Avaliação epidemiológica da esquistossomose no estado de Pernambuco pelo modelo de regressão beta / Epidemiological assessment of schistosomiasis in the state of Pernambuco through a beta regression model

Introdução: A esquistossomose é uma doença endêmica em 76 países e afeta cerca de 240 milhões de indivíduos, ocupando o segundo lugar entre as doenças infecto-parasitárias de maior prevalência do mundo. Objetivo: realizar uma avaliação epidemiológica da ocorrência de esquistossomose no Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, no período de 2007 a 2015. Métodos: Estudo de caráter observacional analítico, com delineamento ecológico, no qual foram utilizadas fontes de dados secundárias. Resultados: Observou-se que ocorreu um decréscimo no percentual de casos positivos no Estado de Pernambuco, de 10,31% para 3,01%. Verificou-se, de vulneráveis à pobreza, percentual da população em domicílios com densidade > 2 e taxa de desocupação; assim como associação inversa entre taxa de esquistossomose e as variáveis: percentual da população em domicílios com coleta de lixo e taxa de envelhecimento. Conclusão: São necessárias ações que contemplem aspectos socioeconômicos, tais como medidas de saneamento básico, controle dos vetores, educação em saúde e medidas que melhorem de maneira geral a qualidade de vida e de renda da população.

Introduction: Schistosomiasis is an endemic disease in 76 countries and affects about 240 million individuals. It ranks second among the most prevalent infectious and parasitic diseases in the world. Objective: To perform an epidemiological assessment of Schistosomiasis in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, from 2007 to 2015. Methods: This is an observational analytical study with an eco-design, in which secondary data sources were used. Results: It was observed a decrease in the percentage of positive cases in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, from 10.31 to 3.01%. It was found a direct association between the rate of schistosomiasis and a percentage of people vulnerable to poverty, percentage of the population in households with density > 2, and unemployment rate. We also found an inverse association between schistosomiasis and the percentage of the population in households with garbage collection, and aging rate. Conclusion: There is a need for actions that contemplate socioeconomic aspects, such as sanitation, vector control, health education and measure to improve overall quality of life and income of the population.

Non-clinical acute and chronic toxicity evaluations of Cissus sicyoides L. (Vitaceae) hydroalcoholic leaf extract.

Cissus sicyoides (Cs) has been traditionally used to treat diabetes and belongs to the family Vitaceae, and is known as "vegetable insulin". This study aimed to evaluate the acute and chronic non-clinical toxicity of hydroalcoholic extract from the leaves of Cissus sicyoides (EHA-Cs). The acute test was performed in Wistar rats, administering a single dose of 40.5 mg/kg. Behavioral parameters for pharmacological screening were observed to detect signs of Central Nervous System activity; consumption of daily food and water, and weight evaluation. After day 14, the animals were euthanized and blood samples were collected for laboratory analyses of hematological and biochemical parameters. The chronic tests were administered in doses of 4.5, 13.5 and 40.5 mg/kg. The same parameters were observed together with body temperature, glucose, exploration activity (test on the open field), and motor activity (diagnostic tests on the Rota-rod). For the group given the highest dosage during the study, histopathological examinations of vital organs were performed. For acute toxicity, there were no CNS level effects, changes in water and food consumption, or hematologic parameters. However, there was a significant decrease in weight gain for the treated females. Biochemical analyses of the treated animals presented increased levels of AST (aspartate aminotransferase) in females, uric acid levels in females and males, and amylase in males. In the chronic toxicity tests, water consumption was higher for females (at the dosages of 13.5 and 40.5 mg/kg) and for males (at 40.5 mg/kg). At the dosages of 4.5 and 13.5 mg/kg, feed consumption increased for females, while for males it decreased along with weight gain. Blood analysis presented an increase in albumin and changes in erythrocytes and hemoglobin for males (at the dose of 13.5 mg/kg). Glycemia in females (13.5 mg/kg dose) was significantly less, presenting only slight drops at the other doses. The changes were reversible in the satellite group. EHA-Cs revealed a relatively low toxicity profile (at the popular use dose), and only small changes in hematological and biochemical parameters at the dose of 13.5 mg/kg (3x the popular use dosage). In addition, EHA-Cs did not promote histological changes in vital organs such as the heart, lungs, liver and kidneys.