First Report of Coptis Wilt Disease Caused by Plectosphaerella cucumerina in China.

Coptis (Coptis chinensis) belongs to the Ranunculaceae family, the rhizomes used in traditional Chinese medicine. Since 2021, an uncommon stem and leaf wilt disease, with an average disease incidence of 70%~90%, has been observed in Guangdong and Guangxi provinces. The early wilt symptoms were observed on older leaves and stems, and the whole seedling wilted and died. The rhizome of the diseased seedlings changed in color, became necrotic, and rotted. Symptomatic roots and stems were surface-sterilized with 70% ethanol for 30 s, followed by 0.2% NaClO for 2-3 min, rinsed in sterile water three times, and then placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25℃for 14 days. Fungal growth was observed, and six isolates with similar morphology were obtained. The 14-day-old colonies on PDA were buff with few aerial hyphae and slimy surfaces. Aerial hyphae were sparse with simple or branched conidiophores. Conidia were hyaline, smooth, ovoid, septate or aseptate, and 5.77 to 9.53 × 2.15 to 3.32 µm (n = 50). Three of the six isolates were subjected to further analysis. The genomic DNA of three isolates (CCF1-1, CCF1-2, CCF1-3) was extracted using Axygen MAG-FRAG- I-50 (Axygen Bio-Tek) for molecular identification. Partial sequences of the internal transcribed spacer of rDNA (ITS) and large subunit rDNA (LSU) were amplified using the primers ITS1/4 and LR5F/LROR, respectively (Vilgalys and Hester 1990). Their sequences were aligned by MEGA X (Kumar et al., 2018), and the sequences of each region showed 100% sequence similarity among our isolates. A BLAST search of ITS and LSU sequences (accession nos. ON377369, ON428244) showed that both regions had the highest nucleotide similarities (99.43 to 99.89%) to the Plectosphaerella cucumerina strains. Based on morphological and molecular analyses, the isolates were identified as P. cucumerina (Palm et al. 1995). The pathogenicity of our isolates CCF1-1, CCF1-2, CCF1-3 was tested on ten 2-month-old healthy seedlings of coptis, respectively. For the seedlings, 30 ml of fungal conidial suspension (1×106 conidia/ml) or sterile water, as control, were poured into their root area. Conidia suspension were prepared from 14-day-old cultures on PDA by eluting with sterilized water. The seedlings were incubated at 25°C and 75% relative humidity under a 12-h/12-h light/dark cycle. The test was repeated three times. After 20 days, only seedlings inoculated with P. cucumerina exhibited symptoms similar to those diseased seedlings in the field. The control seedling had no symptoms. The morphologically similar fungus was re-isolated from the tested seedlings, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. Based on molecular, morphological, and pathogenic properties, P. cucumerina is the causal fungal pathogen of coptis wilt disease. Previously, P. cucumerina has been related to wilt disease in strawberry and Chinese cabbage (Yang et al. 2023; Gao et al. 2022), but to our knowledge, this is the first report of P. cucumerina causing wilt disease on coptis in China. Coptis wilt disease tends to occur in a warm and rainy environment, and strengthening the detection and quarantine of seedlings is the key to preventing the occurrence and spread of the disease.

Safety and anatomical outcome analysis after flow diverter coverage of the anterior cerebral artery.

OBJECTIVES: Few studies on ischemic complications and flow changes after a flow diverter covering the anterior cerebral artery. The purpose of the study was to explore the ischemic complications and anatomical alterations associated with the flow diverter after it covers the anterior cerebral artery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this single-center study, patients treated with FD covering the anterior cerebral artery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were retrospectively collected. The primary endpoint was ischemic complications related to the anterior cerebral artery. Secondary endpoints were anatomical changes in the anterior cerebral artery postoperatively and at follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 59 patients were included in this study. Four (6.8%) patients presented with ischemic stroke symptoms. Immediately after the procedure, complete occlusion of A1 and decreased blood flow was observed in 13 (22.0%) and 21 patients (35.6%), respectively. At follow-up, A1 artery was occluded in 34 patients (57.6%) and decreased blood flow was observed in 10 patients (16.9%). Symptoms of neurological deficits related to the anterior cerebral artery were not observed in all patients at follow-up. CONCLUSION: Coverage of A1 is safe, with a low incidence of ischemic stroke, when using an FD to treat aneurysms. Risk of reduced perfusion of the anterior cerebral artery postoperatively even if the anterior communicating artery is open. In cases with A1 occlusion, the blood flow in the distal the anterior cerebral artery can be adequately compensated by opening the anterior communicating artery and good vascular anastomoses.

First Report of Neofusicoccum parvum Causing Fruit Rot on Psidium guajava in China.

Guava (Psidium guajava L.), a nutrient-rich and economically significant fruit, is extensively cultivated in southern China. In six continuous years (from 2018 to 2023), dark-purple rotted guava with sunken lesion were observed on guava trees (variety 'Zhenzhu', aged over 5 years) in Dongguan and Panyu districts, Guangdong Province. Annually, the incidence of fruit rot disease in the affected fields reached 30% to 50% and significantly reduced the yield and quality of harvest guava. The initial symptoms on the epicarp of the fruits were black, needle-like dots that rapidly spread, causing partial or complete fruit rot within two to three weeks. To identify the causative agent, six symptomatic fruits were collected from two different orchards. Samples of 0.5 cm³ were excised from the lesion margins of each fruit. These samples were surface-sterilized with 70% ethanol for 30 seconds, followed by 0.2% NaClO for 2-3 minutes, and rinsed in sterile water three times. The samples were then cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25°C for five days. This process yielded eight fungal isolates with similar morphological. Initially, the colonies were white with dense aerial mycelium becoming dark gray after 4 to 5 days. The mycelia were septate and branched. No spores were observed on PDA. To induce spore formation, the isolates were cultured on water agar for 20 days. This process led to the production of hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoid conidia, which were thin-walled, smooth-surfaced, and measured 3.7-5.1 × 1.6-2.2 µm (n = 100). Three isolates, including at least one from each orchard (Np1, Np2, Np3), were selected for further analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted using Axygen MAG-FRAG-I-50 (Axygen Bio-Tek). The internal transcribed spacer of rDNAs (ITS), beta-tubulin (tub2), the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU), and translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-α) gene regions were amplified using the primers ITS1/4, Bt2a/Bt2b, LR5/LR0R, and EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Golzar and Burgess 2011) and sequenced. Sequence analysis using MEGA 7.0 (Kumar et al., 2018) revealed 100% similarity among the isolates. BLAST searches of the ITS, tub2, LSU, and tef1-α sequences (accession nos. MN907637, MT537938, MT528156, MT537939) showed the highest nucleotide similarities (99.24 to 100%) to Neofusicoccum parvum strains (Crous et al. 2006). A phylogenetic tree was constructed with MEGA 7.0 based on the nucleotide sequence tub2 using the maximum likelihood method. Pathogenicity tests on 10 healthy guava fruits using mycelium-inoculated and control fruits confirmed the causative agent. The inoculated fruits, maintained at 25°C under a 12-h light/dark cycle, exhibited symptoms identical to the field infections within four to seven days, while control fruits remained symptomless. The fungus, reisolated from the inoculated fruits, was morphologically identical to the original isolates, fulfilling Koch's postulates. In conclusion, based on molecular, morphological, and pathogenic analysis, N. parvum as the causal agent of the fruit rot disease on guava. Previously, N. parvum has been reported in association with fruit rot on Eriobotrya japonica and Juglans regia (Zhai et al. 2019; Chen et al. 2019). To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. parvum affecting guava in China.

The growth inhibitory effects and non-targeted metabolomic profiling of Microcystis aeruginosa treated by Scenedesmus sp.

The health of the aquatic ecosystem has recently been severely affected by cyanobacterial blooms brought on by eutrophication. Therefore, it is critical to develop efficient and secure methods to control dangerous cyanobacteria, such as Microcystis aeruginosa. In this research, we tested the inhibition of M. aeruginosa growth by a Scenedesmus sp. strain isolated from a culture pond. Scenedesmus sp. culture filtrate that had been lyophilized was added to M. aeruginosa, and cultivation for seven days, the cell density, chlorophyll a (Chl-a) concentration, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) were measured. Moreover, non-targeted metabolomics was carried out to provide light on the inhibitory mechanism in order to better understand the metabolic response. According to the results, M. aeruginosa is effectively inhibited by the lyophilized Scenedesmus sp. culture filtrate at a rate of 51.2%. Additionally, the lyophilized Scenedesmus sp. clearly inhibit the photosystem and damages the antioxidant defense system of M. aeruginosa cells, resulting in oxidative damage, which worsens membrane lipid peroxidation, according to changes in Chl-a, Fv/Fm, SOD, CAT enzyme activities and MDA, GSH. Metabolomics analysis revealed that the secondary metabolites of Scenedesmus sp. significantly interfere with the metabolism of M. aeruginosa involved in amino acid synthesis, membrane creation and oxidative stress, which is coherent with the morphology and physiology outcomes. These results demonstrate that the secondary metabolites of Scenedesmus sp. exert algal inhibition effect by breaked the membrane structure, destroyed the photosynthetic system of microalgae, inhibited amino acid synthesis, reduced antioxidant capacity, and eventually caused algal cell lysis and death. Our research provides a reliable basis for the biological control of cyanobacterial blooms on the one hand, and on other hand supply application of non-targeted metabolome on the study of microalgae allelochemicals.

Estimation and sensitivity analysis of a COVID-19 model considering the use of face mask and vaccination.

To model the COVID-19 infection and develop effective control measures, this paper proposes an SEIR-type epidemic model considering the impact of face-mask wearing and vaccination. Firstly, the effective reproduction number and the threshold conditions are obtained. Secondly, based on the data of South Korea from January 20, 2022 to March 21, 2022, the model parameters are estimated. Finally, a sensitivity analysis and the numerical study are conducted. The results show that the face-mask wearing is associated with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] reductions in the numbers of cumulative cases and newly confirmed cases, respectively, after a period of 60 days, when the face mask wearing rate increases by [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, the vaccination rate is associated with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] reductions in the numbers of cumulative cases and the newly confirmed cases, respectively, after the same period of 60 days when the vaccination rate is increased by [Formula: see text]. A combined measure involving face-mask wearing and vaccination may be more effective and reasonable in preventing and controlling this infection. It is also suggested that disease control departments should strongly recommended the wearing of face masks s as well as vaccination to prevent the unvaccinated people from becoming infected.

Hierarchical NiOx nanotube arrays/CoP nanosheets heterostructure enables robust alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction.

Rational design of low-cost and high-efficiency electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is critical for scalable and sustainable hydrogen production from economical water-alkali splitting. Herein, density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that coupling NiOx and CoP could effectively boost overall HER kinetics through lowing the H2O dissociation barrier, accelerating the OH* transfer process, and providing the rapid H* migration kinetics as well as the appropriate H* energetics. Based on these findings, we successfully prepared a three-dimensional (3D) self-supported electrode of ultrathin CoP nanosheets directly grown on the surface-oxidized Ni nanotube arrays via a simple and scalable electrochemical synthesis method. As expected, such a heterostructure electrode exhibits superior alkaline HER performance with low overpotentials of 51 and 164 mV to drive the current densities of 10 and 500 mA cm-2, respectively, outperforming most of the efficient alkaline HER electrocatalysts.

A mathematical model reveals the influence of NPIs and vaccination on SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant.

An SVEIR SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant model is proposed to provide some insights to coordinate non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) and vaccination. Mathematically, we define the basic reproduction number R 0 and the effective reproduction number R e to measure the infection potential of Omicron variant and formulate an optimal disease control strategy. Our inversion results imply that the sick period of Omicron variant in the United States is longer than that of Delta variant in India. The decrease in the infectious period of the infection with infectiousness implies that the risk of hospitalization is reduced; but the increasing period of the infection with non-infectiousness signifies that Omicron variant lengthens the period of nucleic acid test being negative. Optimistically, Omicron's death rate is only a quarter of Delta's. Moreover, we forecast that the cumulative cases will exceed 100 million in the United States on February 28, 2022, and the daily confirmed cases will reach a peak on February 2, 2022. The results of parameters sensitivity analysis imply that NPIs are helpful to reduce the number of confirmed cases. In particular, NPIs are indispensable even if all the people were vaccinated when the efficiency of vaccine is relatively low. By simulating the relationships of the effective reproduction number R e , the vaccination rate and the efficacy of vaccine, we find that it is impossible to achieve the herd immunity without NPIs while the efficiency of vaccine is lower than 88.7 % . Therefore, the herd immunity area is defined by the evolution of relationships between the vaccination rate and the efficacy of vaccine. Finally, we present that the disease-induced mortality rate demonstrates the periodic oscillation and an almost periodic function is deduced to match the curve. A discussion completes the paper.

Comparison of pingyangmycin fibrin glue composite and pingyangmycin dexamethasone composite in the treatment of pharyngolaryngeal venous malformation / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To analyze and compare the efficacy and safety of pingyangmycin fibrin glue composite (PFG) and pingyangmycin dexamethasone composite (PD) in the treatment of pharyngolaryngeal venous malformation (VM). Methods: The clinical data of 98 patients with pharyngolaryngeal VM who underwent sclerotherapy with pingyangmycin composite in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from June 2013 to November 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. According to their treatment, patients were divided into PFG group (n=34) and PD group (n=64), among those patients there were 54 males and 44 females, aged 1-77(37.06±18.86)years. The lesion size, total treatment times and adverse events were recorded before and after treatment. And the efficacy was divided into three grades: recovery, effective and invalid. According to the length of VM, all patients were divided into three subgroups, to compare the differences in efficacy and treatment times between each two groups.And finally the adverse events and their treatments were analyzed. SPSS 25.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: The efficacy of PFG group was 94.11%(32/34), the recovery rate was 85.29%(29/34).And the efficacy of PD group was 93.75%(60/64), the recovery rate was 64.06%(41/64). No serious adverse eventst occurred in subgroup comparison, there was no statistical difference between the two groups in efficacy and the times of treatments when the length was≤3 cm (Zefficacy=1.04, ttreatment times=2.18, P>0.05); when the length was 3-5 cm, there was no significant efficacy difference between the two groups(Zefficacy=1.17, P>0.05), but the treatment times of PFG were less (ttreatment times=4.87, P<0.01); when the length≥5 cm, efficacy of PFG was significantly better than PD (Zefficacy=2.94, P<0.01), and had fewer treatments times (ttreatment times=2.16, P<0.01). There were no serious adverse events in either group during treatment and follow-up. Conclusion: Both PFG and PD are safe and effective composite sclerotherapy agent for the treatment of laryngeal VM, but PFG has a higher cure rate and fewer treatment times for massive lesions.

Inhibitory Effect of Jinkui Shenqi Pills on Glucocorticoid-Enhanced Axial Length Elongation in Experimentally Myopic Guinea Pigs / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the underlying mechanism of inhibition by Jinkui Shenqi Pills (JKSQP) on glucocorticoid-enhanced axial length elongation in experimental lens-induced myopia (LIM) guinea pigs.@*METHODS@#Sixty 2-week old male guinea pigs were randomly divided into 4 groups with 15 guinea pigs in each group, according to the random numbers generated by SPSS software: control, LIM, saline and JKSQP groups. The control group includes animals with no treatment, while the guinea pigs in the other 3 groups received lens-induced myopization on the right eyes throughout the experiment (for 8 weeks). The saline and JKSQP groups were given daily intraperitoneal injections of 10 mg/kg hydrocortisone for 2 consecutive weeks at the same time, and then orally administered either saline or JKSQP [13.5 g/(kg•d) for 6 consecutive weeks. Body weight, anal temperature and animal appearance were observed and recorded to evaluate the GC-associated symptoms. The ocular parameters, including refraction and axial length, were measured by streak retinoscopy and A-scan ultrasonography, respectively. The levels of plasma hormones associated with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA), including free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, estradiol and testosterone, were measured by radioimmunoassay, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, the mRNA and protein expressions of retinal amphiregulin (AREG) was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively.@*RESULTS@#JKSQP effectively increased body weight and anal temperature, improved animal appearance and suppressed axial length elongation in glucocorticoid-enhanced myopic guinea pigs with normalization of 4 HPAA-associated plasma hormones (all P<0.05). The plasma level of cAMP was significantly increased, whereas the plasma level of cGMP and the mRNA and protein expressions of retinal AREG were decreased after treatment with JKSQP (all P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#JKSQP exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on axial length elongation with decreased expression of AREG in the retina, and normalized 4 HPAA-associated plasma hormones and the expression of cAMP and cGMP in GC-enhanced myopic guinea pigs.

Assessing Cerebral Oxygen Metabolism Changes in Patients With Preeclampsia Using Voxel-Based Morphometry of Oxygen Extraction Fraction Maps in Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Objective@#The objective of this study was to analyze the different brain oxygen metabolism statuses in preeclampsia using magnetic resonance imaging and investigate the factors that affect cerebral oxygen metabolism in preeclampsia. @*Materials and Methods@#Forty-nine women with preeclampsia (mean age 32.4 years; range, 18–44 years), 22 pregnant healthy controls (PHCs) (mean age 30.7 years; range, 23–40 years), and 40 non-pregnant healthy controls (NPHCs) (mean age 32.5 years; range, 20–42 years) were included in this study. Brain oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) values were computed using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) plus quantitative blood oxygen level-dependent magnitude-based OEF mapping (QSM + quantitative blood oxygen level-dependent imaging or QQ) obtained with a 1.5-T scanner. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to investigate the differences in OEF values in the brain regions among the groups. @*Results@#Among the three groups, the average OEF values were significantly different in multiple brain areas, including the parahippocampus, multiple gyri of the frontal lobe, calcarine, cuneus, and precuneus (all P-values were less than 0.05, after correcting for multiple comparisons). The average OEF values of the preeclampsia group were higher than those of the PHC and NPHC groups. The bilateral superior frontal gyrus/bilateral medial superior frontal gyrus had the largest size of the aforementioned brain regions, and the OEF values in this area were 24.2 ± 4.6, 21.3 ± 2.4, and 20.6 ± 2.8 in the preeclampsia, PHC, and NPHC groups, respectively. In addition, the OEF values showed no significant differences between NPHC and PHC. Correlation analysis revealed that the OEF values of some brain regions (mainly involving the frontal, occipital, and temporal gyrus) were positively correlated with age, gestational week, body mass index, and mean blood pressure in the preeclampsia group (r = 0.361–0.812). @*Conclusion@#Using whole-brain VBM analysis, we found that patients with preeclampsia had higher OEF values than controls.

The Etiological Study of Three Hunter Syndrome Families in Southern China / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

ObjectiveTo reveal the molecular pathogenesis of Hunter syndrome in three families in southern China and to clarify the correlation between phenotype and genotype， so as to lay a foundation for future prenatal or preimplantation genetic diagnosis. MethodsOn the basis of initial clinical diagnosis and pedigree analysis， qualitative detection of glycosaminoglycans in urine was performed first， and then anticoagulant blood samples were collected from the children and their relatives. DNA was extracted and the IDS gene sequence was analyzed by PCR and Sanger sequencing. Various methods such as RT-PCR and bioinformatics analysis were used to identify the pathogenicity of the new variants. ResultsThe urine test results of the patients in the three families were all strongly positive（++）. Probands were all male， with hemizygous mutations in IDS gene from their mothers， and the mutation sites were c.615_622delCATACAGT， c.847_848delGT and IVS7 ds+1 G>A， respectively. The cross-species conservation analysis showed that the amino acid of IDS gene mutation site was highly conserved during species evolution. Compared with the normal protein， mutant proteins exhibited significant differences in the predicted results of advanced structure. The variants identified in the three families were classified as pathogenic by ACMG criteria. ConclusionsThe three probands were diagnosed with Hunter syndrome. The c.615_622del（p.Il206Valfs*18）， c.847_848del（p.Val283Alafs*57） and IVS7 ds+1 G>A （p.G336Dfs*12） of IDS gene are all novel pathogenic mutations， which are the underlying causes of morbidity in children. This study has further enriched the mutation spectrum of IDS gene.

One-stage revision using intra-articular vancomycin infusion effectively treats chronic prosthetic joint infection caused by Enterococcal / 中华外科杂志

Objective: To investigate the clinical effects of one-stage revision combined with intra-articular infusion of vancomycin in the treatment of chronic prosthetic joint infection (PJI) caused by Enterococcal. Methods: From May 2013 to June 2020,the clinical data of 9 patients (2 males and 7 females) with chronic Enterococcal PJI treated with one-stage revision using intra-articular infusion of vancomycin at Department of Orthopaedics,First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University were retrospectively analyzed,including 8 hips and 1 knee.A total of 9 patients with age of (63.9±11.7)years (range:43 to 76 years) were included, and the body mass index was (23.6±4.3)kg/m2 (range:18 to 30 kg/m2).There were 6 cases with antibiotic history and 5 cases with sinus tract.The joint fluid,infected tissue around the prosthesis and ultrasonic shock fluid of the prosthesis were collected during operation for microbial culture identification and drug sensitivity test.After thorough debridement of the infected site and removal of the infected prosthesis,a new prosthesis was implanted,then the drainage tube in the operation area was placed.After surgery,vancomycin(1.0 g,q12 h) was combined with intra-articular vancomycin(0.5 g,qd) in monomicrobial PJI,and vancomycin(1.0 g,q12 h) was combined with intra-articular vancomycin (0.5 g,qd) and imipenem/meropenem (0.5 g,qd),and the interval between the two drugs was 12 hours in polymicrobial PJI.Hip and knee functions were evaluated by Harris Hip Score or Knee Society Score(KSS),respectively.The comparison of hip function scores before and after operation was performed by paired t-test. Results: All patients were followed up for (60±39)months(range:24 to 110 months).Two cases were infected with Enterococcus faecium and 7 cases were infected with Enterococcus faecalis.There were 7 cases of monomicrobial infection and 2 cases of polymicrobial infection.Erythromycin(5/9),tetracycline(4/9),ciprofloxacin and β-lactam antibiotics(3/9) were the top three antibiotics in Enterococci resistance rate.The sensitive antibiotics for Enterococcal were vancomycin,linezolid and tigecycline.The average duration of intravenous antibiotics was (14±1)days (range:13 to 17 days),and the average duration of antibiotics in articular cavity was (15±2)days(range:11 to 20 days).Mean duration of oral antibiotic use after discharge was (2±1)months(range:1 to 3 months).One case of polymicrobial PJI treatment failed,with a failure rate of 1/9.At last follow-up,the Harris score of patients with hip PJI increased from (43±6)points to (84±6)points(t=-11.899, P<0.01). KSS score of knee function was improved from 33 point pre-operatively to 85 point post-operatively;overall function score was improved from 35 point pre-operatively to 80 point post-operatively.During the treatment,no formation of sinus tract of the hip joint caused by a catheter,skin necrosis at the knee puncture site or leakage of joint fluid;no complications such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism occurred. Conclusions: One-stage revision combined with intra-articular infusion of vancomycin can achieve acceptable infection control rate and joint function in patients with chronic Enterococcus PJI.However,the treatment of polymicrobial PJI still needs to be further verified.

A historical review of dental schools founded by dentist Situ Bo in modern time / 中华口腔医学杂志

About 8 dental schools were founded by Chinese dentists during modern times (1909-1949) in China. Only one still worked after the founding of the People's Republic of China, which was one of the three dental schools founded by dentist Situ Bo. There were no systematic researches on Situ Bo's participation in dentistry education. This paper analyzes the founder's experience in dentistry and in the two schools he founded at the beginning, focusing on the background and process of the schools' construction, management, teaching, teachers and students training, etc. The results show that the establishment of the first two dental schools have laid important foundation for the establishment and development of Shanghai Dental College by the reserve of trained professional teachers and accumulated valuable experience in running schools. The systematic review of this history will help us better understand the establishment and development of Shanghai Dental College and the efforts in dentistry education made by dentists growed up in modern China, as well as the early development process of stomatology.

Research progress in multi-body system dynamics modeling in stomatology / 中华口腔医学杂志

The stomatognathic system is an organic combination of bone, dentition, joints, masticatory muscles and innervation nerves. It is an organ system for the human body to perform mastication, speech, swallowing and other important functions. Due to the complex anatomical structure of stomatognathic system and ethical limitations, it is difficult to directly measure the movement and force by using the biomechanical experimental methods. Multi-body system dynamics is an important tool to study the kinetics and force of a multi-body system, which consists of several objects with relative motion. We can use the method of multi-body system dynamics simulation in engineering to study the movement, soft tissue deformation and force transfer of this complex stomatognathic system. This paper briefly introduces the history and application methods of multi-body system dynamics and the commonly used modeling methods. The application and research progress of multi-body system dynamics modeling methods in the field of stomatology was emphatically summarized, development prospects of current research and difficulties were put forward.

The predictive value of warning scores for intensive care unit admission in coronavirus disease 2019 patients / 中华内科杂志

To evaluate the predictive value of early warning scores for intensive care unit (ICU) admission in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). For COVID-19 patients who were admitted to Shijiazhuang People's Hospital from January 2021 to February 2021, national early warning score (NEWS), national early warning score 2 (NEWS2), rapid emergency medicine score (REMS), quick sepsis-related organ failure (qSOFA), altered consciousness, blood urea nitrogen, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age-65 (CURB-65) were used to evaluate the inpatient condition and the predictive value for ICU admission. A total of 368 patients were included, and 32 patients (8.7%) were transferred to the ICU. The median age was 49.0 (34.0,61.0) years. The scores of NEWS, NEWS2, REMS, and CURB-65 were 1 (0, 2), 1 (0, 2), 4 (2, 6) and 0 (0, 1), respectively. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) cure (AUC) was used to evaluate the predictive value in detecting patients who are at risk of being transferred to the ICU. Area under the ROC AUC of NEWS was 0.756, sensitivity 65.6%, and specificity 71.3%. ROC AUC of NEWS2 was 0.732, sensitivity 62.5%, and specificity 61.3%. ROC AUC of REMS was 0.787, sensitivity 84.4%, and specificity 64.6%. ROC AUC of CURB-65 was 0.814, sensitivity 81.3%, and specificity 76.8%. The predictive value of NEWS and NEWS2 combined with age were significantly improved. The ROC AUC of NEWS combined with age was 0.885, sensitivity 85.1%, and specificity 75.0%. The ROC AUC of NEWS2 combined with age was 0.883, sensitivity 84.2%, and specificity 75.0%. NEWS and NEWS2 combined with age can be used as a predictive tool for whether COVID-19 patients will be admitted to the ICU.

Stationary distribution and extinction of a stochastic influenza virus model with disease resistance.

Influenza is a respiratory infection caused influenza virus. To evaluate the effect of environment noise on the transmission of influenza, our study focuses on a stochastic influenza virus model with disease resistance. We first prove the existence and uniqueness of the global solution to the model. Then we obtain the existence of a stationary distribution to the positive solutions by stochastic Lyapunov function method. Moreover, certain sufficient conditions are provided for the extinction of the influenza virus flu. Finally, several numerical simulations are revealed to illustrate our theoretical results. Conclusively, according to the results of numerical models, increasing disease resistance is favorable to disease control. Furthermore, a simple example demonstrates that white noise is favorable to the disease's extinction.

Clinical analysis of selective tracheostomy necessary for patients undergoing head and neck surgery with free flap reconstruction / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To discover the factors that may affect the use of selective tracheostomy among patients who have undergone head and neck surgeries with free flap reconstruction, so that the patients will not need tracheostomy nor receive the unnecessary treatment.@*METHODS@#Five hundred and thirty-three patients who had undergone head and neck surgery with free flap reconstruction operated by the same team of surgery at Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Peking University School of Stomatology from 2015 to 2016 were reviewed. Three hundred and twenty-one (60.2%) of these patients underwent selective tracheostomy. All the patients' demographic information, operation-related information, prior treatments, comorbidities and complications were recorded and analyzed.@*RESULTS@#The patients with defects of the tongue, mouth floor, oropharynx and bilateral mandible, who underwent neck dissection and with previous radiotherapy and smoking habit were more likely to get selective tracheostomy. Usage of bulky soft tissue flap might also add to the risk of airway obstruction and the need of selective tracheostomy, while other factors were not significantly related to the risk of postoperative airway obstruction and the patients could be kept safe without selective tracheostomy. Most cases without tracheostomy were kept safe except one case, while 8.39% of the patients with tracheostomy suffered from tracheostomy related complications, mainly pneumonia and hemorrhage of the tracheostomy wound, yet none led to serious consequences or even death.@*CONCLUSION@#Selective tracheostomy is not necessary for patients who have undergone head and neck surgeries with free flap reconstruction except that there are defects at the tongue, oropharynx and mandible. Neck dissection, bulky soft tissue flap reconstruction, previous radiotherapy and smoking habit may also add to the risk of postoperative airway obstruction, while a favorable decision would involve a combination of all the above factors to assure the safety of the postoperative airway for the patients undergone head and neck surgeries with free flap reconstruction.

Research on the problems and countermeasures of online and offline blended learning in the teaching reform of medical colleges and universities / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Online and offline blended learning is the key link to change the teaching mode of higher education. As a new teaching mode, it faces problems such as too much emphasis on students' autonomous learning ability, inadequate supervision of students, and difficulty in building a holistic view of the medical system when applied to medical education. To better promote the reform of blended learning in medical colleges and universities, it is necessary to take the following actions: designing the course content carefully and scientifically arranging the length of online lectures; adopting various ways to follow up in all aspects and building a "whole course" supervision system; always maintaining a holistic view of medicine throughout the blended learning to cultivate comprehensive talents.

Bilateral basal ganglia hemorrhage due to tentorial dural arteriovenous fistula: a case report and systematic literature review / 中华神经科杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics of cerebral hemorrhage caused by tentorial dural arteriovenous fistula (TDAVF).Methods:An unusual TDAVF case admitted to the Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University in March 2020, complicated with hypertension with successive bilateral basal ganglia hemorrhage in short term was reported. The characteristics of cerebral hemorrhage caused by TDAVF reported in the literature were summarized and analyzed.Results:Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) revealed that there was arteriovenous fistula in the tentorial foramen area of this patient (male, 33 years old), and the TDAVF was fed by the right meningohypophyseal trunk, bilateral middle meningeal artery and posterior cerebral artery. A shunted pouch was present in the tentorial foramen area, and retrograde reflux drainage was seen in the deep venous system, from the meningeal vein to superior sagittal sinus or sigmoid sinus. Transarterial embolization was performed and subsequently DSA showed obliteration of the fistula. This patient experienced no clinical decline or rehemorrhage during the 12 months follow-up period. Forty-one cases of TDAVF with hemorrhage of cerebral parenchyma which were reported before March 30, 2021 with detailed clinical and imaging data were summarized. The average age of onset of this group of patients was 57.2 years, and the ratio of male to female was about 3∶1. The hemorrhage was located in superior of the tentorium in 17 cases (41%), while in inferior of the tentorium in 24 cases (59%). Supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage mainly occurred in occipital lobe and thalamus. DSA showed that the arteriovenous fistula was classified as Borden type Ⅲ or Cognard type Ⅳ in 36 cases (88%). Twenty-nine patients (71%) underwent a single surgical procedure, while 12 cases (29%) underwent combined surgical or other treatments. Overall, 37 patients (90%) achieved angiographically documented obliteration of the fistula and 39 patients (95%) experienced good or excellent outcomes.Conclusions:TDAVF often presents as cerebral parenchymal hemorrhage which is common in supratentorial region, but rare in basal ganglia region. The cause of cerebral hemorrhage in patients with hypertension may not be attributed to hypertension. Early diagnosis and intervention are of great significance to improve the prognosis of patients.

Expert consensus on dental caries management / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

Dental Caries is a kind of chronic oral disease that greatly threaten human being's health. Though dentists and researchers struggled for decades to combat this oral disease, the incidence and prevalence of dental caries remain quite high. Therefore, improving the disease management is a key issue for the whole population and life cycle management of dental caries. So clinical difficulty assessment system of caries prevention and management is established based on dental caries diagnosis and classification. Dentists should perform oral examination and establish dental records at each visit. When treatment plan is made on the base of caries risk assessment and carious lesion activity, we need to work out patient‑centered and personalized treatment planning to regain oral microecological balance, to control caries progression and to restore the structure and function of the carious teeth. And the follow-up visits are made based on personalized caries management. This expert consensus mainly discusses caries risk assessment, caries treatment difficulty assessment and dental caries treatment plan, which are the most important parts of caries management in the whole life cycle.