ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Bleeding of esophageal varices is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in children with portal hypertension. It is important to understand the factors related with a bleeding episode to evaluate more effective primary prophylaxis. The present study aims to describe the endoscopic and laboratory findings associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) secondary to esophageal varices. METHOD: A cross-sectional study with 103 children and adolescents with cirrhosis, divided into a group that had experienced an episode of upper UGIB (35 patients) and a group without a history of UGIB (68 patients), was carried out. The esophageal and gastric varices were classified, and the portal hypertensive gastropathy, laboratory findings, and Child-Pugh classification were measured. RESULTS: Factors observed in univariate analysis to be associated with UGIB were the presence of esophageal varices of medium caliber or larger, portal hypertensive gastropathy, presence of red spots on esophageal varices, Child-Pugh class B or C, and hypoalbuminemia (Pâ<â0.05). After multivariate logistic regression analysis, the significant factors were the presence of red spots on esophageal varices and the presence of gastric varices. When separated the autoimmune hepatitis, nonbiliary atresia patients (all patients except the patients with biliary atresia), and biliary atresia groups the findings in the univariate analysis were the presence of esophageal varices of medium or larger caliber, presence of red spots on varices, and presence of gastric varices in the autoimmune hepatitis patients and nonbiliary atresia patients and presence of red spots on esophageal varices, presence of gastric varices, and Child-Pugh classification B or C in biliary atresia group (Pâ<â0.05). After multivariate logistic regression analysis, no statistical significance was found for any factor analyzed in any groups. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of gastric varices and red spots on esophageal varices were related to episodes of UGIB secondary to rupture of esophageal varices. When these findings are observed, indications for endoscopic primary prophylaxis should be evaluated. More studies are, however, necessary to better understand this problem.
Subject(s)
Esophageal and Gastric Varices/etiology , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology , Liver Cirrhosis/complications , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Esophageal and Gastric Varices/diagnosis , Female , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/diagnosis , Humans , Hypertension, Portal/etiology , Logistic Models , Male , Multivariate Analysis , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
We evaluated whether polymorphisms in genes coding molecules linked to the innate and adaptive immune response are associated with susceptibility to Helicobacter pylori infection. IL1B-511C-->T, IL1B-31T-->C, IL1RN allele 2, IL2-330T-->G, TNFA-307G-->A, TLR2Arg677Trp, TLR2Arg753Gln, TLR4Asp299Gly, and TLR5(392STOP) polymorphisms were determined in 541 blood donors. IL2-330T-->G allele carriers had a decreased H. pylori infection risk (OR=0.63, 95% CI=0.43-0.93) after adjustment for demographic and environmental factors. Hence, we investigated whether the polymorphism is functional by evaluating IL-2 serum concentration in 150 blood donors and 100 children. IL-2 pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties were indirectly investigated by determining serum IFN-gamma and IL-10/TGF-beta levels. The polymorphism was associated with increased mean IL-2 levels in H. pylori-positive adults (2.65 pg/mL vs. 7.78 pg/mL) and children (4.19 pg/mL vs. 8.03 pg/mL). Increased IL-2 was associated with pro-inflammatory activity in adults (IFN-gamma=18.61 pg/mL vs. 25.71 pg/mL), and with anti-inflammatory activity in children (IL-10=6.99 vs. 14.17 pg/mL, TGF-beta=45.88 vs. 93.44 pg/mL) (p<10(-3) for all). In conclusion, in the context of H. pylori infection, IL2-330 T-->G polymorphism is functional and is associated with decreased risk of infection in adults.
Subject(s)
Helicobacter Infections/genetics , Helicobacter pylori/immunology , Interleukin-2/genetics , Point Mutation , Polymorphism, Genetic , Adult , Blood Donors , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Gene Frequency , Humans , Immunity, Innate , Interferon-gamma/blood , Interleukin-10/blood , Interleukin-2/blood , Interleukin-2/immunology , Male , Sequence Analysis, DNAABSTRACT
Duodenal ulcer-promoting gene (dupA) was recently described as a new putative Helicobacter pylori virulence marker associated with an increased risk for duodenal ulcer and reduced risk for gastric carcinoma in Japan and Korea. Since differences regarding the association among H. pylori markers and H. pylori-associated diseases have been demonstrated around the world, we evaluated the presence of the gene in 482 strains from Brazilian children (34 with duodenal ulcer and 97 with gastritis) and adults (126 with duodenal ulcer, 144 with gastritis and 81 with gastric carcinoma) by PCR using the described primers and an additional set of primers based on Brazilian strain sequences. The results were confirmed by sequencing. The presence of cagA was investigated by PCR and also included in the analysis. dupA was present in 445 (92.32%) and absent in 29 (6.02%) strains. All samples from children with and without duodenal ulcer were dupA-positive (p=1.0). No association was observed among the strains from adults with gastritis (92.36%), duodenal ulcer (87.30%, p=0.30) and gastric carcinoma (87.65%, p=0.31). Conversely, cagA-positve status remained independently associated with duodenal ulcer (children: odds ratios (OR)=5.58, 95% confidence intervals (CI)=1.67-18.50; adults: OR=3.33, 95% CI=2.14-5.19) and gastric carcinoma (OR=6.58, 95% CI=3.51-12.30) in multivariate analyses. The presence of dupA was significantly higher in strains from children than in those from adults (p=0.01). In conclusion, dupA is highly frequent and not associated with H. pylori-associated diseases in both Brazilian adults and children, which points to regional differences in the distribution of the gene.
Subject(s)
Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Duodenal Ulcer/microbiology , Helicobacter Infections/complications , Helicobacter pylori/genetics , Virulence Factors/genetics , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Brazil , Child , Duodenal Ulcer/genetics , Female , Gastritis/genetics , Gastritis/microbiology , Genes, Bacterial , Helicobacter pylori/pathogenicity , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Molecular Sequence Data , Stomach Neoplasms/genetics , Stomach Neoplasms/microbiologyABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Apresentar aspectos relevantes relativos à úlcera péptica gastroduodenal e à infecção pelo Helicobacter pylori na criança e adolescente. FONTES DOS DADOS : Livros técnicos e bases de dados MEDLINE e LILACS de 1966 a 2006. SíNTESE DOS DADOS : A úlcera péptica na criança e adolescente pode ser primária, associada à infecção pelo H. pylori, ou secundária, na qual os mecanismos etiopatogênicos dependem da doença de base. A infecção é adquirida predominantemente na infância, com taxas de prevalência que variam de 56,8 a 83,1 por cento nas crianças que vivem nas regiões mais pobres do Brasil e de aproximadamente 10 por cento nas crianças abaixo de 10 anos de idade nos países desenvolvidos. A infecção pode ser diagnosticada por métodos invasivos, que investigam a presença da bactéria, ou de DNA, RNA ou produtos bacterianos em fragmentos de biópsia da mucosa gástrica obtida à endoscopia; também pode ser diagnosticada através de métodos não-invasivos, que compreendem a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-H. pylori em amostras de soro, urina ou saliva, a pesquisa de antígenos da bactéria nas fezes e o teste respiratório com uréia marcada com carbono-13. O método de escolha para o diagnóstico da úlcera péptica é a endoscopia digestiva alta, com a vantagem adicional de, durante o procedimento, permitir a obtenção de fragmentos de mucosa gástrica para o diagnóstico da infecção e estudo histopatológico. CONCLUSÕES: A infecção por H. pylori é a principal causa de úlcera péptica na infância. A erradicação da bactéria com antimicrobiano é acompanhada de cura da doença, sendo, portanto, indicada em todas as crianças H. pylori-positivas com úlcera péptica em atividade, recorrente, cicatrizada ou complicada.
OBJECTIVE: To show important aspects of gastroduodenal peptic ulcer and of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents. SOURCES: Technical textbooks and MEDLINE and LILACS databases including publications between 1966 and 2006. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS : The etiology of peptic ulcer in children and adolescents may be primary, associated with H. pylori infection, or secondary, in which etiopathogenic mechanisms rely upon the underlying disease. The infection is acquired predominantly in childhood, with prevalence rates between 56.8 and 83.1 percent in children who live in the poorest Brazilian regions, amounting to nearly 10 percent in children aged less than 10 years in industrialized countries. The infection can be diagnosed by invasive methods, which investigate the presence of the bacterium, or of DNA, RNA or bacterial products in biopsy fragments of the gastric mucosa obtained at endoscopic examination; it can also be diagnosed through noninvasive methods, which include the detection of anti-H. pylori antibodies in serum, urine or saliva samples, detection of bacterial antigens in stool samples, and the carbon 13-labeled urea breath test. However, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is the method of choice for the diagnosis of peptic ulcer, as it allows collecting fragments from the gastric mucosa during the procedure for the diagnosis of infection and for histopathological analysis. CONCLUSIONS: H. pylori infection is the major cause of peptic ulcer among children. Eradication of the bacterium with antimicrobial therapy results in the cure of the disease, and is therefore indicated for all children with H. pylori infection with an active, recurrent, healed, or complicated peptic ulcer.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Humans , Duodenal Ulcer/microbiology , Helicobacter pylori , Helicobacter Infections/complications , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects , Duodenal Ulcer/diagnosis , Duodenal Ulcer/drug therapy , Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal , Helicobacter Infections/diagnosis , Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy , Helicobacter pylori/immunology , Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification , Helicobacter pylori/pathogenicityABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To show important aspects of gastroduodenal peptic ulcer and of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents. SOURCES: Technical textbooks and MEDLINE and LILACS databases including publications between 1966 and 2006. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: The etiology of peptic ulcer in children and adolescents may be primary, associated with H. pylori infection, or secondary, in which etiopathogenic mechanisms rely upon the underlying disease. The infection is acquired predominantly in childhood, with prevalence rates between 56.8 and 83.1% in children who live in the poorest Brazilian regions, amounting to nearly 10% in children aged less than 10 years in industrialized countries. The infection can be diagnosed by invasive methods, which investigate the presence of the bacterium, or of DNA, RNA or bacterial products in biopsy fragments of the gastric mucosa obtained at endoscopic examination; it can also be diagnosed through noninvasive methods, which include the detection of anti-H. pylori antibodies in serum, urine or saliva samples, detection of bacterial antigens in stool samples, and the carbon 13-labeled urea breath test. However, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is the method of choice for the diagnosis of peptic ulcer, as it allows collecting fragments from the gastric mucosa during the procedure for the diagnosis of infection and for histopathological analysis. CONCLUSION: H. pylori infection is the major cause of peptic ulcer among children. Eradication of the bacterium with antimicrobial therapy results in the cure of the disease, and is therefore indicated for all children with H. pylori infection with an active, recurrent, healed, or complicated peptic ulcer.
Subject(s)
Duodenal Ulcer/microbiology , Helicobacter Infections/complications , Helicobacter pylori , Adolescent , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Child , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects , Duodenal Ulcer/diagnosis , Duodenal Ulcer/drug therapy , Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal , Helicobacter Infections/diagnosis , Helicobacter Infections/drug therapy , Helicobacter pylori/immunology , Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification , Helicobacter pylori/pathogenicity , HumansABSTRACT
Objetivo: o presente trabalho tem por objetivo rever as principais publicações sobre aspiração de corpos estranhos em pediatria. Fontes dos dados: a pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases de dados medline, de 1966 a2000, e no Lilacs, de 1979 a 1999, em português, espanhol e inglês, utilizando-se as palavras-chave aspiração, corpo estranho, criança e adolescentes. Síntese de dados: constatou-se uma distribuição universal desses acidentes. Foi também observado predomínio desta afecção no sexo masculino (51,0 por cento a 73,0 por cento dos casos) e entre crianças abaixo de 3 anos, faixa etária em que se concentraram 65,8 por cento a 85,0 por centoe 40 por cento, respectivamente. O estudo radiológico mostrou-se de grande valia no diagnóstico, demonstrando uma sensibilidade de 57,9 por cento a 100 por cento. Corpos estranhos de natureza alimentar contribuíram com cerca de 70 por cento dos episódios. Conclusões: ficou evidente que a broncoscopia rígida é o procedimento de eleição e requer formação profissional especializada e serviços bem estruturados. Contudo, os aspectos preventivos destes acidentes não receberam a necessária ênfase no contexto destas afecções, sendo a eles dedicada uma seção específica na presente revisão
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Adolescent , Foreign Bodies , InhalationABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To review the main publications on foreign body aspiration. SOURCES: A bibliographic search was carried out in Medline (1966-2000) and Lilacs (1979-1999), in Portuguese, Spanish and English, using the keywords "aspiration, foreign body, children, adolescents". SYNTHESIS OF DATA: The universal distribution of these accidents was confirmed. This condition is predominant in males (51.0-73.0% of the cases) and in children aged under 3 years (65.8-85.0% of the accidents). By analyzing clinical history and physical examination together, we found a sensitivity and specificity of approximately 80% and 40%, respectively. The radiological examination was very useful for diagnosis, showing a sensitivity between 57.9% and 100%. Nuts are the most common inhaled objects, amounting to approximately 70% of the episodes. CONCLUSIONS: Rigid bronchoscopy is the procedure of choice and requires specialized professional training and well-equipped services. However, the preventive aspects of these accidents were not sufficiently emphasized in the context of this condition. This review has a specific section on these aspects.
ABSTRACT
Os autores apresentam dois casos de pacientes com sangramento digestivo crônico de repetiçäo, em que todos os métodos diagnósticos disponíveis no pré-operatório foram negativos, inclusive com repetiçäo insistente de endoscopias digestivas altas e baixas. Essas pacientes foram submetidas a várias transfusöes sanguíneas ao longo da doença, até que se indicou a laparotomia exploradora. Como o achado cirúrgico foi negativo para revelar o sitio do sangramento, foram realizadas as enteroscopias intra-operatórias, que detectaram angiodisplasias do íleo nas duas pacientes. O tratamento foi a ressecçäo segmentar do íleo em uma e a ressecçäo local na outra. A evoluçäo foi favorável, com retorno dos níveis normais do eritrograma; porém, o tempo de acompanhamento ainda é curto (90 a 150 dias) para conclusöes definitivas nesses pacientes
