Bulk serum extracellular vesicles from stressed mice show a distinct proteome and induce behavioral and molecular changes in naive mice.

Chronic stress can trigger several pathologies including mood disorders for which no clear diagnostic molecular markers have been established yet. Attractive biomarker sources are extracellular vesicles (EVs). Evs are released by cells in health and disease and contain genetic material, proteins and lipids characteristic of the cell state. Here we show that Evs recovered from the blood of animals exposed to a repeated interrupted stress protocol (RIS) have a different protein profile compared to those obtained from control animals. Proteomic analysis indicated that proteins differentially present in bulk serum Evs from stressed animals were implicated in metabolic and inflammatory pathways and several of them were previously related to psychiatric disorders. Interestingly, these serum Evs carry brain-enriched proteins including the stress-responsive neuronal protein M6a. Then, we used an in-utero electroporation strategy to selectively overexpress M6a-GFP in brain neurons and found that M6a-GFP could also be detected in bulk serum Evs suggesting a neuronal origin. Finally, to determine if these Evs could have functional consequences, we administered Evs from control and RIS animals intranasally to naïve mice. Animals receiving stress EVs showed changes in behavior and brain M6a levels similar to those observed in physically stressed animals. Such changes could therefore be attributed, or at least in part, to EV protein transfer. Altogether these findings show that EVs may participate in stress signaling and propose proteins carried by EVs as a valuable source of biomarkers for stress-induced diseases.

In Vivo and In Vitro Neuronal Plasticity Modulation by Epigenetic Regulators.

Prenatal stress (PS) induces molecular changes that alter neural connectivity, increasing the risk for neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we analyzed -in the hippocampus of adult rats exposed to PS- the epigenetic signature mediating the PS-induced neuroplasticity changes. Furthermore, using cultured hippocampal neurons, we investigated the effects on neuroplasticity of an epigenetic modulator. PS induced significant modifications in the mRNA levels of stress-related transcription factor MEF2A, SUV39H1 histone methyltransferase, and TET1 hydroxylase, indicating that PS modifies gene expression through chromatin remodeling. In in vitro analysis, histone acetylation inhibition with apicidin increased filopodium density, suggesting that the external regulation of acetylation levels might modulate neuronal morphology. These results offer a way to enhance neural connectivity that could be considered to revert PS effects.

Neural glycoprotein M6a is released in extracellular vesicles and modulated by chronic stressors in blood.

Membrane neuronal glycoprotein M6a is highly expressed in the brain and contributes to neural plasticity promoting neurite growth and spine and synapse formation. We have previously showed that chronic stressors alter hippocampal M6a mRNA levels in rodents and tree shrews. We now show that M6a glycoprotein can be detected in mouse blood. M6a is a transmembrane glycoprotein and, as such, unlikely to be free in blood. Here we demonstrate that, in blood, M6a is transported in extracellular vesicles (EVs). It is also shown that M6a-containing EVs are delivered from cultured primary neurons as well as from M6a-transfected COS-7 cells. Released EVs containing M6a can be incorporated into COS-7 cells changing its phenotype through formation of membrane protrusions. Thus, M6a-containing EVs might contribute to maintain cellular plasticity. M6a presence in blood was used to monitor stress effects. Chronic restraint stress modulated M6a protein level in a sex dependent manner. Analysis of individual animals indicated that M6a level variations depend on the stressor applied. The response to stressors in blood makes M6a amenable to further studies in the stress disorder field.

Tyrosine 251 at the C-terminus of neuronal glycoprotein M6a is critical for neurite outgrowth.

Neuronal glycoprotein M6a is involved in neuronal plasticity, promoting neurite and filopodia outgrowth and, likely, synaptogenesis. Polymorphisms in the human M6a gene GPM6A have recently been associated with mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and claustrophobia. Nevertheless, the molecular bases underlying these observations remain unknown. We have previously documented that, to induce filopodia formation, M6a depends on the association of membrane lipid microdomains and the activation of Src and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases. Here, in silico analysis of the phosphorylation of tyrosine 251 (Y251) at the C-terminus of M6a showed that it could be a target of Src kinases. We examined whether phosphorylation of M6a at Y251 affects neurite and filopodia outgrowth and the targets involved in its signal propagation. This work provides evidence that the Src kinase family and the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), but not Ras, participate in M6a signal cascade leading to neurite/filopodia outgrowth in hippocampal neurons and murine neuroblastoma N2a cells. Phosphorylation of M6a at Y251 is essential only for neurite outgrowth by the PI3K/AKT-mediated pathway and, moreover, rescues the inhibition caused by selective Src inhibitor and external M6a monoclonal antibody treatment. Thus, we suggest that phosphorylation of M6a at Y251 is critical for a specific stage of neuronal development and triggers redundant signaling pathways leading to neurite extension.

Progesterone is essential for protecting against LPS-induced pregnancy loss. LIF as a potential mediator of the anti-inflammatory effect of progesterone.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration to mice on day 7 of gestation led to 100% embryonic resorption after 24 h. In this model, nitric oxide is fundamental for the resorption process. Progesterone may be responsible, at least in part, for a Th2 switch in the feto-maternal interface, inducing active immune tolerance against fetal antigens. Th2 cells promote the development of T cells, producing leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), which seems to be important due to its immunomodulatory action during early pregnancy. Our aim was to evaluate the involvement of progesterone in the mechanism of LPS-induced embryonic resorption, and whether LIF can mediate hormonal action. Using in vivo and in vitro models, we provide evidence that circulating progesterone is an important component of the process by which infection causes embryonic resorption in mice. Also, LIF seems to be a mediator of the progesterone effect under inflammatory conditions. We found that serum progesterone fell to very low levels after 24 h of LPS exposure. Moreover, progesterone supplementation prevented embryonic resorption and LPS-induced increase of uterine nitric oxide levels in vivo. Results show that LPS diminished the expression of the nuclear progesterone receptor in the uterus after 6 and 12 h of treatment. We investigated the expression of LIF in uterine tissue from pregnant mice and found that progesterone up-regulates LIF mRNA expression in vitro. We observed that LIF was able to modulate the levels of nitric oxide induced by LPS in vitro, suggesting that it could be a potential mediator of the inflammatory action of progesterone. Our observations support the view that progesterone plays a critical role in a successful pregnancy as an anti-inflammatory agent, and that it could have possible therapeutic applications in the prevention of early reproductive failure associated with inflammatory disorders.

A role for the membrane protein M6 in the Drosophila visual system.

BACKGROUND: Members of the proteolipid protein family, including the four-transmembrane glycoprotein M6a, are involved in neuronal plasticity in mammals. Results from our group previously demonstrated that M6, the only proteolipid protein expressed in Drosophila, localizes to the cell membrane in follicle cells. M6 loss triggers female sterility, which suggests a role for M6 in follicular cell remodeling. These results were the basis of the present study, which focused on the function and requirements of M6 in the fly nervous system. RESULTS: The present study identified two novel, tissue-regulated M6 isoforms with variable N- and C- termini, and showed that M6 is the functional fly ortholog of Gpm6a. In the adult brain, the protein was localized to several neuropils, such as the optic lobe, the central complex, and the mushroom bodies. Interestingly, although reduced M6 levels triggered a mild rough-eye phenotype, hypomorphic M6 mutants exhibited a defective response to light. CONCLUSIONS: Based on its ability to induce filopodium formation we propose that M6 is key in cell remodeling processes underlying visual system function. These results bring further insight into the role of M6/M6a in biological processes involving neuronal plasticity and behavior in flies and mammals.

M6 membrane protein plays an essential role in Drosophila oogenesis.

We had previously shown that the transmembrane glycoprotein M6a, a member of the proteolipid protein (PLP) family, regulates neurite/filopodium outgrowth, hence, M6a might be involved in neuronal remodeling and differentiation. In this work we focused on M6, the only PLP family member present in Drosophila, and ortholog to M6a. Unexpectedly, we found that decreased expression of M6 leads to female sterility. M6 is expressed in the membrane of the follicular epithelium in ovarioles throughout oogenesis. Phenotypes triggered by M6 downregulation in hypomorphic mutants included egg collapse and egg permeability, thus suggesting M6 involvement in eggshell biosynthesis. In addition, RNAi-mediated M6 knockdown targeted specifically to follicle cells induced an arrest of egg chamber development, revealing that M6 is essential in oogenesis. Interestingly, M6-associated phenotypes evidenced abnormal changes of the follicle cell shape and disrupted follicular epithelium in mid- and late-stage egg chambers. Therefore, we propose that M6 plays a role in follicular epithelium maintenance involving membrane cell remodeling during oogenesis in Drosophila.

Evaluacion de la capacidad de la desferrioxamina para revertir una severa porfiria inducida por hexaclorobenceno / Evaluation of desferrioxamine capacity to revert a severe porphyrid induced by hexachlorobenzene

El objeto del presente trabajo es investigar la capacidad de la desferrioxamina (DF) como quelante de hierro para disminuir o revertir una porfiria experimental severa inducida por hexaclorobenceno (HCB) en ratas. La DF se comienza a administrar después de 17 semanas de intoxicación con HCB y se continúa hasta la semana 27. Se cuantifican semanalmente excreciones en orina de ácido aminolevúlico (ALA), profobilinógeno y porfirinas. Al final del experimento se sacrifican los animales y se determinan porfirinas hepáticas y actividad de ALA sintetasa y porfirinógeno carboxi-liasa. Los resultados indican que el quelante adminsitrado no mejora el disturbio provocado por el HCB sobre el camino metabólico del hemo en las presentes condiciones. Se comparan estos resultados con los obtenidos cuando la DF se da conjuntamente con el HCB desde el comienzo de la administración del fungicida, situación en que sí el quelante retarda y atenúa el efecto porfirinogénico del HCB. Se discute el papel del hierro en la metabolización del HCB (AU)

Evaluacion de la capacidad de la desferrioxamina para revertir una severa porfiria inducida por hexaclorobenceno / Evaluation of desferrioxamine capacity to revert a severe porphyrid induced by hexachlorobenzene

El objeto del presente trabajo es investigar la capacidad de la desferrioxamina (DF) como quelante de hierro para disminuir o revertir una porfiria experimental severa inducida por hexaclorobenceno (HCB) en ratas. La DF se comienza a administrar después de 17 semanas de intoxicación con HCB y se continúa hasta la semana 27. Se cuantifican semanalmente excreciones en orina de ácido aminolevúlico (ALA), profobilinógeno y porfirinas. Al final del experimento se sacrifican los animales y se determinan porfirinas hepáticas y actividad de ALA sintetasa y porfirinógeno carboxi-liasa. Los resultados indican que el quelante adminsitrado no mejora el disturbio provocado por el HCB sobre el camino metabólico del hemo en las presentes condiciones. Se comparan estos resultados con los obtenidos cuando la DF se da conjuntamente con el HCB desde el comienzo de la administración del fungicida, situación en que sí el quelante retarda y atenúa el efecto porfirinogénico del HCB. Se discute el papel del hierro en la metabolización del HCB

Porfiria experimental por hidrocarburos clorados. Estudios sobre la porfirinogeno carboxi-liase en el modelo experimental de la porfiria cutanea tarda humana. / Experimental porphyria induced by chlorinated hydrocarbons.Studies of porphyrinogen carboxy-lyase in the experimental model of human cutaneous delayed porphyria

La porfirinogeno carboxi-liase (PCL) esta severamente disminuida por accion del hexaclorobenceno (HCB) y otros hidrocarburos policlorados, que reproducen en animales una porfiria semejante a la porfiria cutanea tarda humana. El presente trabajo tiene por objeto establecer si la fuerte disminucion de la PCL observada en ratas porfiricas por HCB se debe a la presencia de algun inhibidor o a la modificacion de la estructura proteica de la enzima. Los primeros intentos realizados, que consistieron en ensayos cruzados y de calentamiento y en ensayos in vitro con hidrocarburos clorados y otros compuestos relacionados, permitieron detectar la presencia en el higado de los animales porfiricos de un inhibidor termoestable o parcialmente termoestable, de la PCL normal. Paralelamente se purifico la enzima proveniente de ratas normales e intoxicadas con HCB, con el objeto de analizar una serie de propiedades y de ellas deducir si la diferencia en actividad se debe a diferencias a nivel estructural. Con los metodos empleados hasta el momento se logro una purificacion de aproximadamente 110 veces. El efecto de dietilditiocarbamato de sodio, pirofosfato de sodio, ditiotreitol, temperatura pH, v 02 el comportamiento cromatografico y el PM, indicarian que pueden existir dichas diferencias estructurales

Porfiria experimental por hidrocarburos clorados. Estudios sobre la porfirinogeno carboxi-liase en el modelo experimental de la porfiria cutanea tarda humana. / Experimental porphyria induced by chlorinated hydrocarbons.Studies of porphyrinogen carboxy-lyase in the experimental model of human cutaneous delayed porphyria

La porfirinogeno carboxi-liase (PCL) esta severamente disminuida por accion del hexaclorobenceno (HCB) y otros hidrocarburos policlorados, que reproducen en animales una porfiria semejante a la porfiria cutanea tarda humana. El presente trabajo tiene por objeto establecer si la fuerte disminucion de la PCL observada en ratas porfiricas por HCB se debe a la presencia de algun inhibidor o a la modificacion de la estructura proteica de la enzima. Los primeros intentos realizados, que consistieron en ensayos cruzados y de calentamiento y en ensayos in vitro con hidrocarburos clorados y otros compuestos relacionados, permitieron detectar la presencia en el higado de los animales porfiricos de un inhibidor termoestable o parcialmente termoestable, de la PCL normal. Paralelamente se purifico la enzima proveniente de ratas normales e intoxicadas con HCB, con el objeto de analizar una serie de propiedades y de ellas deducir si la diferencia en actividad se debe a diferencias a nivel estructural. Con los metodos empleados hasta el momento se logro una purificacion de aproximadamente 110 veces. El efecto de dietilditiocarbamato de sodio, pirofosfato de sodio, ditiotreitol, temperatura pH, v 02 el comportamiento cromatografico y el PM, indicarian que pueden existir dichas diferencias estructurales