ABSTRACT
Soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae)) has been a major pest of soybean in North America since its detection in this continent in 2000 and subsequent spread. Although several aphid resistance genes have been identified, at least four soybean aphid biotypes have been discovered, with three of them being virulent on soybean cultivars with certain soybean aphid resistance genes. These biotypes are known to vary across years and locations, but information on their variation within single fields is limited. An investigation was conducted to study the variation of soybean aphid biotypes within single townships and fields in Minnesota. Screening of 28 soybean aphid isolates collected from seven soybean fields (six soybean fields in Cairo and Wellington Townships of Renville County, MN and one field in Wilmar Township of Kandiyohi County, MN) revealed the existence of multiple known biotypes of soybean aphid within single fields of soybean. We found up to three biotypes of soybean aphid in a single field. Two biotypes were found in five fields while only one field had only a single biotype. Three isolates presented reactions on a panel of resistant and susceptible indicator lines that were different from known biotypes. These results highlight the importance of characterizing soybean aphid biotypes in small geographical areas and utilizing generated knowledge to develop soybean cultivars pyramided with multiple resistance genes. The outcome will be decreased use of insecticides, thereby improving economic and environmental sustainability of soybean production.
Subject(s)
Aphids , Animals , Aphids/genetics , Minnesota , North America , North Dakota , Glycine maxABSTRACT
Plasmablastic lymphoma is a rare and aggressive lymphoma reported to be commonly associated with immunodeficiency state. It possesses a challenge to the clinician owing it aggressiveness and poor prognosis. No standard of care treatment is available for the disease. Here we report a case of an immunocompetant 67 years female who is unique in her presentation as she did not have any of the conventional clinical features and had a history of urothelial carcinoma three months back.
Subject(s)
Lymph Nodes/pathology , Plasmablastic Lymphoma , Radiotherapy/methods , Aged , Axilla , Diagnosis, Differential , Fatal Outcome , Female , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Neck , Plasmablastic Lymphoma/diagnosis , Plasmablastic Lymphoma/pathology , Plasmablastic Lymphoma/physiopathology , Plasmablastic Lymphoma/radiotherapy , Symptom Assessment/methodsABSTRACT
We present a density functional study on the structural and electronic properties of ZnS bubble clusters, specifically, hollow cages whose spontaneous formation was previously observed in classical molecular dynamics simulations by Spano et al. [J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 10337]. The hollow ZnS cages in our study were modeled as ZnxSx [x = 12, 16, 24, 28, 36, 48, 108], and an onionlike structure was modeled as Zn96S96. The study of energetics and stability, performed using large polarized Gaussian basis sets, indicated all structures to be energetically stable with similar binding energy of 5.5-5.6 eV per ZnS pair. Further computation of electronic properties showed that these cages have large vertical ionization energies and relatively low electron affinities in the ranges of 6.8-8.1 and 1.7-3.0 eV, respectively. They have large highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gaps between 2.5 and 3.3 eV, and quasi-particle gaps vary from 6.2 eV for Zn12S12 to 4.19 for Zn108S108. The computed vibrational frequencies for selected cages, that is, Zn12S12, Zn16S16, Zn28S28 (O, S4, and S8 point groups), and Zn36S36 indicate that these cage structures correspond to local minima on the potential energy surface. Finally, the infrared spectra calculated using large basis sets are also reported.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Violence against women in developing countries is very high with very little to choose between the cities and provinces. In Nepal too, violence against women is very rampant. This occurs despite physical violence against women being ascribed as criminal act by Domestic Violence Act. The main objective of the study was to see the association between postpartum depression and violence against women. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted among pregnant women of reproductive age group in two centers. Standard questionnaires were used to collect data regarding violence and for detecting postpartum depression. Three interviews one in antenatal and two in postnatal period were taken. RESULTS: The incidence of postpartum depression was found to be 19.4 % (95% CI = 14.73 - 24.06) and 22.22% (95% CI = 17.30 - 27.09) during first (6 week postpartum ) and second (10th week) postpartum interview respectively. The incidence of physical, psychological and sexual violence was found to be 20.8% (95%CI= 16.01 - 25.58), 19.4% (95%CI= 14.73 - 24.06) and 13.9% (95% CI= 9.82 - 17.97) respectively. No statistically significant relationship could be found between different forms of violence and postpartum depression .The study showed that all the women with bad communication or conversation with the husband had postpartum depression while only 17.1% of women with good conversation had postpartum depression. CONCLUSIONS: No form of violence against women had statistically significant association with development of postpartum depression among Nepalese population.
