ABSTRACT
Whereas policy change is often characterized as a gradual and incremental process, effective crisis response necessitates that organizations adapt to evolving problems in near real time. Nowhere is this dynamic more evident than in the case of COVID-19, which forced subnational governments to constantly adjust and recalibrate public health and disease mitigation measures in the face of changing patterns of viral transmission and the emergence of new information. This study assesses (a) the extent to which subnational policies changed over the course of the pandemic; (b) whether these changes are emblematic of policy learning; and (c) the drivers of these changes, namely changing political and public health conditions. Using a novel dataset analyzing each policy's content, including its timing of enactment, substantive focus, stringency, and similar variables, results indicate the pandemic response varied significantly across states. The states examined were responsive to both changing public health and political conditions. This study identifies patterns of preemptive policy learning, which denotes learning in anticipation of an emerging hazard. In doing so, the study provides important insights into the dynamics of policy learning and change during disaster.
Mientras que el cambio de política a menudo se caracteriza como un proceso gradual e incremental, la respuesta efectiva a la crisis requiere que las organizaciones se adapten a los problemas en evolución casi en tiempo real. En ninguna parte esta dinámica es más evidente que en el caso de COVID19, que obligó a los gobiernos subnacionales a ajustar y recalibrar constantemente las medidas de salud pública y mitigación de enfermedades ante los patrones cambiantes de transmisión viral y la aparición de nueva información. Este estudio evalúa (a) la medida en que las políticas subnacionales cambiaron en el transcurso de la pandemia; (b) si estos cambios son emblemáticos del aprendizaje de políticas; y (c) los impulsores de estos cambios, a saber, las cambiantes condiciones políticas y de salud pública. Usando un nuevo conjunto de datos que analiza el contenido de cada política, incluido el momento de la promulgación, el enfoque sustantivo, el rigor y variables similares, los resultados indican que la respuesta a la pandemia varió significativamente entre los estados. Los estados examinados respondieron a cambios tanto en la salud pública como en las condiciones políticas. Este estudio identifica patrones de aprendizaje de políticas preventivas, lo que denota aprendizaje en previsión de un peligro emergente. Al hacerlo, el estudio proporciona información importante sobre la dinámica del aprendizaje y el cambio de políticas durante un desastre.
ABSTRACT
This study investigates predictors of local participation in recovery projects and programmes following Hurricane Katrina in the United States in 2005 and the earthquake in Haiti in 2010. Using two sets of survey data, it examines whether disaster impacts and social capital (social trust and civic engagement) are associated with disaster recovery participation and compares predictors of such engagement in the two locations. Multivariate logistic regression results reveal that physical injuries, limited community mobility, and government trust increase recovery participation in Haiti (n=278), whereas emotional distress and homeownership decrease it. On the Gulf Coast of the US (n=259), physical injuries and higher civic engagement augment recovery participation, while homeownership and age reduce it. The confounding factors of national contexts and post-disaster time frames might explain the differences in the results. The discussion addresses the relation between country-specific vulnerability and recovery participation and suggests implications for policy and practice to improve local citizens' capabilities to participate in sustainable recovery processes.