A comparison of traditional plant knowledge between Daman people and Tibetans in Gyirong River Valley, Tibet, China.

BACKGROUND: By comparing the differences in plant use between various cultures or regions, we can gain a better understanding of traditional knowledge of plant use among different groups, which may lead to a more objective understanding. Even though the Tibetan and Daman people live in the same ecosystem in Gyirong town, China, their cultural backgrounds and livelihoods differ. Therefore, the objective of this study is to document the traditional knowledge of plant use among the Daman people and compare it with the local Tibetan knowledge of plant use. By doing so, we aim to explore the relationship between plant selection and use and the cultural backgrounds of different groups. METHODS: During fieldwork, ethnobotanical data were collected using various methods including free listings, key informant interviews, and semi-structured interviews. To quantify the importance of plant species in the Daman people's culture, the culture importance index, informant consensus factor index, and The Index of Agreement on Species consensus (IASc) were used. In addition, we cited previous ethnobotanical survey data from the Tibetan in Gyirong. To more comprehensively compare the differences in plant use between the Daman and Tibetan, this study constructed a knowledge network to compare the knowledge differences between the two groups. RESULTS: In this study, traditional knowledge was collected from 32 Daman informants, resulting in a total of 68 species belonging to 39 families mentioned by Daman people and 111 species mentioned by Tibetans. Of these, 58 plants were used by both populations. The plants were classified into 3 categories and 28 subcategories, with 22 identical classes in both groups. The majority of use categories showed a high degree of sharing in both groups, and the Tibetan people had more plant use categories than the Daman people. Five plants with IASc value > 0.5 were identified in both groups: Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don, Artemisia japonica Thunb., Juniperus indica Bertol., Gastrodia elata Blume, and Rheum australe D. Don. The analysis of the knowledge network revealed a 66% overlap between the knowledge of the Daman and the knowledge of the Tibetans. Additionally, the plant knowledge of Tibetan people was found to be richer and more complex than that of the Daman people. However, the Daman people possess 30 unique knowledge items. CONCLUSIONS: From the perspective of plant use, the history of the Daman people's discrete migration on the border between China and Nepal allows them to retain their own knowledge of plant use. The status quo of joining Chinese nationality and settling in Gyirong town allows them to gradually integrate into the local Tibetan society. In summary, despite living in the same ecosystem and biodiversity background, the plant utilization of the Daman people and Tibetans still shows significant differences, which are due to their different cultural backgrounds and social status.

Relationship between glutathione S-transferase M1 gene polymorphism and gastric cancer.

This experiment was designed to investigate the relationship between glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) gene polymorphism and gastric cancer (GC). For this purpose, from January 2013 to December 2014, 116 patients with GC diagnosed in the Department of Gastroenterology of our hospital and 120 healthy people in the physical examination center were selected as the research objects. 116 patients with GC served as the observation group and 120 healthy people in the physical examination center served as the control group. Collect and isolate the peripheral blood nucleated cells of the subjects, obtain the GSTM1 gene polymorphism by sequencing, analyze the differences of GSTM1 genotype between the two groups, compare the differences of clinicopathological characteristics of patients with different genotypes in the observation group, look for the survival relative risk factors of patients with GC, and analyze the risk factors of death risk of GC by multivariate Cox risk proportional regression. Results showed that the proportion of GSTM1 (-) in the observation group (62.07%) was raised compared with the control group (48.33%) (p<0.05). There was a correlation between GSTM1 gene polymorphism and smoking, TNM stage differentiation and GSTM1 gene polymorphism in the observation group. The specific analysis found that the proportion of non-smoking, stage I-III and low differentiation in the GSTM1 (-) group was raised compared with that in the GSTM1 (+) group (p<0.05). TNM stage, differentiation degree and GSTM1 gene polymorphism were correlated with the median survival time of patients with GC (p<0.05). Further multivariate Cox risk proportional regression analysis showed that TNM stage IV, low differentiation and GSTM1 (-) the relative risk coefficients of death in patients with GC were stage Ⅰ - Ⅲ, high/medium differentiation and GSTM1, respectively (+) patients were 1.75, 1.46, and 2.14 times higher. In conclusion, GSTM1 gene polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to GC, and the GSTM1 deletion genotype is an unfavourable factor for poor prognosis in patients with GC.

Correlation of Single Nucleotide Gene Polymorphisms and Gastric Cancer Based on Magnetic Nanoparticles.

Gastric cancer (GC) is a serious threat to the health and lives of people around the world. In China, the incidence and mortality of gastric cancer are much higher than the world average, coupled with its low early diagnosis rate, low survival rate, poor prognosis, and complex etiology, especially the serious lack of effective early warning methods, which has become the main constraint on the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer factor. Therefore, finding reliable, effective, and specific markers that can be applied to early warning and diagnosis of gastric cancer has been a hot issue in gastric cancer research. Magnetic nanoparticles are an ideal molecular carrier for gene separation because they have many advantages such as easy operation, fast, high efficiency, and non-destructive non-recognition biological entities. Changes in gene levels can detect the development of early diagnosis and treatment of prognosis in patients with gastric cancer by affecting susceptibility, clinical phenotype, and drug response. PcG protein can modify chromatin and affect tumorigenesis. The experimental results show that the introduction of magnetic nanoparticles can improve the sensing signal, detection sensitivity and gene differentiation. Combined with the latest magnetic nanoparticle technology to analyze the relationship between SNPs of some genes in the pathways involved in gastric cancer treatment and DNA specificity, screening and identifying specific SNP markers are helpful to the mechanism of gastric cancer development. Understand to achieve the purpose of individualized treatment. By introducing the RAS-BRAF gene on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles, the surface of the magnetic particles was biologically functionalized and used for the separation and detection of proteins and pathogens, respectively. The results show that the system has excellent detection sensitivity and separation selectivity. At present, the research results of susceptible genes screened by coding gene association studies are inconsistent. In this study, PLCE1 gene was found to be used as a DNA gene identification method through high expression of cells to analyze that polymorphisms are closely related to the incidence of gastric cancer. In addition, the study suggests that PLCE1 gene may be a susceptible gene for tumor cells. The signaling pathways involved in the regulation play an important role in tumorigenesis, development, migration, and apoptosis, and are closely related to disease prognosis. Therefore, at the gene level More analysis of the role of these genes in gastric cancer is needed.

Exploring microbial dynamics associated with flavours production during highland barley wine fermentation.

Highland barley wine (HBW) is a well-known grain wine in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China and is mainly fermented by local Qu (a traditional starter) with highland barley (Hordeum vulgare, Qingke (Tibetan hulless barley)), and the flavors profiles associated with microbiota succession during HBW fermentation are unrevealed. Hence, high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technology was used to investigate the dynamic changes of microbial community for the duration of the fermentation. In addition, metabolites were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A total of 66 volatile compounds and 7 organic acids were identified during the traditional brewing process. Results showed that the composition of microbiota varied over the fermentation process. The bacterial genera (relative abundance > 0.1%) decreased from 13 at 0 h to 4 encompassing Leuconostoc (13.53%) and Acetobacter (74.60%) after 48 h fermentation, whilst the structure of fungal community was more uniform in comparison with bacteria, as Rhizopus and Saccharomyces were predominant throughout the fermentation. Furthermore, the correlations between microbiota and the detected compounds were also explored, which highlighted that three bacterial genera, including Acetobacter, Leuconostoc, Bacillus and one fungal genus Rhizopus were significantly correlated with main flavours compounds (|r| > 0.7, FDR < 0.01). To conclude, the detailed information provided by this study offer screening strategies of beneficial bacterial and fungal strains to improve the quality of HBW.

[HPLC fingerprint of Phlomis younghusbandii].

OBJECTIVE: To establish the characteristic fingerpint from Phlomis younghustbandii. METHODS: The different collecting time and county samples of Phlomis younghusbandii were determined by HPLC. RESULTS: The HPLC-FPC of Phlomis younghusbandii was set up by establishing 14 common peaks. Accuracy, stability and repeatability of the method were good. CONCLUSION: The peaks in the spectrum were all separated perfectly, which met the regulation of HPLC-FPC.

Chemical fingerprint analysis of rhizomes of Gymnadenia conopsea by HPLC-DAD-MSn.

A high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS(n)) method has been firstly developed for chemical fingerprint analysis of rhizomes of Gymnadenia conopsea R. Br. and rapid identification of major compounds in the fingerprints. Comparing the UV and MS spectra with those of reference compounds, seven main peaks in the fingerprints were identified as adenosine (1), 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (2), 4-hydroxybenzyl aldehyde (3), dactylorhin B (4), loroglossin (5), dactylorhin A (6) and militarine (7). Compounds 4-7 were succinate derivative esters and firstly discovered from this species. The Computer Aided Similarity Evaluation System (CASES) for chromatographic fingerprint of traditional Chinese medicine was employed to evaluate the similarities of 10 samples of the rhizomes of G. conopsea collected from Sichuan, Qinghai and Hebei provinces, Tibet autonomous region of China, and Nepal. These samples from different sources had similar chemical fingerprints. This method is specific and may serve for quality identification and comprehensive evaluation of this traditional Tibetan remedy.

[Studies on chemical constituents in root of Phlomis medicinalis I].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents in root of Phlomis medicinalis. METHOD: The compounds were isolated and repeatedly purified on macroporous resin, silica gel column chromatography, TLC and Prep-HPLC and the structures were elucidated by physico-chemical properties and NMR spectra. RESULT: Eight compounds were obtained and elucidated as 5-Hydroxy-7-methoxy-4, 6-dimethylphthalide (1), 4-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (2) and six iridoid glucosides: 6-O-acetyl-shanzhiside methyl ester (3), 8-O-acetyl-shanzhiside methyl ester (4), shanzhiside methyl ester (5), sesamoside (6), phloyoside II (7) and dehydropentstemoside (8). CONCLUSION: All the compounds were isolated from the plant for the first time and 1 and 3 were obtained from the plants of Phlomis for the first time.