-resolving acute neuropsychiatric condition, usually occurring after complete recovery from malaria. We describe the case of a 7-year-old child who presented with an afebrile lymphocytic meningoencephalitis. The notion of a previously treated malaria episode and the absence of malaria during current episode led us postmalaria neurologic syndrome diagnosis with secondary spontaneous outcome.

Compassionate Use of Cefiderocol to Treat a Case of Prosthetic Joint Infection Due to Extensively Drug-Resistant Enterobacter hormaechei.

We report the case of a 67-year old man with a right knee prosthetic joint infection due to extensively drug-resistant Enterobacter hormaechei. The resistance phenotype was due to the overproduction of the intrinsic cephalosporinase (ACT-5) associated with the production of three acquired ß-lactamases (CTX-M-15, TEM-1B and OXA-1), and a putative membrane decreased permeability. He was first treated with colistin-tigecyclin due to adverse drug reactions; treatment was switched to cefiderocol for a 12-week antibiotic duration, with a favorable outcome.

Early mortality attributable to PICC-lines in 4 public hospitals of Marseille from 2010 to 2016 (Revised V3).

INTRODUCTION: Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC-line) are devices inserted through peripheral venous access. In our institution, this technology has been rapidly adopted by physicians in their routine practice. Bacteremia on catheters remains an important public health issue in France. However, the mortality attributable to bacteremia on PICC-line remains poorly evaluated in France and in the literature in general. We report in our study an exhaustive inventory of bacteremia on PICC-line and their 30 days mortality, over a 7 years period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From January 2010 to December 2016, we retrospectively matched PICC-line registers of the radiology department, blood culture records of the microbiology laboratory and medical records from the Hospital Information Systems. RESULTS: The 11,334 hospital stays during which a PICC-line was inserted were included over a period of 7 years. Among them, 258 episodes of PICC-line-associated bacteremia were recorded, resulting in a prevalence of 2.27%. Hematology units: 20/324 (6.17%), oncology units: 55/1375 (4%) and hepato-gastro-enterology units: 42/1142 (3.66%) had the highest prevalence of PICC-line related bacteremia. The correlation analysis, when adjusted by exposure and year, shows that the unit profile explains 72% of the variability in the rate of bacteremia with a P = .023. Early bacteremia, occurring within 21 days of insertion, represented 75% of cases. The crude death ratio at 30 days, among patients PICC-line associated bacteremia was 57/11 334 (0.50%). The overall 30-day mortality of patients with PICC-line with and without bacteremia was 1369/11334 (12.07%). On day 30, mortality of patients with bacteremia associated PICC-line was 57/258 or 22.09% of cases, compared to a mortality rate of 1311/11076, or 11.83% in the control group (P < .05, RR 2.066 [1.54-2.75]). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed a statistically significant excess mortality between patients with PICC-line associated bacteremia and PICC-line carriers without bacteremia (P < .0007, hazard ratio 1.89 [1307-2709]). CONCLUSION: Patients with PICC-line associated bacteremia have a significant excess mortality. The implementation of a PICC-line should remain the last resort after a careful assessment of the benefit/risk ratio by a senior doctor.

Actinomycetoma Caused by Actinomadura mexicana, A Neglected Entity in the Caribbean.

Mycetoma is a chronic infection that is slow to develop and heal. It can be caused by fungi (eumycetoma) or bacteria (actinomycetoma). We describe a case of actinomycetoma caused by Actinomadura mexicana in the Caribbean region.

Thromboses in tuberculosis are linked to antiphosphatidylethanolamine antibodies levels: A cross-sectional study.

Venous thromboses have been associated with tuberculosis, but the relationship with circulating anticoagulant has not been studied yet. In a cohort of 48 patients with tuberculosis, 22.9% of them presented with venous thromboses significantly associated with dose dependent level of antiphosphophatidyl-ethanolamine antibodies.

Efficacy of cotrimoxazole (Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim) as a salvage therapy for the treatment of bone and joint infections (BJIs).

INTRODUCTION: Cotrimoxazole (Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim, SXT) has interesting characteristics for the treatment of bone and joint infection (BJI): a broad spectrum of activity with adequate bone diffusion and oral and intravenous formulations. However, its efficacy and safety in BJIs are poorly documented and its use remains limited. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study in 2 reference centers for BJIs from 2013 to 2018 among patients treated with SXT for a BJI. Data were collected from patient's medical charts. Outcomes and adverse events were evaluated at day (D)7, D45 and D90. RESULTS: We analyzed 51 patients with a mean age of 60 ± 20 (SD) years of which 76% presented with an orthopedic device infection (ODI). Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) were involved in 47% of BJIs (n = 24). Moreover, they were often polymicrobial infections (41%). Doses of SXT ranged from 800/160mg bid (61%; n = 31) to 800/160mg tid (39%; n = 20). Median SXT treatment duration was 45 days (IQR 40-45). SXT was part of a dual therapy in 84% of patients (n = 43), associated mainly with fluoroquinolones (n = 17) or rifampicin (n = 14). Outcome was favorable at D7 in 98% (n = 50), at D45 in 88.2% (n = 45) and at D90 in 78.4% (n = 40). The second agent combined with SXT was not an independent factor of favorable outcome (p = 0.97). Adverse events were reported in 8% (n = 4) of patients, with a median of 21 days (IQR 20-30) from SXT initiation and led to discontinuation (n = 3). CONCLUSION: SXT appears to be effective for treatment of BJIs as a salvage therapy, even in GNB or polymicrobial infection, including ODI. Further data are needed to confirm SXT efficacy as an alternative oral regimen in BJIs.

Thrombosis and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome during acute Q fever: A cross-sectional study.

Q fever is a neglected and potentially fatal disease. During acute Q fever, antiphospholipid antibodies are very prevalent and have been associated with fever, thrombocytopenia, acquired heart valve disease, and progression to chronic endocarditis. However, thrombosis, the main clinical criterion of the 2006 updated classification of the antiphospholipid syndrome, has not been assessed in this context. To test whether thrombosis is associated with antiphospholipid antibodies and whether the criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome can be met in patients with acute Q fever, we conducted a cross-sectional study at the French National Referral Center for Q fever.Patients included were diagnosed with acute Q fever in our Center between January 2007 and December 2015. Each patient's history and clinical characteristics were recorded with a standardized questionnaire. Predictive factors associated with thrombosis were assessed using a rare events logistic regression model. IgG anticardiolipin antibodies (IgG aCL) assessed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were tested on the Q fever diagnostic serum. A dose-dependent relationship between IgG aCL levels and thrombosis was tested using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.Of the 664 patients identified for inclusion in the study, 313 (47.1%) had positive IgG aCL and 13 (1.9%) were diagnosed with thrombosis. Three patients fulfilled the antiphospholipid syndrome criteria. After multiple adjustments, only positive IgG aCL (relative risk, 14.46 [1.85-113.14], P = .011) were independently associated with thrombosis. ROC analysis identified a dose-dependent relationship between IgG aCL levels and occurrence of thrombosis (area under curve, 0.83, 95%CI [0.73-0.93], P < .001).During acute Q fever, antiphospholipid antibodies are associated with thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, and acquired valvular heart disease. Antiphospholipid antibodies should be systematically assessed in acute Q fever patients. Hydroxychloroquine, which has been previously shown to antagonize IgG aCL pathogenic properties, should be tested in acute Q fever patients with anticardiolipin antibodies to prevent antiphospholipid-associated complications.Key Point: In addition to fever, thrombocytopenia and acquired valvular heart disease, antiphospholipid antibodies are associated with thrombosis during acute Q fever.

Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome With Valvular Vegetations in Acute Q Fever.

BACKGROUND: Coxiella burnetii endocarditis is considered to be a late complication of Q fever in patients with preexisting valvular heart disease (VHD). We observed a large transient aortic vegetation in a patient with acute Q fever and high levels of IgG anticardiolipin antibodies (IgG aCL). Therefore, we sought to determine how commonly acute Q fever could cause valvular vegetations associated with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, which would be a new clinical entity. METHODS: We performed a consecutive case series between January 2007 and April 2014 at the French National Referral Center for Q fever. Age, sex, history of VHD, immunosuppression, and IgG aCL assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were tested as potential predictors. RESULTS: Of the 759 patients with acute Q fever and available echocardiographic results, 9 (1.2%) were considered to have acute Q fever endocarditis, none of whom had a previously known VHD. After multiple adjustment, very high IgG aCL levels (>100 immunoglobulin G-type phospholipid units; relative risk [RR], 24.9 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 4.5-140.2]; P = .002) and immunosuppression (RR, 10.1 [95% CI, 3.0-32.4]; P = .002) were independently associated with acute Q fever endocarditis. CONCLUSIONS: Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome with valvular vegetations in acute Q fever is a new clinical entity. This would suggest the value of systematically testing for C. burnetii in antiphospholipid-associated cardiac valve disease, and performing early echocardiography and antiphospholipid dosages in patients with acute Q fever.