The influence of different Cheek and lip retractors and emissivity on intraoral infrared thermography.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the influence of two conventional and one adapted cheek and lip retractors and three emissivity setting values on intraoral infrared thermography (IT) temperature values. METHODS: The sample was composed by 50 volunteers. Three cheek and lip retractors were tested: Group 1 - flex retractor (FR); Group 2 - FR adapted with Styrofoam; Group 3 - U-type retractor (UR) for cheek and lip. All thermograms were acquired using FLIR T650 infrared camera. A set of three thermograms in frontal norm were acquired for each lip and cheek retractor at 0.91, 0.96 and 0.98Ɛ, with an interval of 15 minutes between each set of images to avoid thermal interference. All images were assessed by two observers. The ROIs' mean temperature of the four upper incisors were recorded. Two-way ANOVA and Sidak posttest were used for data assessment with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Group 3 showed higher mean temperature than groups 1 and 2 at all emissivity settings for all assessed teeth (p < 0.05). 0.91Ɛ showed higher temperature than 0.96Ɛ and 0.98Ɛ for all assessed variables (p < 0.01). Contralateral teeth assessed using Group 3 at 0.91Ɛ showed statistical differences between each other (p < 0.05). No statistical difference was observed between contralateral teeth assessed using Group 1 and 2 at 0.96 and 0.98Ɛ (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The choice of cheek and lip retractor and emissivity setting can interfere on intraoral IT temperature values. U-type cheek and lip retractor and 0.91Ɛ setting should not be used for IT image acquisition when assessing dental tissues.

Artificial intelligence and infrared thermography as auxiliary tools in the diagnosis of temporomandibular disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To assess three machine learning (ML) attribute extraction methods: radiomic, semantic and radiomic-semantic association on temporomandibular disorder (TMD) detection using infrared thermography (IT); and to determine which ML classifier, KNN, SVM and MLP, is the most efficient for this purpose. METHODS AND MATERIALS: 78 patients were selected by applying the Fonseca questionnaire and RDC/TMD to categorize control patients (37) and TMD patients (41). IT lateral projections of each patient were acquired. The masseter and temporal muscles were selected as regions of interest (ROI) for attribute extraction. Three methods of extracting attributes were assessed: radiomic, semantic and radiomic-semantic association. For radiomic attribute extraction, 20 texture attributes were assessed using co-occurrence matrix in a standardized angulation of 0°. The semantic features were the ROI mean temperature and pain intensity data. For radiomic-semantic association, a single dataset composed of 28 features was assessed. The classification algorithms assessed were KNN, SVM and MLP. Hopkins's statistic, Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA and Tukey tests were used to assess data. The significance level was set at 5% (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Training and testing accuracy values differed statistically for the radiomic-semantic association (p = 0.003). MLP differed from the other classifiers for the radiomic-semantic association (p = 0.004). Accuracy, precision and sensitivity values of semantic and radiomic-semantic association differed statistically from radiomic features (p = 0.008, p = 0.016 and p = 0.013). CONCLUSION: Semantic and radiomic-semantic-associated ML feature extraction methods and MLP classifier should be chosen for TMD detection using IT images and pain scale data. IT associated with ML presents promising results for TMD detection.

Eficacia antibacteriana de la terapia fotodinámica en la desinfección del canales radiculares - Revisión integrativa / Antibacterial efficacy of photodynamic therapy in the disinfection of root canals - Integrative literature review / Eficácia antibacteriana da terapia fotodinâmica na desinfecção de canais radiculares - Revisão integrativa da literatura

Resumen Evaluar la eficacia antibacteriana de la terapia fotodinamica (TFD) en la desinfección de los conductos radiculares (CR). Se realizo una revision bibliografica integrativa en diferentes bases de datos. Se seleccionaron articulos publicados entre enero de 2014 y enero de 2018, en portugues, ingles o espanol, que evaluaron, en ensayo clinico, la eficacia antibacteriana de la TFD en la desinfeccion de los CR. La muestra consistio en 05 articulos que cumplieron con todos los criterios de inclusion. En estos trabajos, fueron analizados: muestra; fotosensibilizador y tiempo de exposicion; fuente de luz, longitud de onda, potencia, energia y tiempo de emision; y resultados. La mayoria de los estudios utilizaron dientes uniradiculares y el fotosensibilizador de azul de metileno con un tiempo de pre-irradiacion de 1 a 5 minutos. LED y laser fueron las fuentes de luz utilizadas, con tiempos de exposicion que van desde 40 hasta 240 segundos; potencia de 60 mW a 1000 mW; densidad de potencia de 2 a 4 mW/ cm2; energia de 4 a 9.6 J; y dosis de 1,2 mJ/ cm2 a 129 J/ cm2. Se puede concluir que, a pesar de la heterogeneidad de los protocolos, hubo una reduccion en las poblaciones bacterianas responsables de las infecciones de los CR, y la TFD puede ser una tecnica de apoyo en la terapia endodontica.

Abstract To evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) in root canal (RC) disinfection. An integrative review of the literature was performed in diferents databases. It was selected articles published between January 2014 and January 2018, in Portuguese, English or Spanish languages, which evaluated, in a clinical trial, the antibacterial efficacy of PDT in RC disinfection. The sample consisted of 05 articles that met all the inclusion criteria, which analyzed aspects such as: sample; photosensitizer and exposure time; light source, wavelength, potency, energy and time of emission; and results. Most of the studies used single-rooted teeth and methylene blue photosensitizer with preirradiation time ranging from 1 to 5 minutes. The LED and the laser were the light sources used, with exposu- re time ranging from 40 to 240 seconds; power from 60 mW to 1000 mW; power density from 2 to 4 mW / cm2; energy of 4 to 9,6 J; and dose from 1.2 mJ / cm2 to 129 J / cm2. It can be concluded that, despite the heterogeneity of the protocols, there was a reduction in the bacterial populations responsible for RC infections, and it may be a supporting technique in endodontic therapy.

Resumo Avaliar a eficacia antibacteriana da Terapia Fotodinamica (TFD) na desinfeccao de canais radiculares (CR). Uma revisao integrativa da literatura foi realizada em diferentes bases de dados. Foram selecionados artigos publicados entre janeiro de 2014 e janeiro de 2018, nos idiomas portugues, ingles ou espanhol, que avaliaram, em ensaio clinico, a eficacia antibacteriana da TFD na desinfeccao de CR. A amostra foi composta por 05 artigos que atenderam a todos os criterios de inclusao. Nesses trabalhos foram analisados aspectos como: amostra; fotossensibilizador e tempo de exposicao; fonte de luz, comprimento de onda, potencia, energia e tempo de emissao; e resultados. A maioria dos estudos utilizou dentes unirradiculares e o fotossensibilizador azul de metileno com tempo de pre-irradiacao variando de 1 a 5 minutos. O LED e o laser foram as fontes de luz utilizadas, com tempo de exposicao variando de 40 a 240 segundos; potencia de 60 mW a 1000 mW; densidade de potencia de 2 a 4 mW/ cm2; energia de 4 a 9,6 J; e dose de 1,2 mJ/ cm2 a 129 J/ cm2. Pode-se concluir que, apesar da heterogeneidade dos protocolos, houve uma reducao nas populacoes bacterianas responsaveis pelas infeccoes dos CR, e a TFD pode ser uma tecnica de suporte na terapia endodontica.