ABSTRACT
To deeply understand the characteristics and regulation of red/blue-shifting hydrogen bonds (HBs), a theoretical investigation was conducted to explore the cooperativity between regium bonds and HBs in the complexes of Y···MCN···HCX3 (M = Cu, Ag, Au; Y = H2O, HCN, NH3; X = F, Cl). When MCN formed a hydrogen bonding dimer with CHF3 or CHCl3, the blue shift of C-H vibration frequency v(C-H) decreases as the following sequence Au > Cu > Ag, and the red shift decreases following the order Ag > Cu > Au. Upon the formation of ternary complexes, the presence of regium bonding interactions exerts a positive synergistic effect, resulting in the strengthening of the HBs. This, in turn, leads to noticeable changes in the red and blue shifts of v(C-H). In CHF3 complexes, v(C-H) undergoes a decrease in the blue shift, whereas that in CHCl3 exhibits an increase in the red shift. Especially, a transition from blue to red shift is observed within the AuCN···HCCl3 complex. As the strength of the regium bond increases, the trend of shifting from blue to red becomes more pronounced. For a given MCN, the changes occur in the order of NH3 > HCN > H2O. The interplay between two interactions was revealed by the molecular electrostatic potentials (MEP), the atoms in the molecule (AIM), and natural bond orbitals (NBO) analysis. It is revealed that Δv(C-H) is linearly correlated with a series of configuration and energy parameters. We explain the red- and blue-shifting HBs and their changes from the perspective of hyperconjugation and rehybridization. The presence of the positive synergistic effect enhances the hyperconjugation effect, thereby leading to a reduction in the blue shift and an increase in the red shift of v(C-H) within the complexes. This study enriches previous mechanisms regarding red- and blue-shifting HBs and introduces a novel idea to manipulate the characteristics of HBs, with the potential to impact the functioning of intricate systems.
ABSTRACT
The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) binds to ligands such as gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and plays a variety of biological roles. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of a novel gastrin-releasing peptide receptor antagonist RH-1402 in hyperuricemia-induced kidney fibrosis and its underlying mechanisms. We conducted enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemical analyses and found that proGRP and GRPR expression levels were significantly increased in patients with hyperuricemic nephropathy (HN) and HN mice. GRPR knockdown significantly attenuated inflammatory and fibrotic responses in adenosine-treated human proximal tubule epithelial cells. GRPR knockout or GRPR conditional knockout in renal tubular epithelial cells significantly alleviated the decline in renal function and fibrosis in HN mice in vivo. RNA-seq and String database analysis revealed that GRP/GRPR promoted HN by suppressing the ABCG2/PDZK1 and increasing TGF-ß/Smad3 levels by activating the NF-κB pathway. Overexpression of GRPR increased TGF-ß/Smad3 levels, where as it reduced ABCG2/PDZK1 levels in adenosine-treated HK2 cells, which was reversed by the NF-κB inhibitor. Furthermore, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of the novel GRPR inhibitor RH-1402 on hyperuricaemia-induced renal injury and evaluated the inflammatory and fibrosis responses in vivo and in vitro. Pre-treatment with RH-1402 attenuated hyperuricaemia-induced renal injury, restored renal function, and suppressed renal inflammation and fibrosis. Taken together, GRPR enhances hyperuricaemia-induced tubular injury, inflammation, and renal fibrosis via ABCG2-dependent mechanisms and may serve as a promising therapeutic target for HN treatment.
Subject(s)
Hyperuricemia , Kidney Diseases , Nephritis , Animals , Humans , Mice , Adenosine , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/genetics , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/metabolism , Fibrosis , Hyperuricemia/drug therapy , Inflammation , Kidney Diseases/etiology , Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism , Nephritis/etiology , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Receptors, Bombesin/metabolism , Signal Transduction , Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolismABSTRACT
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) binds to its receptor (GRP receptor [GRPR]) to regulate multiple biological processes, but the function of GRP/GRPR axis in acute kidney injury (AKI) remains unknown. In the present study, GRPR is highly expressed by tubular epithelial cells (TECs) in patients or mice with AKI, while histone deacetylase 8 may lead to the transcriptional activation of GRPR. Functionally, we uncovered that GRPR was pathogenic in AKI, as genetic deletion of GRPR was able to protect mice from cisplatin- and ischemia-induced AKI. This was further confirmed by specifically deleting the GRPR gene from TECs in GRPRFlox/Flox//KspCre mice. Mechanistically, we uncovered that GRPR was able to interact with Toll-like receptor 4 to activate STAT1 that bound the promoter of MLKL and CCL2 to induce TEC necroptosis, necroinflammation, and macrophages recruitment. This was further confirmed by overexpressing STAT1 to restore renal injury in GRPRFlox/Flox/KspCre mice. Concurrently, STAT1 induced GRP synthesis to enforce the GRP/GRPR/STAT1 positive feedback loop. Importantly, targeting GRPR by lentivirus-packaged small hairpin RNA or by treatment with a novel GRPR antagonist RH-1402 was able to inhibit cisplatin-induced AKI. In conclusion, GRPR is pathogenic in AKI and mediates AKI via the STAT1-dependent mechanism. Thus, targeting GRPR may be a novel therapeutic strategy for AKI.
Subject(s)
Acute Kidney Injury , Cisplatin , Animals , Mice , Cisplatin/adverse effects , Necroptosis , Acute Kidney Injury/metabolism , Kidney/metabolism , Inflammation/metabolism , Mice, Inbred C57BLABSTRACT
The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), a member of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), binds to ligands such as gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and plays a variety of biological roles. GRP/GRPR signalling is involved in the pathophysiological processes of many diseases, including inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, and various cancers. In the immune system, the unique function of GRP/GRPR in neutrophil chemotaxis suggests that GRPR can be directly stimulated through GRP-mediated neutrophils to activate selective signalling pathways, such as PI3K, PKC, and MAPK, and participate in the occurrence and development of inflammation-related diseases. In the cardiovascular system, GRP increases intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and induces vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). GRP activates ERK1/2, MAPK, and AKT, leading to cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction. Central nervous system signal transduction mediated by the GRP/GRPR axis plays a vital role in emotional responses, social interaction, and memory. The GRP/GRPR axis is elevated in various cancers, including lung, cervical, colorectal, renal cell, and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. GRP is a mitogen in a variety of tumour cell lines. Its precursor, pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP), may play an important role as an emerging tumour marker in early tumour diagnosis. GPCRs serve as therapeutic targets for drug development, but their function in each disease remains unclear, and their involvement in disease progression has not been well explored or summarised. This review lays out the above mentioned pathophysiological processes based on previous research conclusions. The GRP/GRPR axis may be a potential target for treating multiple diseases, and the study of this signalling axis is particularly important.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases , Receptors, Bombesin , Humans , Receptors, Bombesin/metabolism , Gastrin-Releasing Peptide , Signal Transduction , Cell Line, TumorABSTRACT
The utilization of deep blue phosphorescent materials in high-performance displays and solid-state lighting requires high quantum efficiencies and color purities. Here, we describe the preparation and luminescent properties of novel platinum triplet emitters featuring cyclometalated N-pyridyl-carbazole ligands functionalized with closo-monocarborane clusters [CB11H12]-. All reported complexes were fully characterized by using standard small molecule techniques (UV-vis, cyclic voltammetry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)), and their solid-state structures were elucidated by X-ray diffraction. These platinum phosphors emit in the blue region of the visible wavelength spectrum in both the solid and solution states. Complex 4a exhibits the highest luminous efficiency at λem = 439 nm with a photoluminescent quantum yield (PLQY) of 60% by dispersing in a PMMA matrix. Electrochemical and computational studies of complexes 4a and 4b revealed that the blue phosphorescence originates mainly from intraligand 3π â π* (3ILCT) transitions with relatively small 3MLCT mixing. A deep-blue OLED containing 4a as the light-emitting dopant was successfully fabricated using a solution-processed method, and the device exhibited blue photoluminescence with CIE coordinates of (0.17, 0.15) and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) value of 6.2%. This article represents the pioneering study of a deep blue PhOLED using a Pt complex bearing a closo-monocarborane anion substituent, providing a new avenue into the preparation of novel triplet emitters based on boron-rich cluster anions.
ABSTRACT
A triphenylphosphine-modified tetra-nuclear Cu(I) coordinated cluster was constructed for enhanced chemodynamic therapy (CDT) by increasing the number of metal centers. Once inside human bladder cancer (T24) cells, a larger amount of copper accumulated compared with the mono-nuclear Cu(I) complex; the additional copper could generate more â¢OH and then induce more obvious apoptosis via a Fenton-like reaction, thus further increasing the tumor inhibition effect and ultimately improving the CDT efficiency.
Subject(s)
Copper , Neoplasms , Cell Line, Tumor , Humans , Hydrogen Peroxide , Organophosphorus CompoundsABSTRACT
Depression is a prevalent mental disorder. However, its pathophysiological mechanism has still remained elusive, and a limited number of effective treatments have been presented. Recent studies have shown that neuroinflammation and microglial activation are involved in the pathogenesis of depression. Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) has neurotoxic effects on several neuropathological conditions. The inhibition of HDAC3 has been reported to induce anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. RGFP966 is a highly selective inhibitor of HDAC3. This study aimed to investigate the antidepressant effect of RGFP966 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice and to explore its possible mechanism. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were utilized in this study. The LPS and RGFP966 were injected intraperitoneally daily for 5 days. The behavior tests were performed to elucidate the depression-like behaviors. Western blot, ELISA and immunofluorescence staining were used to study the HDAC3/TLR4/NLRP3 pathway-related proteins. The results of behavioral tests showed that RGFP966 could improve the LPS-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice. The results of Western blotting showed that RGFP966 treatment downregulated the expression levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3), caspase-1, and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the results of immunofluorescence staining showed that RGFP966 treatment inhibited microglial activation in the hippocampus of mice (P < 0.01). These findings suggested that RGFP966 could effectively ameliorate LPS-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice by inhibiting neuroinflammation and microglial activation. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of RGFP966 might be related to the inhibition of the HDAC3/TLR4/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Therefore, inhibition of HDAC3 using RGFP966 could serve as a potential treatment strategy for depression.
Subject(s)
Depression/metabolism , Histone Deacetylases/metabolism , Neurogenic Inflammation/metabolism , Acrylamides/administration & dosage , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage , Behavior, Animal , Disease Models, Animal , Humans , Lipopolysaccharides/immunology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Microglia/physiology , Phenylenediamines/administration & dosage , Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolismABSTRACT
Disorders of uric acid metabolism may be associated with pathological processes in many diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease. These diseases can further promote uric acid accumulation in the body, leading to a vicious cycle. Preliminary studies have proven many mechanisms such as oxidative stress, lipid metabolism disorders, and rennin angiotensin axis involving in the progression of hyperuricaemia-related diseases. However, there is still lack of effective clinical treatment for hyperuricaemia. According to previous research results, NPT1, NPT4, OAT1, OAT2, OAT3, OAT4, URAT1, GLUT9, ABCG2, PDZK1, these urate transports are closely related to serum uric acid level. Targeting at urate transporters and urate-lowering drugs can enhance our understanding of hyperuricaemia and hyperuricaemia-related diseases. This review may put forward essential references or cross references to be contributed to further elucidate traditional and novel urate-lowering drugs benefits as well as provides theoretical support for the scientific research on hyperuricemia and related diseases.
ABSTRACT
A simple and feasible atom-precise biotinylated Cu(i) complex, which can catalyze H2O2 overexpressed commonly in the tumor microenvironment to produce ËOH through a Fenton-like reaction, was prepared and employed as an effective agent for tumor-targeted chemodynamic therapy.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology , Coordination Complexes/pharmacology , Copper/pharmacology , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis , Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Biotinylation , Catalysis , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation/drug effects , Coordination Complexes/chemical synthesis , Coordination Complexes/chemistry , Copper/chemistry , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Humans , Hydrogen Peroxide/chemistry , Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism , Mice , Molecular Structure , Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy , Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism , Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology , Tumor Microenvironment/drug effectsABSTRACT
An unprecedented inner [Mn18(CO3)9] inorganic core and [Mn20] metal-organic periphery compose a high-nuclearity homometallic single-valent {MnII38} molecular aggregate with a [Mn6] â [Mn12] â [Mn8] â [Mn12] matryoshka doll-like skeleton that displays a significant magnetocaloric effect (MCE).
ABSTRACT
The controllable construction and function expansion of some sophisticated aggregations represent a current hot topic in scientific research. In this paper, using a prefabricated {Co14} cluster as a synthetic precursor, a homometallic {Co24} and a heterometallic {Co12Cd12} giant cluster possessing similar dual-[M12] (M = Co/Cd) skeletons was prepared by reacting the precursor with excess CoCl2 and Cd(OAc)2 salts, respectively. The detailed structural information on {Co24} and {Co12Cd12} was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and further analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy in the solid state. Compared to the {Co14} precursor, magnetic difference revealed that spin-canting and magnetic ordering had been enhanced in {Co24} and suppressed in {Co12Cd12} when dotted with diamagnetic Cd2+ ions.
ABSTRACT
Depression is a complex and heterogeneous mental disorder. Yet, the mechanisms behind depression remain elusive. Increasing evidence suggests that inflammatory reaction and microglia activation are involved in the pathogenesis of depression. Scutellarin has been found to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in various diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-depressant effects and potential mechanism of scutellarin in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression animal model. The behavioral tests showed that scutellarin administration ameliorated LPS-induced depressive-like behaviors. Additionally, the scutellarin treatment inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Western blot analysis results showed that scutellarin pretreatment suppressed LPS-induced the protein levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1ß. Furthermore, immunostaining results showed that scutellarin pretreatment inhibited LPS-induced microglia activation in the hippocampus of rats. These findings suggest that scutellarin effectively improves LPS-induced inflammation-related depressive-like behaviors by inhibiting LPS-induced neuroinflammation and microglia activation, possibly via regulation of the ROS/NLRP3 signaling pathway and microglia activation. Thus, scutellarin may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for depression.
Subject(s)
Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use , Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use , Apigenin/therapeutic use , Depression/drug therapy , Encephalitis/drug therapy , Glucuronates/therapeutic use , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology , Apigenin/pharmacology , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Caspase 1/metabolism , Depression/metabolism , Encephalitis/metabolism , Glucuronates/pharmacology , Hippocampus/drug effects , Hippocampus/metabolism , Inflammasomes/metabolism , Interleukin-1beta/metabolism , Lipopolysaccharides , Male , Microglia/drug effects , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolismABSTRACT
Porous liquids are porous materials that have exhibited unique properties in various fields. Herein, we developed a method to synthesize the type I porous liquids via liquefaction of cyclodextrins by chemical modification. The cyclodextrin porous liquids were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, NMR, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), circular dichroism (CD), and UV-vis spectroscopy. The measured ionic conductivity of the γ-cyclodextrin porous liquid was 500 times as great as that of its reactants, which was found to be the first instance with such great conductivity for a type I porous liquid. What is more, the γ-cyclodextrin porous liquid had been demonstrated experimentally to have outstanding chiral recognition ability toward pyrimidine nucleosides in water, which was further confirmed by computational simulations. Additionally, enantiomeric excess of the extracted nucleoside was achieved up to 84.81% by convenient extraction from the mixture of racemic nucleosides and γ-cyclodextrin porous liquid. The great features of the novel cyclodextrin porous liquids could bring opportunities in many fields, including the preparation of chiral separation materials, development of new drug screening mechanisms, and construction of chiral response materials.
Subject(s)
Cyclodextrins/chemistry , Nucleosides/isolation & purification , Molecular Structure , Nucleosides/chemistry , Particle Size , Porosity , Surface PropertiesABSTRACT
A novel discrete {Co14Mo24} nanoscale cluster, {CoIII2CoII10Cl2(dpbt)3(H2O)2[CoIIMoV12O31(CH3O)9]2}·24CH3OH (1) (here, dpbt = 5,5'-di(pyridin-2-yl)-3,3'-bi(1,2,4-triazole)), with a triangular Co4 core encapsulated in two novel capped Co-substituted Keggin-type Co5Mo12O40 anions, has been isolated from alkaline methanol solution. The high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrum (HRESI-MS) of microcrystalline 1 in MeOH/CH2Cl2 (v : v = 2 : 1) was recorded. Two prominent overlapping peaks in the range of m/z = 2740-2840 and 1820-1880 for the discrete fragments of [CoIII2CoII12MoV24O62Cl2(dpbt)3(H2O)2(CH3O)x(OH)18-x-2H]2- (x = 9-18, F1) and [CoIII2CoII12MoV24O62Cl2(dpbt)3(H2O)2(CH3O)x(OH)19-x-2H]3- (x = 6-13, F2), respectively, are obtained, confirming the {Co14Mo24} composition in 1. In addition, weak anti-ferromagnetic interactions in 1 are observed.
ABSTRACT
In this study, four in situ hydro(solvo)thermal metal-ligand reactions, including oxidation (H2L1), C-C coupling (H4L2), nitration (H2L3), and condensation (HL4-6), based on bis[3-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl]methane (H2L0), in the presence of DyIII ions, were carried out. The in situ metal-ligand reaction gave six new ligands existing in eight novel DyIII coordination complexes, which were characterized by crystal structure, mass spectrometry, and magnetism.
ABSTRACT
A novel copper(II)-ß-cyclodextrin and CuO functionalized graphene oxide composite (CD-CuO/NH2-GO) was successfully synthesized by reacting mono-6-O-toluenesulfonyl-copper(II)-ß-cyclodextrin with amino and CuO functionalized graphene oxide. The characterization results showed that the CD-CuO/NH2-GO was well-characterized and has a BET surface area of 746.5 m2â¯g-1 and good thermal stability, and CD and CuO were uniformly dispersed. The unique structure of CD-CuO/NH2-GO is conducive to the synergistic effect of the different components, especially for the inclusion ability of CD. Benefiting from that, CD-CuO/NH2-GO could quickly and efficiently remove the thiophenic sulfides, which are difficult to be economically removed by hydrodesulfurization. The removal efficiency for the three sulfides was in the order of benzothiophene > dibenzothiophene > thiophene. The desulfurization process of benzothiophene has the fastest desulfurization rate (0.121 gâ¯mg-1â¯min-1) and maximum sulfur capacity (12.75 mg Sâ¯g-1). The different molecular inclusion ability of CD for the thiophenic sulfides demonstrates the difference in the desulfurization of CD-CuO/NH2-GO. The work highlights the synthesis and the potential application in fuel desulfurization of supramolecular GO composite nanomaterials.
ABSTRACT
The structural, fluorescence properties and binding interaction of benzazaborole derivatives 1-hydroxy-2-(α-methyl) benzyl-1,2-benzo boron nitrogen heterocyclic-3-phosphate diethyl ester (PADE) and 1-hydroxy-2-(2-chloro) benzyl-1,2-benzo boron nitrogen heterocyclic-3-phosphate diethyl ester (PADC) with iodide ion have been investigated utilizing density functional theory (DFT) and Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) method, in which the PADE and PADC showed strong emission in aqueous solution and fluorescence quenching was observed upon addition of iodide ion. The theoretical study indicates that the strong hydrogen-bond (O-H I) between benzazaborole derivatives and iodide ion leads to the formation of the benzazaborole-iodide ion complexes. The excited state properties have been explored by theoretical calculation to understand the fluorescent quenching upon introduction of iodide ion. The strong fluorescent emission is originated by the electron transfer from benzyl and phosphate moieties to benzo boron nitrogen fused heterocycle moiety, while the fluorescence quenching is attributed to the electron transfer between the PADE (PADC) and iodide ion. The density difference (EDD) maps and the frontier molecular orbitals diagrams during excitation and de-excitation process demonstrate that the photoinduced electron transfer process between PADE (PADC) and iodide ion leads to fluorescence quenching after a significant internal conversion.
Subject(s)
Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry , Iodides/chemistry , Ions/chemistry , Models, Theoretical , Density Functional Theory , Electron Transport , Fluorescence , Hydrogen Bonding , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Molecular StructureABSTRACT
Delayed crosslinking polymer gel systems are widely utilized in deep profile control processes for water production control in oilfields. In this paper, a kind of delayed crosslinking amphiphilic polymer gel system with adjustable gelation time based on competitive inclusion was prepared and its delayed crosslinking gelling properties were studied. The amphiphilic polymer of P(acrylamide (AM)â»sodium acrylate (NaA)â»N-dodecylacrylamide (DDAM)) was synthesized and it showed much better salt resistance, temperature resistance, and shear resistance performance compared with hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM). Phenol can be controlled released from the the cavity of ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) ring in the presence of the hydrophobic group used as the competitive inclusion agent in the amphiphilic polymer backbone. Accordingly, the gelation time of the delayed crosslinking amphiphilic polymer gel system is closely related to release rate of the crosslinker from the the cavity of ß-CD ring. This study screened an amphiphilic polymer with good salt resistance and temperature resistance performance, which can be used in high temperature and high salinity reservoirs, and provided a feasible way to control the gelation time of the polymer gel system by the competitive inclusion method.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Spontaneous isolated celiac artery dissection (SICAD) and spontaneous isolated superior mesenteric artery dissection (SISMAD) represent the major types of spontaneous visceral artery dissection. However, no quantitative meta-analysis of SICAD and SISMAD is available. The aim of our study was to pool current evidence concerning basic profiles, treatment strategies, long-term adverse events, and morphologic changes of lesioned vessels in SICAD and SISMAD patients. METHODS: We searched the MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Databases (January 1, 1946-September 21, 2017) for studies of SICAD and SISMAD. Related cohort studies or case series with sample size larger than 10 were included. Two reviewers independently extracted and summarized the data. A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled estimates. RESULTS: In total, 43 studies were included. An estimated 8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01-0.21) symptomatic SICAD and 12% (95% CI, 0.06-0.19) symptomatic SISMAD patients with initial conservative management required secondary intervention during follow-up, whereas none of the asymptomatic patients treated conservatively required secondary intervention. As for morphologic changes during follow-up, a higher proportion of SICAD patients (64%; 95% CI, 0.47-0.80) achieved complete remodeling compared with SISMAD patients (25%; 95% CI, 0.19-0.32), and an estimated 6% (95% CI, 0.00-0.16) of SICAD and 12% (95% CI, 0.05-0.20) of SISMAD patients had morphologic progression. Overall, the pooled estimate of long-term all-cause mortality was 0% (95% CI, 0.00-0.03) in SICAD and 1% (95% CI, 0.00-0.02) in SISMAD. When stratified by symptoms, symptomatic patients were associated with a significantly increased probability of accomplishing complete remodeling (odds ratio, 3.95; 95% CI, 1.31-11.85) compared with asymptomatic patients. CONCLUSIONS: Initial conservative treatment is safe for asymptomatic SICAD or SISMAD patients. Symptomatic patients managed conservatively have relatively high occurrence of late secondary intervention, which may require closer surveillance, especially in SISMAD because of a lower rate of remodeling.
Subject(s)
Aortic Dissection/surgery , Celiac Artery/surgery , Conservative Treatment , Endovascular Procedures , Mesenteric Artery, Superior/surgery , Vascular Surgical Procedures , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Aortic Dissection/diagnostic imaging , Aortic Dissection/mortality , Aortic Dissection/physiopathology , Anticoagulants/therapeutic use , Asymptomatic Diseases , Celiac Artery/diagnostic imaging , Celiac Artery/physiopathology , Clinical Decision-Making , Conservative Treatment/adverse effects , Conservative Treatment/mortality , Endovascular Procedures/adverse effects , Endovascular Procedures/mortality , Female , Fibrinolytic Agents/therapeutic use , Humans , Male , Mesenteric Artery, Superior/diagnostic imaging , Mesenteric Artery, Superior/physiopathology , Middle Aged , Odds Ratio , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Risk Factors , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome , Vascular Remodeling , Vascular Surgical Procedures/adverse effects , Vascular Surgical Procedures/mortalityABSTRACT
We present the synthesis, structural characterization, and magnetic properties of two high-nuclearity cobalt clusters formulated as [Co13(µ3-OH)3(µ3-Cl)(dpbt)5(ptd)Cl10][Co(H2O)2Cl2]·(CH3)2CHOH (1) and [Co24(µ3-OH)6(µ3-Cl)2(dpbt)10(ptd)2Cl16]·2CH3CH2OH (2), respectively (H2dpbt = 5,5'-bis(pyridin-2-yl)-3,3'-bis(1,2,4-triazole) and H2ptd = 3-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,2,4-triazine-5,6-diol). Compound 1 is composed of an inner [Co4(µ3-OH)3(µ3-Cl)] cubane and an outer [Co9(dpbt)5(ptd)Cl10] defective adamantane. Compound 2 reveals a giant {Co24} cluster possessing a dual-[Co12] skeleton from 1. The hierarchical assembly from 1 to 2 has been established and tracked through high-resolution electrospray ionization (HRESI-MS) analyses from the solvothermal reaction mother solution. Magnetic studies of 1 and 2 revealed the highly correlated spins, a glasslike magnetic phase transition at ca. 8 K, and slow relaxation behavior of SMM nature in the lower-temperature region (below 4 K).