[The significance of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]. / Az ómega-3 zsírsavak jelentosége a nem alkoholos zsírmájbetegség kezelésében.

Today, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common chronic liver disease, yet there is no clearly accepted effective therapy. What is certain is that the number of people suffering from the disease is increasing, making prevention, treatment and recognition of co-morbidities of paramount importance. Current evidence suggests that the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease may be due to pathological factors of different origins. The main risk factors include genetic factors, acquired environmental influences and lifestyle. Lifestyle modification, i.e., the elimination or reduction of these harmful factors, can reverse liver damage, depending on the stage of the disease. In this summary statement, we review the pathophysiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, risk factors and therapeutic options, within that in particular lifestyle modification (dietary changes, increasing physical activity, weight loss). Furthermore, we also show the importance of omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in detail. With our knowledge, the personalized treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease can be elaborated. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(33): 1294-1299.

Paradoxical alteration of indocyanine green concentration in bile and the visibility of the intra-operative fluorescence cholangiography in pigs.

Background: A significant difference exists between the reported optimal timing of indocyanine green (ICG) injection during fluorescence cholangiography and ICG dissipation time from the serum. There are no reports on alterations in ICG concentration in biliary fluid over time. Herein, we measured the concentration of ICG and the fluorescence intensity ratio between the common bile duct (CBD) and liver, which was recognized as a parameter of the visibility of the CBD. Materials and methods: ICG (0.05 mg/kg) was injected intravenously into female pigs (n = 7). Afterwards, the fluorescence of the CBD and liver was detected at 30 min, 2 h, and 4 h. Biliary fluid was collected from cannulated CBD tubes. The fluorescence intensity was measured using captured images and calculated using the ImageJ image-processing program. ICG concentration was measured using spectrophotometry and compared using an analysis of variance test. Results: Biliary ICG concentrations at 30 min, 2 h, and 4 h were 92.07 ± 27.72 µg/mL, 37.14 ± 9.76 µg/mL (p < 0.05 vs. 30 min), and 13.91 ± 5.71 µg/mL (p < 0.05 vs. 30 min), respectively; p < 0.01. The CBD/liver fluorescence intensity ratios at 30 min, 2 h, and 4 h were 1.25 ± 0.72, 2.39 ± 1.28 (p < 0.05 vs. 30 min and 4 h), and 3.38 ± 1.73 (p < 0.05 vs. 30 min and 2 h), respectively. Conclusions: The ICG biliary concentration was highest at 30 min, whereas the CBD/liver fluorescence intensity ratio was highest at 4 h. Decreasing the fluorescence intensity of the liver may be an important approach for improving the visualization of the CBD during fluorescence cholangiography. Institutional protocol number: PE/EA/491-5/2020.

Kanpo traditional medicine nowadays is still a supported therapeutic option in Japan: Kanpo preparations / A Kanpó hagyományos orvoslás, ma is támogatott terápiás lehetoség Japánban: Kanpó-készítmények

Összefoglaló. A japánok hagyományos gyógymódja, a Kanpó a több ezer éves kínai gyógyító tapasztalaton alapul. A Kanpó filozófiája azonban csak részben hasonlít a hagyományos kínai orvosláshoz, bár megtartja annak több fontos alaptételét, de annak egyszerusített, pozitivista és pragmatikus változata, amely igazodik a japán kultúrához. A Kanpó a japán egészségbiztosítási rendszer fontos része a korszeru nyugati gyógymódokkal együtt. A nyugati orvostudomány viszont kevésbé érdeklodik a Kanpó terápiás lehetoségei iránt, tekintettel arra, hogy a hagyományos kínai orvoslás és az Ájurvéda-gyógymódok széles körben elterjedtek a világban az utóbbi néhány évtizedben. A Kanpó készítményei elérhetok az internet különbözo kereskedelmi honlapjain. Sajnálatos módon a készítmények összetétele általában pontatlanul van megadva. A gyógynövények fajait nem jelölik, így nemcsak félrevezeto, hanem az összetevok hatása sem ismert. A dolgozat a leggyakrabban használt néhány hagyományos készítmény összetételét és hatását tárgyalja. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(110): 386-392. Summary. Kanpo, the traditional Japanese medicine, is based on thousands of years of Chinese healing experience. Kanpo's philosophy, however, is only partially similar to traditional Chinese medicine. Although it retains several important basic tenets, it is a simplified, positivist, and pragmatic version of aligning to Japanese culture. Kanpo is an important part of the Japanese health insurance system along with modern western therapies. Western medicine, on the other hand, is less interested in Kanpo's therapeutic options, given that traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurvedic therapies have become widespread in the world over the past few decades. Kanpo's herbal preparations are available on various commercial internet websites. Unfortunately, the composition of the formulas is generally inaccurate. The species of herbs are not identified, so not only are they misleading, but the effects of the ingredients are not known either. The article discusses the composition and effects of some of the most commonly used conventional formulas. Orv Hetil 2022; 163(10): 386-392.

Peritoneum, the multifunctional membrane / Peritoneum, a multifunkcionális hártya

Introduction: Not only atraumatic surgical technique, precise bleeding control, removal foreign materials from the abdomen, but also avoiding desiccation or mechanical damage of peritoneal surface at abdominal surgery mean today evidence based expectation. Peritoneum with its extensive surface and special histological structure represents an important factor in normal physiological processes, furthermore as "Guard of abdomen" it has an important role to localise inflammatory reactions, useful as dialysing surface and provides also possibility for hyperthermic abdominal chemotherapy in tumour treatment. Largest part of peritoneal sac covers small intestine and colon. To prevent postoperative complications it is necessary to avoid desiccation of intestinal tract at laparoscopic and at open procedures as well ­ consequently "rehyration" is a routine recommendation today. Desiccation of intestinal tract results postoperative adhesions, furthermore damage of serosa will increase permeability of intestine wall and can result perforation. All the surgical recommendations suggest keeping intestine moist, whereas there are only a few real studies in surgical literature to support or to deny this theory. Our study reviews the pathophysiological and surgical respects of this situation and summarizes the results of latest researches of combined functions of peritoneum.

Metronidazole does not show direct antioxidant activity in in vitro global systems.

Metronidazole has been widely used topically and systemically for more than 50 years but data on its antioxidant properties are still incomplete, unclear and contradictory. Its antioxidant properties are primarily hypothesized based on in vivo results, therefore, studies have been performed to determine whether metronidazole has antioxidant activity in vitro. We used so-called global spectrophotometric and luminometric methods. Fe3+/Fe2+-reducing ability, hydrogen donor activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging property and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity were investigated. Under the condition used, metronidazole has negligible iron-reducing ability and hydrogen donor activity. The hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity cannot be demonstrated. It acts as a pro-oxidant in the H2O2/.OH-microperoxidase-luminol system, but it can inhibit the induced lipid peroxidation. According to our results, metronidazole has not shown antioxidant activity in vitro but can affect redox homeostasis by a ROS-independent mechanism due to its non-direct antioxidant properties.

Impact of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) on the mycotoxin caused redox-homeostasis imbalance of ducks liver.

The Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) frequently contaminate grain crops, especially maize, the basis of poultry's feed. Mycotoxins enter the food chain and induce pathological changes in edible tissues. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) has been used for the treatment of liver disease in humans because of its antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects, but its utility in veterinary use is poorly examined. To investigate possible protective properties against mycotoxin caused oxidative stress in poultry, pressed form of milk thistle seed (0.5%) was tested in white, female, Hungarian ducks over a feeding period of 47 days. Ducks were separated into 3 groups. The first group was fed with normal diet. The second group was fed with normal diet contaminated with DON (4.9 mg/kg) and ZEA (0.66 mg/kg). The third group received mycotoxin contaminated feed with milk thistle supplementation. Histological examination, markers of the redox status and metal element concentration measurements were carried out. The results showed alterations in the histological examination and in the redox homeostasis markers as a short-term effect by strengthening the antioxidant system. Acute exposure of mycotoxins caused an oxidative stress, which induced an effective antioxidant defensive response of the organism indicated by the free sulfhydryl group content (from 0.72 ± 0.06 to 0.77 ± 0.11) and the reducing power (0.49 ± 0.06 to 0.52 ± 0.08) elevation. The short-term free radical injury may be compensated by the liver resulting in decreased lipid peroxidation markers (malondialdehyde concentration: from 16.86 ± 0.49 to 0.94 ± 0.15, conjugated diene concentration: from 0.21 ± 0.07 to 0.17 ± 0.03). Silymarin further strengthtened the antioxidant defense by the elevation of sulfhydryl groups concentration and reducing power property resulted in decreased total scavenger capacity. However the concentration of lipid peroxidation markers were further elevated by the used antioxidant treatment (MDA: 5.2 ± 0.35, DC: 0.26 ± 0.08). In conclusion, the mycotoxin-contamination activated effectively the antioxidant system. The milk thistle supplementation has cytoprotective effects according to the histological findings, activated the antioxidant system, however the elevation of lipid peroxidation products need further explanation.

Factors affecting liver disease progression, with emphasis on the role of free radical reactions / A májbetegségek progresszióját meghatározó tényezok, különös tekintettel a szabad gyökös reakciókra.

Chronic liver disorders are the main leading cause of morbidity and mortality data. Viral infection, toxic injury, metabolic, autoimmun, storage disorders, in the case of ongoing presence of the etiological factors, could result in fibrotic remodelling in the liver. The process is complex, not fully understood in details; cells, cytokines, chemokines release, altered secretion of hepatokines, lipotoxicity, innate immun system, gut microbiom, metal ions and free radical reactions all have a role in it. Chronic liver disorders are often symptomless, diagnosed in the stage of fibrotic tissue accumulation, liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma formation, when the prognosis is poor, treatment options are narrow. Noninvasive, properly sensitive and specific biomarkers are the targets of studies, with them the necessity of liver biopsies can be decreased, through the follow-up of processes, progression and treatment efficacy. Authors review the processes taking part in the progression of the most frequent chronic liver disorders, emphasizing the parameters of pro/antioxidant balance, and the necessity of a combined reliable biomarker. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(35): 1441-1448.

The potential role of organic and conventional yoghurt consumption in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease / Az ökológiai és a konvencionális joghurtfogyasztás lehetséges szerepe a nem alkoholos zsírmájbetegség kezelésében.

INTRODUCTION: Health is an important motivation for the consumption of both organic and functional foods. Organic food contains fewer pesticide residues and statistically more selected health-related compounds such as polyphenols in plant products and polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk and meat products. Recent studies suggest that the gut-liver axis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, so probiotics could be a therapeutic tool. Comparing the health effects of yoghurt from organic origin with so-called conventional yoghurt is difficult, because there is no biomarker that would signal the difference with good specificity and sensitivity. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate numerous biomarkers to evaluate the difference between yoghurt from conventional and organic origin and their health effects in NAFLD. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We performed a prospective, cohort study consisting of 37 (age = 51.73 ± 11.82, male = 21, female = 16) patients with NAFLD at the 2nd Department of Internal Medicine of the Semmelweis University, Budapest. Diagnosis of NAFLD was based on ultrasonography and the exclusion of other etiololgy. The patients were examined also with shear wave elastography to evaluate the hepatic fibrosis stage. We divided the patients randomly into two groups. The patients consumed individually daily 300 grams of yoghurt from organic (n = 21) or conventional (n = 16) origin for 8 weeks. We collected 37 routine laboratory data, measured 4 cytokines, 3 markers of the redox-homeostasis and 14 body composition values before, after, and 12 weeks after the yoghurt consumption. RESULTS: We found a mild elevation of vitamin D and a minimal reduction of LDL after the yoghurt consumption, but in the other 35 routine laboratory data there was no statistical difference. Adiponectin and leptin levels were elevated after the yoghurt consumption in the "conventional group". In contrast, we found significant decrease of adiponectin levels in the "organic group" after the treatment. Only the adiponectin tendency was different in the two groups. The induced free radical content was also statistically lower after the yoghurt consumption. In the body composition measurements, there were no significant differences. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that adiponectin could be a possible biomarker to evaluate the effectiveness of probiotic treatment in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Our work can serve as a basis for future studies investigating relationships between organic yoghurt consumption and health outcomes. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(35): 1466-1474.

Fat rich diet-induced steatosis and changes in the gut­liver axis / A zsírdús étrend indukálta steatosis és a bél-máj tengely változásai.

INTRODUCTION: Fatty liver can develop as a result of diseases, surgical procedures, medicaments, malnutrition or excessive alcohol consumption, however, fat and poor fiber feeding can be attributed as the primary cause. Non-alcoholic fatty liver can be found in 20-30% of the population. Generally, alimentary-induced fatty liver in early state is described as uncomplicated liver injury. AIM: The aim of our research was to study the effect of fat rich nutrition on the gut-liver axis by routine laboratory, analytical and histological methods in rats. METHODS: We also examined the redox parameters of the liver and of the bowel. Fatty acid composition and element content of liver were measured. RESULTS: Significant changes were found in parameters of redox homeostasis as well as alterations in liver enzymes and metabolites. The changes could be detected in the liver, blood and bowel parts. The development of fatty liver is associated with the decrease of transmethylation capacity. Fatty acid composition and metal ion homeostasis were also altered in liver. Histological examinations showed that hepatocytes were swollen in the central part of the liver lobules, showed droplets and pycnotic nuclei, which were characterized by fatty degeneration. Small and large bowel enterocytes were damaged, sometimes pushed from the surface, and sometimes inflammatory reactions in the mucous membrane were observed. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that alimentary fatty liver in early state is not considered simply as a reversible alteration because it alters the entire body's redox homeostasis and establishes heart and serious metabolic diseases as well as hasten the development of gastrointestinal tumors. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(35): 1456-1465.

Metal element alteration in the lung by cisplatin and CV247 administration.

Despite significant nephrotoxicity, cisplatin is still used in the therapy of various tumors. We were interested in how metal ion composition is altered by cisplatin and whether platinum accumulates in the non-tumorous lung. We also aimed to study metal ion changes after treatment with a veterinary medicament CV247 with antioxidant property (containing Cu and Mn gluconate, ascorbic acid, Na salicylate), and whether CV247 alters pulmonary platinum accumulation in the healthy lung. Male Wistar rats were randomly selected into 4 groups (n = 10/group): control group, cisplatin-treated group, CV247-treated group, cisplatin + CV247-treated group. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and mass spectrometry were used for measuring Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Pt, S, Sb, Se, Sn, Sr, and Zn in the lung and the redox state was measured in the plasma. Cisplatin influenced the element homeostasis in the lung. Pt, Mn, Se accumulation and Ca, Mg excretion were observed after treatment with cisplatin. The antioxidant CV247 supplementation modified the Mn concentration; however, the concentration of Cu did not change despite the Cu content of the product, and CV247 did not affect other metal concentrations in the lung of the cisplatin-treated group. In conclusion, cisplatin has a systemic impact on the metal element metabolism, and this effect was demonstrated in the healthy lung, too. The results indicate the importance of supplementing some essential elements, such as Ca and Mg during cisplatin cancer therapy.

Changes in endogenous metal element concentrations in various aetiologies of chronic liver disease. / Az endogén fémionok koncentrációinak változása különbözo kórokú, idült májbetegségekben.

Our body contains physiologically many metal ions used for its metabolic processes and function. Metal ion changes can start pathological processes, however, the pathological processes may also lead to changes in metal ion concentration. In this study, the authors summarize the physiologically present metal ions' change in liver diseases with various aetiologies, the consequences are discussed as well as the connections with the progression. Further, the authors point out the element concentration changes as diagnostic or prognostic values for the liver diseases as well. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(22): 917-923.

Metal- and redox homeostasis in prostate cancer with vitamin D3 supplementation.

Vitamin D3 supplementation has a beneficial effect on cancerous patients, although it can influence the redox- and metal homeostasis. The aim of our investigation was to demonstrate the effect of vitamin D3 consumption on the redox- and metal homeostasis in prostate cancer, because of the recommended daily dose increased from 200 IU to 2000 IU in recent years in Hungary. Forty-three volunteers were involved in the study. The grouping was applied according to the clinical routine laboratory parameters (vitamin D3) and the tumor markers (PSA, fPFA). Patients were divided into 5 groups: (A) patient control (N = 8), (B) patient control with vitamin D3 treatment (N = 9), (C) high-risk prostate cancer group (N = 6), (D) high-risk prostate cancer group with vitamin D3 treatment (N = 8) and (E) vitamin D3 treated cancerous group with androgen deprivation therapy (N = 11). The element concentrations were determined with ICP-OES. Among the redox parameters, free radical scavenging capacity and H-donating ability were determined with luminometry and spectrometry. Vitamin D3 treatment caused differences in the metal- and redox homeostasis in either patient control and cancerous groups. The concentration of Fe, Cr, and Pb significantly increased in the erythrocytes of prostate cancer patients. According to the higher scavenging capacity by vitamin D3 treatment, it seems that vitamin D3 helps to equilibrate the redox homeostasis that could affect the outcome of cancer positively. However, the tendency in the metal element status does not give a clear explanation of cancer's outcome, but the accumulation of Pb by vitamin D3 supplementation needs to be taken into more serious consideration in set terms of occupational diseases.

[The interpretation and integration of traditional Chinese phytotherapy into Western-type medicine with the possession of knowledge of the human genome]. / A hagyományos kínai fitoterápia értelmezése és beillesztése a nyugati típusú orvoslásba az emberi genom ismeretének birtokában.

The terminology of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is hardly interpretable in the context of human genome, therefore the human genome program attracted attention towards the Western practice of medicine in China. In the last two decades, several important steps could be observed in China in relation to the approach of traditional Chinese and Western medicine. The Chinese government supports the realization of information databases for research in order to clarify the molecular biology level to detect associations between gene expression signal transduction pathways and protein-protein interactions, and the effects of bioactive components of Chinese drugs and their effectiveness. The values of TCM are becoming more and more important for Western medicine as well, because molecular biological therapies did not redeem themselves, e.g., in tumor therapy. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(18): 696-702.

[Health effects of sour cherries with unique polyphenolic composition in their fruits]. / A különleges és egyedi polifenol-összetételu meggy egészségi hatásai.

Health effects of fruit consumption are confirmed by many studies. Such effects are attributed to the polyphenolic compounds accumulating in fruit skin and mesocarp tissues. They contribute to the regulation on transcriptional, post-transcriptional and epigenetic levels. Since people consume much less fruits than the recommended quantities, a new approach includes the promotion of super fruits that are extremely rich sources of specific health compounds. A comparative analysis of Hungarian stone fruit cultivars detected a huge variability in fruit in vitro antioxidant capacity and total polyphenolic content. Two outstanding sour cherry cultivars ('Pipacs 1' and 'Fanal') were identified to accumulate elevated levels of polyphenolic compounds in their fruits. Sour cherries with different polyphenolic compositions were tested against alimentary induced hyperlipidemia using male Wistar rat model. Consumption of cherry fruit had different consequences for different cultivars: consumption of 'Pipacs 1' and 'Fanal' fruits resulted in 30% lower total cholesterol levels in the sera of hyperlipidemic animals after only 10 days of treatment. However, the consumption of 'Újfehértói fürtös' fruit has not induced significant alterations in the same parameter. Other lipid parameters also reflected the short-term beneficial effects of 'Pipacs 1' and 'Fanal' fruits. We suggest that not only some tropical and berry fruits might be considered as super fruits but certain genotypes of stone fruits as well. These have indeed marked physiological effects. Since 'Pipacs 1' and 'Fanal' are rich sources of colourless polyphenolics (e.g., phenolic acids and isoflavonoids) and anthocyanins, respectively, the protective effects associated with their consumption can be attributed to different polyphenolic compounds. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(18): 720-725.

[Phytoestrogens in the treatment of menopause]. / Fitoösztrogének a menopauza terápiájában.

In previous centuries many women did not even live until their menopause years due to poor economic conditions, deficiencies of medicine, epidemics and wars. Nowadays in the developed countries, people live until they are 75-80 years old, and with the expansion of average age, the number of people affected by menopause and the years spent in that state increase. Nowadays women spend one third of their lives in the menopausal stage. The only effective way to treat unpleasant symptoms for centuries was with the use of herbs, and the knowledge about them spread through oral tradition. In the 20th century, this therapeutic form was pushed into the background by the development of synthetic drug production and the introduction of hormone replacement therapy. Thanks to the influence of media in the 20th century, women began to have the social need for preserving their beauty and youth for as long as they could. Hormone replacement therapy enjoyed great popularity because women were temporarily relieved of their life quality-impairing menopausal symptoms, but years later it turned out that hormone replacement therapy could pose serious risks. A distinct advantage of herbal therapy is the more advantageous side-effect-profile opposite the used synthetics in hormone replacement therapy. Women are therefore happy to turn to valuable and well-tried natural therapies, which have been used for thousands of years. There is growing interest in herbal remedies. Studying the effects of phytoestrogens has now become an active area for research. However, the results of studies in animals and humans are controversial, some sources suggest that phytoestrogens are effective and safe, other authors claim that they are ineffective in menopause or they have particularly dangerous properties, and cannot be recommended to everyone. It is important to address this issue for the sake of health, mental health and safety of women, and so it is necessary to assess the benefits and the risks before applying them. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(32): 1243-1251.

[Gut-liver axis in inflammatory bowel disease. A retrospective study]. / A bél­máj tengely vizsgálata colitis ulcerosában. Retrospektív tanulmány.

INTRODUCTION: Examination of the gut-liver axis came into the spotlight worldwide. Liver enzyme elevations are commonly seen in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is a diagnostic challenge in everyday clinical practice. Liver and biliary diseases are common extra-intestinal manifestations in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The assessment of routine liver function tests could be an inaccurate reflection of liver damage, so its prevalence could be underestimated. There would be a need for non-invasive biomarkers and/or scoring systems, which would help the diagnosis of liver damage associated with intestinal diseases. AIM: In our work we considered to highlight the importance of the gut-liver axis significance. We used data of patients suffering from ulcerative colitis, as a model for bowel diseases to understand the underlying factors of the pathogenesis of hepatobiliary manifestations. METHOD: In our retrospective study, we investigated the data of 100 ulcerative colitis patients (male = 46, female = 54) (mean age: 42.5 ± 12.7) and compared to healthy controls (n = 42) (male = 17, female = 25) (mean age: 40.2 ± 13.5). Liver function tests (ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, bilirubin, albumin, thrombocyte), bile acid levels were determinated, and various free radical markers (global, enzymatic) were used to assess the redox homeostasis of patients. Hydrogen donor activity, reducing power, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity, total antioxidant status and induced chemiluminescence were measured, considering that the patients received 5-aminosalicilate and/or azathioprin and elemental diet treatment. RESULTS: Liver function parameters were increased in ulcerative colitis patients, and total antioxidant status, as well. Reducing power significantly decreased, but there was no significant difference compared to the control group of glutathione peroxidase and H-donor activity, we observed only tendentious decrease. The antioxidant protection of more than 54% of patients had a significantly lower rate, according to all the parameters. With chemiluminescence measurement we measured better free radical scavenging capacity, both in plasma and in erythrocytes as a result of the therapy, however, it showed an increase of superoxide dismutase activity, which warns of inflammatory processes. The cause of the decrease in bile acid levels found in the group of ulcerative colitis patients, can be the accelerated peristaltic. CONCLUSIONS: In the daily routine, liver enzyme values do not give an accurate picture of liver damage associated with ulcerative colitis. With the help of various specific parameters determined by us, we can estimate the background processes of the gut-liver axis alterations. The decrease in bile acid levels can be a predictive factor in ulcerative colitis. Our work highlights the need of non-invasive screening for liver diseases in inflammatory bowel disease. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(26): 1014-1021.

[Evaluation of free radical quantity in the anterior chamber following femtosecond laser-assisted capsulotomy]. / Szabadgyök-felszabadulás vizsgálata femtoszekundum lézerrel asszisztált capsulotomiát követoen.

INTRODUCTION: Femtosecond laser is a revolutionary, innovative treatment method used in cataract surgery. AIM: To evaluate free radical quantity in the anterior chamber of the eye, during femtosecond laser assisted capsulotomy, in a porcine eye model. METHOD: Seventy fresh porcine eyes were collected within 2 hours post mortem, were transported at 4 ºC and treated within 7 hours. Thirty-five eyes were used as control and 35 as femtosecond laser assisted capsulotomy group. A simple luminol-dependent chemiluminescence method was used to measure the total scavenger capacity in the aqueous humour, as an indicator of free radical production. The emitted photons were expressed in relative light unit %. RESULTS: The relative light unit % was lower in the control group (median 1%, interquartile range [0.4-3%]) than in the femtosecond laser assisted capsulotomy group (median 4.4%, interquartile range [1.5%-21%]) (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Femtosecond laser assisted capsulotomy decreases the antioxidant defense of the anterior chamber, which refers to a significant free radical production during femtosecond laser assisted capsulotomy. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(47), 1880-1883.