Imprint of clay mineralogy, sesquioxides, and crop residue addition for evaluation of soil organic carbon stability and associated microbial activity in dominant soil orders of Indian subcontinent.

The full behaviour of natural clay minerals in soil organic carbon (SOC) stabilization in the presence of oxides and external C inputs is yet unknown. Thus, an incubation experiment was conducted in a sand-clay mixture with different soil clay fractions (SCFs) obtained from Alfisol, Inceptisol, Mollisol, and Vertisol in the presence of wheat residues to compare their C stabilization capacity. The C mineralization rates were higher in 1:1 type dominated SCFs (Alfisol and Inceptisol) compared to 2:1 interstratified mineral dominated SCFs (Vertisol). Wheat residues as C source altered SCFs' abilities to stabilize SOC at only moderate dosages of application (3-12 g kg-1). C mineralization and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) fell by 40% and 30%, respectively, as the amount of clay increased from 7.5 to 40%. However, removing sesquioxides from the SCFs boosted C mineralization and MBC by 22% and 16-32%, respectively, which matched with higher enzymatic activities in the sand-clay mixture. The increased C stabilization capacity of Vertisol-SCF may be attributed to its greater specific surface area (SSA) (506 m2 g-1) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) [meq/100 g]. Regression analysis revealed that SSA, CEC, and enzymatic activity explained approximately 86% of total variations in C mineralization. This study highlighted the critical role of 2:1 expanding clay minerals and sesquioxides in greater stabilization of external C input compared to its 1:1 counterpart. It also implied that the role of mineralogy or texture and sesquioxides levels in different soils (Vertisol, Mollisol, Inceptisol, Alfisol) should be prioritized while adding crop residues to reduce C footprint and enhance sequestration.

Bacteriophages and food safety: An updated overview.

Despite significant advances in pathogen survival and food cleaning measures, foodborne diseases continue to be the main reason for hospitalization or other fatality globally. Conventional antibacterial techniques including pasteurization, pressurized preparation, radioactivity, as well as synthetic antiseptics could indeed decrease bacterial activity in nutrition to variable levels, despite their serious downsides like an elevated upfront outlay, the possibility of accessing malfunctions due to one corrosiveness, as well as an adverse effect upon those the foodstuffs' organoleptic properties and maybe their nutritional significance. Greatest significantly, these cleansing methods eliminate all contaminants, including numerous (often beneficial) bacteria found naturally in food. A huge amount of scientific publication that discussed the application of virus bioremediation to treat a multitude of pathogenic bacteria in meals spanning between prepared raw food to fresh fruit and vegetables although since initial idea through using retroviruses on meals. Furthermore, the quantity of widely viable bacteriophage-containing medicines licensed for use in health and safety purposes has continuously expanded. Bacteriophage bio-control, a leafy and ordinary technique that employs lytic bacteriophages extracted from the atmosphere to selectively target pathogenic bacteria and remove meaningfully decrease their stages meals, is one potential remedy that solves some of these difficulties. It has been suggested that applying bacteriophages to food is a unique method for avoiding bacterial development in vegetables. Because of their selectivity, security, stability, and use, bacteriophages are desirable. Phages have been utilized in post-harvest activities, either alone or in combination with antimicrobial drugs, since they are effective, strain-specific, informal to split and manipulate. In this review to ensure food safety, it may be viable to use retroviruses as a spontaneous treatment in the thread pollution of fresh picked fruits and vegetables, dairy, and convenience foods.

Functional roles and novel tools for improving-oxidative stability of polyunsaturated fatty acids: A comprehensive review.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids may be derived from a variety of sources and could be incorporated into a balanced diet. They protect against a wide range of illnesses, including cancer osteoarthritis and autoimmune problems. The PUFAs, ω-6, and ω-3 fatty acids, which are found in both the marine and terrestrial environments, are given special attention. The primary goal is to evaluate the significant research papers in relation to the human health risks and benefits of ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acid dietary resources. This review article highlights the types of fatty acids, factors affecting the stability of polyunsaturated fatty acids, methods used for the mitigation of oxidative stability, health benefits of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and future perspectives in detail.

Nitrogen-enriched biochar co-compost for the amelioration of degraded tropical soil.

Tropical soils are often deeply weathered and vulnerable to degradation having low pH and unfavorable Al/Fe levels, which can constrain crop production. This study aims to examine nitrogen-enriched novel biochar co-composts prepared from rice straw, maize stover, and gram residue in various mixing ratios of the biochar and their feedstock materials for the amelioration of acidic tropical soil. Three pristine biochar and six co-composts were prepared, characterized, and evaluated for improving the chemical and biological quality of the soil against a conventional lime treatment. The pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), calcium carbonate equivalence (CCE) and nitrogen content of co-composts varied between 7.78-8.86, 25.3-30.5 cmol (p+) kg-1, 25.5-30.5%, and 0.81-1.05%, respectively. The co-compost prepared from gram residue biochar mixed with maize stover at a 1:7 dry-weight ratio showed the highest rise in soil pH and CEC, giving an identical performance with the lime treatment and significantly better effect (p < .05) than the unamended control. Agglomerates of calcite and dolomite in biochar co-composts, and surface functional groups contributed to pH neutralization and increased CEC of the amended soil. The co-composts also significantly (p < .05) increased the dehydrogenase (1.87 µg TPF g-1 soil h-1), ß-glucosidase (90 µg PNP g-1 soil h-1), and leucine amino peptidase (3.22 µmol MUC g-1 soil h-1) enzyme activities in the soil, thereby improving the soil's biological quality. The results of this study are encouraging for small-scale farmers in tropical developing countries to sustainably reutilize crop residues via biochar-based co-composting technology.

Long-term fertilization and manuring with different organics alter stability of carbon in colloidal organo-mineral fraction in soils of varying clay mineralogy.

Majority of organic matter is bound to clay minerals to form stable colloidal organo-mineral fraction (COMF) in soil. Stability of carbon (C) in COMF is crucial for long-term C sequestration in soil. However, information on the effect of long-term fertilization and manuring with various organic sources on C stability in such fraction in soils with varying clay mineralogy is scarce. The present study was, therefore, carried out to assess the effect of thirty-one years of continuous fertilization and manuring with different organics on C-stability in COMF extracted from an Inceptisol, a Vertisol, a Mollisol, and an Alfisol. The treatments comprised of control (no fertilization), 100% NPK (100% of recommended N, P and K through fertilizer), 50% NPK+ 50% of recommended N supplied through either farm yard manure (FYM) or cereal residue (CR) or green manure (GM). The stability of C (1/k) in COMF was determined from desorption rate constant (k) of humus-C by sequential extraction and correlated with extractable amorphous Fe-Al-Si-oxides, and crystallite size of illite minerals. Long-term fertilization and manuring with the above sources of organic altered the contents of amorphous Fe-Al-Si-oxides, and decreased the crystallite size of illite in all the soil orders. Fifty percent substitution of fertilizer N by various organics significantly increased C-stability in COMF by 27-221% (mean 111%) over full dose of NPK (100% NPK). Smectite dominating Vertisol exhibited highest stability of C followed by the Mollisol, the Inceptisol and the Alfisol. Stability of such C in soil was correlated positively with the amount of amorphous Fe and Al oxides but negatively with crystallite size of illite (r = -0.46, P < 0.01). Application of NPK + GM or NPK + FYM in Inceptisol, Vertisol and Mollisol and NPK + GM or NPK + CR in Alfisol emerged as the best management practices for higher stabilization of C in COMF for long-term C sequestration.

A review on biochar modulated soil condition improvements and nutrient dynamics concerning crop yields: Pathways to climate change mitigation and global food security.

The beneficial role of biochar on improvement of soil quality, C sequestration, and enhancing crop yield is widely reported. As such there is not much consolidated information available linking biochar modulated soil condition improvement and soil nutrient availability on crop yields. The present review paper addresses the above issues by compilation of world literature on biochar and a new dimension is introduced in this review by performing a meta-analysis of published data by using multivariate statistical analysis. Hence this review is a new in its kind and is useful to the broad spectrum of readers. Generally, alkalinity in biochar increases with increase in pyrolysis temperature and majority of the biochar is alkaline in nature except a few which are acidic. The N content in many biochar was reported to be more than 4% as well as less than 0.5%. Poultry litter biochar is a rich source of P (3.12%) and K (7.40%), while paper mill sludge biochar is higher in Ca content (31.1%) and swine solids biochar in Zn (49810 mg kg-1), and Fe (74800 mg kg-1) contents. The effect of biochar on enhancing soil pH was higher in Alfisol, Ferrosol and Acrisol. Soil application of biochar could on an average increase (78%), decrease (16%), or show no effect on crop yields under different soil types. Biochar produced at a lower pyrolysis temperature could deliver greater soil nutrient availabilities than that prepared at higher temperature. Principal component analysis (PCA) of available data shows an inverse relationship between [pyrolysis temperature and soil pH], and [biochar application rate and soil cation exchange capacity]. The PCA also suggests that the original soil properties and application rate strongly control crop yield stimulations via biochar amendments. Finally, biochar application shows net soil C gains while also serving for increased plant biomass production that strongly recommends biochar as a useful soil amendment. Therefore, the application of biochar to soils emerges as a 'win-win strategy' for sustainable waste management, climate change mitigation and food security.

Rearrangement from the heteroantiaromatic borole to the heteroaromatic azaborine motif.

Treatment of 9-chloro-9-borafluorene with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)hydroxylamine results in 10-trimethylsilyloxy-9-aza-10-boraphenanthrene 6b. NMR spectroscopy shows that the expected antiaromatic 9-(trimethylsilyloxyamino)-9-borafluorene 5b rearranges to the formally aromatic phenanthrene 6b at room temperature.

Synthesis and structural characterization of 9-azido-9-borafluorene: monomer and cyclotrimer of a borole azide.

The reaction of 2,2'-dilithiobiphenyl, generated from 2,2'-dibromobiphenyl and n-BuLi, with BCl(3) using n-hexane as solvent provides a high-yielding, simple preparative route to 9-chloro-9-borafluorene 1a. This in turn can be reacted with trimethylsilyl azide to yield 9-azido-9-borafluorene 2. Compound 2 exists as a cyclic trimer in the solid state, but in dichloromethane solution the monomer can coexist with the trimer. Azide 2 is rather unstable both in the solid state and in solution, and it transforms with trace amounts of water and oxygen to the 1,3,5-tris(2-biphenylyl)cyclotriboroxane that was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. Addition of pyridine and t-butyl pyridine to azide 2 afford the corresponding pyridine adducts. Compound 1a as well as the Lewis base adducts of 2 have been characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, and the structures were confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The structural features of azide 2 and the strong Lewis acidity of its boron center have also been investigated by computational chemistry techniques at the MP2 level of theory.