ABSTRACT
Membrane transporters P-glycoprotein [P-gp; multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1)], multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 2, and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) affect drug absorption and disposition and can also mediate drug-drug interactions leading to safety/toxicity concerns in the clinic. Challenges arise with interpreting cell-based transporter assays when substrates or inhibitors affect more than one actively expressed transporter and when endogenous or residual transporter activity remains following overexpression or knockdown of a given transporter. The objective of this study was to selectively knock out three drug efflux transporter genes (MDR1, MRP2, and BCRP), both individually as well as in combination, in a subclone of Caco-2 cells (C2BBe1) using zinc finger nuclease technology. The wild-type parent and knockout cell lines were tested for transporter function in Transwell bidirectional assays using probe substrates at 5 or 10 µM for 2 hours at 37°C. P-gp substrates digoxin and erythromycin, BCRP substrates estrone 3-sulfate and nitrofurantoin, and MRP2 substrate 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein each showed a loss of asymmetric transport in the MDR1, BCRP, and MRP2 knockout cell lines, respectively. Furthermore, transporter interactions were deduced for cimetidine, ranitidine, fexofenadine, and colchicine. Compared with the knockout cell lines, standard transporter inhibitors showed substrate-specific variation in reducing the efflux ratios of the test compounds. These data confirm the generation of a panel of stable Caco-2 cell lines with single or double knockout of human efflux transporter genes and a complete loss of specific transport activity. These cell lines may prove useful in clarifying complex drug-transporter interactions without some of the limitations of current chemical or genetic knockdown approaches.
Subject(s)
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism , Enterocytes/metabolism , Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/metabolism , Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism , Xenobiotics/metabolism , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/antagonists & inhibitors , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/metabolism , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2 , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/antagonists & inhibitors , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics , Biological Transport/drug effects , Caco-2 Cells , Cell Membrane Permeability/drug effects , Clone Cells , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , Drug Interactions , Enterocytes/drug effects , Gene Knockout Techniques , Humans , Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2 , Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/genetics , Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Neoplasm Proteins/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Xenobiotics/analysis , Xenobiotics/pharmacologyABSTRACT
A limitation of the traditional Caco-2 cell assay for measuring transporter-mediated efflux of a given substrate is that it is not possible to determine which specific transporter is involved. The methods in this unit describe an approach for generating specific transporter knockout cell lines that can be used to test efflux with any desired substrates. In this approach, human C2BBe1 cells (a subclone of Caco-2 cells) are nucleofected with specific zinc finger nucleases (ZFN), which can be designed to target any gene of interest and generate a double-stranded break. The cell's normal repair mechanisms can then generate targeted deletions (or integrations). A single ZFN can be used to generate a single transporter knockout, or multiple ZFNs can be used to knock out more than one transporter. This unit provides all methods needed to design the required plasmids, generate and identify transporter knockout cell lines, verify their membrane integrity, and test them with functional transport assays.
