Efeitos psicofisiológicos da música motivacional durante corrida de 5 km: Um estudo piloto / Efectos psicofisiológicos de la música motivacional durante la carrera de cinco kilómetros. Estudio piloto / Psychophysiological effects of motivational music during the 5km run: A pilot study

Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos da música motivacional durante 5km de corrida. Método: Treze corredores amadores foram submetidos a dois condições experimentais aleatórias durante 5 km de corrida. Análises de espectroscopia funcional de infravermelho foram usadas previamente em uma tentativa de investigar as características motivacionais da música e sua ativação no córtex pré-frontal. Durante o exercício proposto, avaliações psicofisiológicas (desempenho; percepção subjetiva de esforço e frequência cardíaca) foram usadas durante cada uma das 12.5 voltas (400 metros). Resultado: As músicas escolhidas foram capazes de ativar a área do córtex pré-frontal (diferenças positivas superiores a 0.5ua.miM). A música motivacional aumentou parâmetros relacionados com o desempenho (Condição controle - 27.02±0.35min vs Música motivacional - 25.31±0.31min; melhorou em 6.33%). Maior tamanho do efeito foi identificado durante as primeiras voltas (Cohen's d) (0.99 - 1 volta; 0.62 - 2 volta; ɑ ɑ 0.55 - 3ɑ volta; 0.61 - 4ɑ volta). A frequência cardíaca foi superior para a condição música motivacional, considerada uma resposta advinda ao maior trabalho físico realizado. Conclusões: A música foi capaz de ativar a região do córtex pré-frontal e alterar parâmetros psicofisiológicos e de desempenho

Objetivo: Investigar los efectos psicofisiológicos de la música motivacional durante 5km de carrera. Método: Trece corredores aficionados fueron sometidos a dos condiciones experimentales aleatorias durante 5km de carrera. Análisis de espectroscopia funcional de infrarrojos fueron utilizados previamente para investigar las cualidades motivacionales de la música y su activación en el córtex prefrontal. Durante el ejercicio propuesto, los cambios psicofisiológicos (rendimiento; percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo y frecuencia cardiaca) fueron usados durante cada una de las 12.5 vueltas (400 metros). Resultado: Las canciones escogidas fueron capaces de activar el área del córtex prefrontal (diferencias positivas superiores a 0.5 ua.miM). La música motivaciónal aumentó los parámetros relacionados con el rendimiento (Control - 27.02±0.35min vs Música motivacional - 25.31±0.31min; mejoró en 6.33%). El mayor tamaño del efecto fue identificado durante las primeras vueltas (Cohen's d) (0.99 - 1ª vuelta; 0.62 - 2ª vuelta; 0.55 - 3ª vuelta; 0.61 - 4ª vuelta). La frecuencia cardíaca fue superior para la condición música motivacional, considerada una respuesta derivada del mayor trabajo físico realizado. Conclusiones: La música fue capaz de activar el área del córtex prefrontal y alterar parâmetros psicofisiológicos y de rendimiento

Objective: To investigate the psychophysiological effects of motivational music on 5km run performance. Method: Thirteen amateur runners were subjected to two random experimental conditions during 5km run. Functional infrared spectroscopy analyses were used to investigate the motivational qualities of music and its activation in the prefrontal cortex. During the proposed exercise, psychophysiological changes (performance, subjective perception of effort and heart rate) were measused for each of the 12.5 laps (400 meters). Result: The chosen songs were able to increase activation in the prefrontal cortex area (over 0.5 ua. M positive differences). mi Motivational music enhanced task performance to a greater degree than the no-music, control condition (Control - 27.02 ± 0.35min vs motivational music - 25.31 ± 0.31min; improved in 6.33%). A larger effect size was identified during the first laps (Cohen's d) (0.99 - 1st lap; 0.62 - 2nd lap; 0.55 - 3rd lap; 0.61 - 4th lap). Heart rate was higher for motivational music condition, which was considered a derivative response of greater physical work done. Conclusion: The music was able to activate the prefrontal cortex area and alter psychophysiological and performance parameters

Interactive effects of music tempi and intensities on grip strength and subjective affect.

Pretask music is widely used by athletes albeit there is scant empirical evidence to support its use. The present study extended a line of work into pretask music by examining the interactive effects of music tempo and intensity (volume) on the performance of a simple motor skill and subjective affect. A 2 × 2 within-subjects factorial design was employed with an additional no-music control, the scores from which were used as a covariate. A sample of 52 male athletes (Mage  = 26.1 ± 4.8 years) was exposed to five conditions: fast/loud (126 bpm/80 dBA), fast/quiet (126 bpm/70 dBA), slow/loud (87 bpm/80 dBA), slow/quiet (87 bpm/70 dBA) music, and a no-music control. Dependent variables were grip strength, measured with a handgrip dynamometer, and subjective affect, assessed by use of the Affect Grid. The tempo and intensity components of music had interactive effects for grip strength but only main effects for subjective affect. Fast-tempo music played at a high intensity yielded the highest grip strength, while fast-tempo music played at a low-intensity resulted in much lower grip strength (Mdiff.  = -1.11 Force kg). For affective valence, there were main effects of tempo and intensity, with fast and loud music yielding the highest scores. For affective arousal, there was no difference between tempi although there was between intensities, with the high-intensity condition yielding higher scores. The present findings indicate the utility of fast/loud pretask music in enhancing affective valence and arousal in preparation for a simple or gross motor task.

Can information on remaining time modulate psychophysiological parameters during an intermittent exercise?

AIM: The purpose of the present study was to verify the effect of information on remaining time on physiological and perceptual responses during an intermittent exercise. METHODS: Ten trained cyclists participated in this study (176 ± 0.4 cm; 78.5 ± 10.4 kg; 32.5 ± 6 years; peak power output: 369.8 ± 37.8 W; VO(2peak): 51.90 ± 10.37 mL/kg/min). An intermittent cycling protocol consisting of four minutes at low-intensity (50% PPO) intervals followed by one-minute high-intensity bouts (100% PPO) under three different conditions were performed: OL40=40 min open-loop with no information on remaining time; CLI40=40 min closed-loop with information on remaining time; and CLI20=20 min closed-loop with information on remaining time. Ventilatory data (VO2) and electromyographic signals (EMG) were continuously recorded, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was acquired at the end of the high-intensity periods. RESULTS: Results indicated that the oxygen consumption and muscle activity during OL40 were lower than CLI40. OL40 also demonstrated significantly lower VO2values compared to CLI20 during high-intensity periods at 10 and 20 min. Root mean square values from EMG data for OL40 during high-intensity periods were significantly lower at 40 min compared with CLI40, and when the high-intensity period median frequencies among protocols were compared, CLI40 presented significantly higher values than the other conditions at 5 and 10 min. CONCLUSION: Even when power output is maintained, information on remaining time may alter peripheral responses through a complex saving component to prevent higher energy expenditure during physical exercise.

Effects of a sensory strategy in an isometric muscular endurance task / Efecto de una estrategia sensorial en una actividad isométrica máxima del músculo

Objetive. The use of music and video in exercise domain might act in parallel over other physiological signals and its central interpretation may change the rate of perceived exertion and subsequently the final performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of sensorial modulation in an isometric muscular endurance task. Method. Ten volunteers have performed three tests, in which they had to keep the dominant arm abduction until exhaustion whilst the following variables: total time, rate of perceived exertion (RPE),median frequency (MF) and root mean square (RMS) were monitored. Each subject has performed a control (CO), deprivation (DP) and stimuli (SC) condition. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) one-way was applied followed by post-hoc Scheffé test. The smallest worthwhile change was used to provide a qualitative analysis of performance. Results. No significant differences were found in muscular activity between conditions and performance (p > 0.05). The slope of RPE was significant higher to DP compared to SC (4.3 + 0.77 a.u. vs 3.53 + 0.46 a.u., p < 0.05; respectively). Furthermore, a higher probability of improvement for time to exhaustion was found to SC compared to DP (97 %) and CO (92 %), conversely the opposite outcome was demonstrated to DP compared to CO (59 %) (AU)

Objetivo. El uso de la música y el video en la realización de los ejercicios pueden actuar en paralelo con otras señales fisiológicas y su interpretación central podría cambiar el esfuerzo percibido y posteriormente la actuación. El propósito de este estudio fue verificar el efecto de la modulación sensorial en una actividad isométrica máxima del músculo. Método. Diez voluntarios realizaron tres pruebas en las que tenían que mantener la abducción del brazo hasta la extenuación mientras se obtenían las siguientes variables: el tiempo total, tasa de esfuerzo percibido (TEP) y los indicadores de actividad muscular (frecuencia media (FM) y raíz cuadrada de la media (RCM)). Cada individuo realizó un control (CO), privación (PR) y condición de estímulos (CE). Resultados. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la actividad muscular entre las condiciones y el rendimiento (p > 0,05). La pendiente de TEP fue significativamente mayor a la PR en comparación con CE (4,3 + 0,77 a.u. vs 3,53 + 0,46 a.u., p < 0,05, respectivamente). Además, se encontró una mayor probabilidad en el tiempo de agotamiento en CE en comparación con PR (97 %) y CO (92 %), y menos probabilidad de que el rendimiento sea encontrado en PR en comparación con CO (59 %). Conclusión. Se concluyó que una estrategia sensorial fue capaz de modular TPE y rendimiento (AU)

Influencia de la música y su momento de aplicación en el rendimiento y en las variables psicofisiológicas durante una contrarreloj de 5 km / Influence of music and its moments of application on performance and psychophysiological parameters during a 5km time trial

Objetivo. El propósito de este estudio fue verificar la influencia de la música introducida en diferentes momentos en una contrarreloj de ciclismo de 5 km sobre las variables psicofisiológicas. Método. Diez ciclistas entrenados participaron en este estudio (24 ± 1 años; 73,5 ± 10,4 kg, 180 ± 12 cm). Los participantes realizaron la contrarreloj de ciclismo de 5 km en 3 condiciones diferentes: música durante el precalentamiento, música durante el protocolo y control. Durante todas las condiciones fue evaluado el tiempo, la potencia, la frecuencia cardíaca y la percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo, y el estado de humor fue evaluado con el cuestionario BRUMS. Después de la estadística descriptiva, la normalidad de los datos fue confirmada por el test de Shapiro-Wilk. La media de rendimiento, el rendimiento a cada 500 m, percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo a cada 1.000 m y el estado de humor fueron comparados con la ANOVA de 2 factores para medidas repetidas (momento x condición). El nivel de significancia fue fijado en p < 0,05. Una estadística paralela fue utilizada para encontrar la menor variación de valor de todas las variables y de esta forma verificar la posibilidad de que el efecto sea trivial, benéfico o perjudicial. Resultados. Ninguna de las variables presentó diferencia entre los grupos (p > 0,05), pero existe una posibilidad de que su percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo sea pequeña cuando el individuo escucha música durante (90%) o antes (93%) del test en comparación con el test de condición de control. Conclusiones. Nuestros resultados mostraron que con independencia del momento de aplicación (por ejemplo, antes o durante el ejercicio), la música no afectó al rendimiento y las variables psicofisiológicas durante una contrarreloj de ciclismo de 5 km(AU)

Objective. The purpose of this study was to verify the influence of music introduced in different moments in a 5-km time-trial cycling (TT5KM) on psychophysical variables. Methods. Ten trained cyclists participated in this study (24 ± 1 years; 73.5 ± 10.4 kg; 180 ± 12 cm). The participants performed the TT5KM in three distinct conditions: music during warm-up (MW), music during the protocol (MP) and control (C). During all conditions the time (T), power output (W), heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was evaluated and the mood state was assessed with the BRUMS questionnaire. After descriptive statistics, data normality was confirmed using the Shapiro-Wilk's test. Mean performance, performance at each 500m, RPE at each 1000m and mood state were compared with ANOVA two way for repeated measures (moment x condition). The significance level was set at p<0.05. A parallel statistic was used to find the smallest worthwhile change of all variables to verify the possibility of the effect to be trivial, beneficial or prejudicial. Results. None of the variables showed any difference between groups (p>0.05), but there is a possibility of RPE to be smaller when the subject listen music during (90%) or before (93%) the test compared with control condition. Conclusion. Our results showed that regardless the time of application (i.e., before or during exercise), music did not affect performance and psychophysiological parameters during the TT5KM(AU)