ABSTRACT
Although thought to be a rare event, permanent pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators with right ventricular intracardiac leads have the potential to induce tricuspid valve dysfunction. Adverse lead-valve interactions can take place through a variety of mechanisms including damage at the time of implantation, leaflet pinning, or long-term fibrosis encapsulating the leaflet tissue. Clinical manifestations can display a wide range of severity, as well as a highly variable time span between implantation and hemodynamic deterioration. This review aims to describe the potential pathophysiologic effects of intracardiac device leads on the tricuspid valve, with a focus on ideal diagnostic strategies and treatment options once lead-induced valvular dysfunction is suspected.
Subject(s)
Defibrillators, Implantable/adverse effects , Pacemaker, Artificial/adverse effects , Postoperative Complications/etiology , Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency/etiology , Heart Ventricles , Humans , Postoperative Complications/diagnostic imaging , Postoperative Complications/surgery , Severity of Illness Index , Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency/diagnostic imaging , Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency/surgerySubject(s)
Foramen Ovale, Patent/complications , Hypoxia/etiology , Respiratory Paralysis/complications , Biomarkers/blood , Cardiac Catheterization/instrumentation , Echocardiography, Transesophageal , Foramen Ovale, Patent/diagnostic imaging , Foramen Ovale, Patent/physiopathology , Foramen Ovale, Patent/therapy , Humans , Hypoxia/blood , Hypoxia/diagnosis , Male , Middle Aged , Oxygen/blood , Respiratory Paralysis/diagnostic imaging , Respiratory Paralysis/physiopathology , Septal Occluder Device , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Patients with advanced liver disease have a high prevalence of cardiac risk factors. The stress of liver transplant surgery predisposes these patients to major cardiac events, such as myocardial infarction or ventricular arrhythmias in addition to heart failure exacerbation. Liver transplant patients who experience coronary events in the perioperative period have a decreased five-yr survival rate. Cardiovascular risk stratification prior to liver transplant can be accomplished by dobutamine stress echocardiography, stress myocardial perfusion imaging, cardiac computed tomography, and coronary angiography. Pre-liver transplant management of cardiovascular pathology includes cardiovascular intervention like percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary bypass graft surgery, or medical management. Thorough screening and optimal management of underlying cardiovascular pathology and cardiovascular risk factors should decrease the incidence of new cardiac events in liver transplant recipients.