Molecular genetic characterization and subcellular localization of Theileria annulata mitochondrial heat-shock protein 70.

A Theileria annulata mitochondrial heat-shock protein of the 70-kDa family (Tamthsp70) was isolated by screening of the cDNA library of a T. annulata-infected bovine lymphoblastoid cell line with an antibody raised against T. annulata schizonts. The Tamthsp70 coding sequence was found to be most closely related to a previously reported mitochondrial hsp70 gene of Eimeria tenella exhibiting a similarity of 67% with mitochondrial hsp70 genes of eukaryotic plants (Pisum sativum, Phaseolus vulgaris) and with dnaK proteins of prokaryotes (Rhizobium meliloti, Agrobacterium tumefaciens). The Tamthsp70 mRNA is expressed within the sporozoite, schizont, and merozoite stages of the parasite, which suggests that it is constitutively transcribed throughout the life cycle. The gene encodes a polypeptide of 681 amino acids and exhibits a mitochondrial targeting sequence and several sequence motifs common to mitochondrial hsp70 and prokaryotic dnaK proteins. The protein level of the Tamthsp70 protein after heat shock decreased slightly during the exposure of infected cells to a temperature of 42 degrees C in comparison with cells cultured at 37 degrees C. By immunofluorescence the protein was located in the area in which the schizonts reside within infected cells. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that the hsp70 protein was predominantly localized in the mitochondria of the parasites. However, it was also found in small amounts in the cytoplasm of the parasite and host cell. This indicates (1) that Tamthsp70 is very probably translated in the parasite cytoplasm and then transported across the mitochondrial membrane into the mitochondrial matrix and (2) that it is transported across the parasite membrane into the host-cell cytoplasm.

Detection and differentiation of Theileria annulata and Theileria parva using macroschizont-derived DNA probes.

A lamda gt11 expression library based on T.annulata-infected cells was screened with an antiserum raised in rabbits against partially purified schizonts of T.annulata. Two clones were detected, sequenced and designated as SA288 and SB288 (Shayan et al., submitted for publication). From the sequences of these two genes oligonucleotide primers were designed for specific amplification of parasite DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We could show that these genes are of parasitic origin and do occur in all T.annulata stocks tested in the present study. In addition, a target sequence for SA288 could also be identified in T.parva-schizonts. None of them reacted with genomic DNA of different Babesia spp. A third primer pair was designed from the DNA-sequence of a gene encoding for the T.parva-specific casein kinase II-alpha subunit. Using this primer pair, a target sequence could only be detected in T.parva. Taken together, the primers described here can be used as molecular tools in PCR for the detection of Theileria parasites and to distinguish T.annulata from T.parva.

[The Sceno Game in the course of time]. / Das Scenospiel im Wandel der Zeiten.

This article describes 50 years of working with the Sceno test, the first decades being in close cooperation with Gerhild von Staabs. After many years experience with the Sceno test in Swiss psychiatric hospitals over 1000 Sceno test games were conducted in the psychosomatic ward of the University of Munich Outpatient Department for Children and evaluated with a special record and slides. These were games carried out by children and adolescents with behavioral disorders, psychosomatic illnesses, and handicaps, in some cases by their mothers in an accompanying simultaneous analysis. Using the projective method the initial Sceno test, vulgar and original answers, key situations, repetition and memory compulsions were recorded. With 100 adults diagnosed as being schizophrenic Sceno tests with chaotic apparent order analogous to pictures painted by schizophrenics were observed. With adults and children with cerebro-organic damage we found an "organic play syndrom" in the game structure. Six medical dissertations dealt with the psychosomatics of children. Along with the depth psychology problems, in principle, the formality of the Sceno test set-up depending on age and development phase of the child also has to be taken into consideration. The Sceno test in its original form has proven itself to be up to date even today and requires only minor changes to some game elements, adapting them to the modern surroundings of children which means that a Sceno-R (Fliegner 1995) with 23 new game elements seems unnecessary. Psychodiagnostics and psychotherapy of our Sceno test game are based on the analytical method of Hans Zulliger and Anna Freud.

Macroschizonts of Theileria annulata as vaccine and diagnostic tools.

T. annulata-infected cells present infection-associated peptides. These peptides represent target molecules of the cytotoxic acting cells. Their preparation and characterization may help to develop a sub-unit vaccine. Our studies show that macroschizont-infected bovine cells can be used as parasite antigen in serology for the detection of parasite-specific antibodies in serum of infected animals. Primers derived from the macroschizont of T. annulata can be used as molecular tools for the detection of parasite DNA in blood samples of carrier cattle.

[Double appendicitis--a rare pathologic entity]. / Die Appendicitis duplex--eine pathologische Rarität.

We report on a clinical case of appendicitis duplex with atypical and previously not described localisation of the second appendix at the right colic flexure in a 11 years old patient. Type of localisation and synchronicity of the inflammation have not been reported in literature so far. Pathological classification of the double appendix and problems of synchronous inflammation are discussed.

[Child psychotherapy in medical practice and the clinic--15 years of the "Brühl Model"]. / Kinderpsychotherapie in ärztlicher Praxis und Klinik--15 Jahre "Brühler Modell".

Living in an industrial society places considerable stress on children and on adolescents, to which they react with behavioural disturbances and psychosomatic disorders. So far, physicians have been trained only insufficiently at universities with regard to psychotherapy, which means they cannot cope sufficiently with such problems if they are confronted with them in their clinical and practical work. Hence, a continuing education programme called the "Brühl Model" has been worked out which imparts knowledge on child psychology and child psychotherapy by means of three-year courses based on depth psychology. This corresponds to the "small-scale psychotherapy in medical practice" as conceived by J. H. Schultz and M. Balint. This educational programme has been largely adapted to the demands made at the Manheim Physicians' Congress in 1977 with regard to acquiring adequate proficiency in the subject of psychotherapy, and has been accepted by the German professional boards of physicians. 600 colleagues have since been undergoing this training during the past 15 years with success. The present seventh training course is now also open to the colleagues from the new German Laender of the former GDR.

[Angiodysplasia--a cause of severe hemorrhage in the gastrointestinal tract]. / Angiodysplázia--prícina zavazného krvcania v gastrointestinálnom trakte.

The authors describe a case of relapsing severe haemorrhage from angiodysplasias localized in the small intestine in an eighty-year-old female patient diagnosed only after probatory laparotomy. They discuss the diagnostic possibilities in angiodysplasia of the gastrointestinal tract and how it can be influenced by therapy. Even after resection of the affected portion of the intestine the formation of new angiodysplasias must be foreseen in previously intact areas and those can be the source of further severe haemorrhage.

[Angiodysplasia]. / Angiodysplázie.

Angiomatous developmental changes are the therapeutic object of attention as regards elective interventions in particular in plastic surgery. Their complications in some body cavities, in particular haemorrhage or compression of organs, are usually dealt with by general surgeons and occasionally by vascular surgeons. Diseases of the central nervous system are the domain of neurosurgeons. After a general analysis of the problem of angiodysplasia, the author discusses three successfully operated patients with angiodysplasia of the stomach, spleen and small intestine which were manifested in two instances by severe haemorrhage and in one instance by compression of the surrounding tissues.

[False aneurysm of the anterior tibial artery as a sequela of complicated foreleg fracture]. / Anaeurysma spurium arteria tibialis anterior ako následok komplikovanej zlomeniny kostí predkolenia.

The authors discuss the aetiology, diagnosis and therapy of false aneurysms and mention their possible occurrence at different sites, whereby they emphasize the rare occurrence of pseudoaneurysms in conjunction with fractures of the bones of the extremities. The rare nature of the mentioned complication stimulated the authors to present a case-history of a pseudoaneurysm of the anterior tibial artery.

[Psychohygiene in obstetrics. Rooming-in the nursing]. / Psychohygiene in der Geburtshilfe Rooming-in und Stillen.

The development of highly technical and highly computerized labour-rooms is contrasted by the mother's need for close personal contact with her baby and for close personal caring. If suitable conditions are to be created, the mother must be psychologically prepared for pregnancy and birth, the father must be admitted into the labour-room and rooming-in of mother and new born baby should be allowed. Breast-feeding is the beginning of the basic trust relationship (Urvertrauen) between mother and child. However, only 40% of the mothers continue breast-feeding after discharge from hospital and only 5,7% breast feed their babies for more than 3 months. The babies miss the intensive skin contact between mother and child that is so important for the child's development. This is confirmed by the experiences of the Offenbacher Modell" where mothers nurture their prematurely born babies. Psychohygienic methods with new born babies are related to diminuished infant mortality. In the Federal Republic of Germany, 105 maternity hospitals and wards allow mothers and new born babies to be together without restriction.