ABSTRACT
India reports the highest number of malaria cases in Southeast Asia, of which Plasmodium falciparum contribute more than half of the cases every year. North eastern states of India contribute only 3.96% of country's population but account for >10% of total reported malaria cases, 11% of Plasmodium falciparum cases and 20% of malaria related deaths annually. In India, chloroquine resistance was reported for the first time from northeast region and since then chloroquine treatment failure is being reported from many parts of the region. Increased chloroquine treatment failure has led to change of the drug policy to artemisinin combination therapy as first line of malaria treatment in the region. However, replacing chloroquine to artemisinin combination therapy has not shown significant difference in the overall malaria incidence in the region. The present review addresses the current malaria situation of northeastern region of India in the light of antimalarials drug resistance.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Anopheles , Antimalarials , Therapeutic Uses , Artemisinins , Therapeutic Uses , Chloroquine , Therapeutic Uses , Drug Resistance, Multiple , Genetics , Drug Therapy, Combination , India , Epidemiology , Malaria, Falciparum , Drug Therapy , Epidemiology , Malaria, Vivax , Drug Therapy , Epidemiology , Plasmodium falciparum , Plasmodium vivax , Quinine , Therapeutic UsesABSTRACT
In the present study we have evaluated the repellent activity of mixture of Curcuma longa, Zanthoxylum limonella and Pogostemon heyneanus essential oils in 1:1:2 ratio at 5%, 10% and 20% concentration against blackflies in northeastern India. Initially the essential oil mixture tested here has been found effective against Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. The average protection recorded in 20% concentration (170.56±4.0; 95% CI = 162.09-179.02) was higher as compared to other two concentrations (F = 90.2; p<0.0001; df = 53). Percentage repellency and repellency index was found to be higher in 20% concentration (p<0.017). No appreciable clinical and behavioral signs were observed in the acute dermal toxicity using rat model. No changes were observed in biochemical profiles of treatment group animals. Similarly, no prominent lesions were observed in vital organs of treatment in both the sexes. The study concludes that tested repellent is safe for use and has multi-insects repellent property.
