Smartphone-Based Recognition of Heart Failure by Means of Microelectromechanical Sensors.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is the leading cause of hospitalization in individuals over 65 years of age. Identifying noninvasive methods to detect HF may address the epidemic of HF. Seismocardiography which measures cardiac vibrations transmitted to the chest wall has recently emerged as a promising technology to detect HF. OBJECTIVES: In this multicenter study, the authors examined whether seismocardiography using commercially available smartphones can differentiate control subjects from patients with stage C HF. METHODS: Both inpatients and outpatients with HF were enrolled from Finland and the United States. Inpatients with HF were assessed within 2 days of admission, and outpatients were assessed in the ambulatory setting. In a prespecified pooled data analysis, algorithms were derived using logistic regression and then validated using a bootstrap aggregation method. RESULTS: A total of 217 participants with HF (174 inpatients and 172 outpatients) and 786 control subjects from cardiovascular clinics were enrolled. The mean age of participants with acute HF was 64 ± 13 years, 64.9% were male, left ventricular ejection fraction was 39 ± 15%, and median N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide was 5,778 ng/L (Q1-Q3: 1,933-6,703). The majority (74%) of participants with HF had reduced EF, and 38% had atrial fibrillation. Across both HF cohorts, the algorithms had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.95 with a sensitivity of 85%, specificity of 90%, and accuracy of 89% for the detection of HF, with a decision threshold of 0.5. The positive and negative likelihood ratios were 8.50 and 0.17, respectively. The accuracy of the algorithms was not significantly different in subgroups based on age, sex, body mass index, and atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSIONS: Smartphone-based assessment of cardiac function using seismocardiography is feasible and differentiates patients with HF from control subjects with high diagnostic accuracy. (Recognition of Heart Failure With Micro Electro-mechanical Sensors FI [NCT04444583]; Recognition of Heart Failure With Micro Electro-mechanical Sensors [NCT04378179]; Detection of Coronary Artery Disease With Micro Electro-mechanical Sensors [NCT04290091]).

World regional differences in outcomes for patients with peripheral artery disease: Insights from the EUCLID trial.

Regional variations exist in the epidemiology of peripheral artery disease (PAD), in comorbidities, use of secondary prevention, and outcomes. Large studies of these variations in worldwide populations are rare. The EUCLID (Examining Use of tiCagreLor In peripheral artery Disease) trial included 13,885 patients with PAD from four geographical regions (Central/South America, Europe, Asia, North America) and compared monotherapy with ticagrelor and clopidogrel. Inclusion criteria were either an ankle-brachial index < 0.80 or a prior revascularization. The primary efficacy endpoint was time to first occurrence of any event in the composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or ischemic stroke and did not differ between the study arms. This post hoc analysis of EUCLID confirmed that regional differences occurred in the inclusion criteria with more prior revascularization in North America (73.9%) and Asia (72.5%) compared with Central/South America (34.0%) and Europe (51.6%). The characteristics of patients also differed. Prior amputation at baseline was most frequent in Central/South America (6.3%) compared with other regions (1.6-2.8%). A history of stroke was most common in Asia, coronary heart disease in North America, and diabetes in Central/South America compared with other regions. The incidence of outcomes in patients with PAD varied by region. North America had the highest rate of the primary combined endpoint (5.97 events/100 patient-years). Corresponding rates were 4.80, 3.95, and 3.87 for Asia, Europe, and Central/South America, respectively. Hospitalization for acute limb ischemia (events/100 patient-years) was most frequent in Europe (0.75) and North America (0.74) compared with Asia (0.60) and Central/South America (0.33). Adjustment for inclusion criteria and relevant PAD characteristics did not have a major impact on these regional differences. Further adjustment for concomitant disease, risk factors, and preventive medication modified the regional differences only marginally. In conclusion, substantial regional differences were found in cardiovascular and limb outcomes in patients with PAD and were not explained by variation in the category of included patients, concomitant disease, risk factors, and prevention. Such differences, which may be due to variation in other factors such as background population rates or clinical care, need to be considered when designing and interpreting large international studies (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01732822).

Ankle-Brachial Index for Risk Stratification in Patients With Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease With and Without Prior Lower Extremity Revascularization: Observations From the EUCLID Trial.

[Figure: see text].

Association of Heart Failure With Outcomes Among Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease: Insights From EUCLID.

Background Peripheral artery disease (PAD) and heart failure (HF) are each independently associated with poor outcomes. Risk factors associated with new-onset HF in patients with primary PAD are unknown. Furthermore, how the presence of HF is associated with outcomes in patients with PAD is unknown. Methods and Results This analysis examined risk relationships of HF on outcomes in patients with symptomatic PAD randomized to ticagrelor or clopidogrel as part of the EUCLID (Examining Use of Ticagrelor in Peripheral Arterial Disease) trial. Patients were stratified based on presence of HF at enrollment. Cox models were used to determine the association of HF with outcomes. A separate Cox model was used to identify risk factors associated with development of HF during follow-up. Patients with PAD and HF had over twice the rate of concomitant coronary artery disease as those without HF. Patients with PAD and HF had significantly increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (hazard ratio [HR], 1.31; 95% CI, 1.13-1.51) and all-cause mortality (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.19-1.63). In patients with PAD, the presence of HF was associated with significantly less bleeding (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.45-0.96). Characteristics associated with HF development included age ≥66 (HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.18-1.40 per 5 years), diabetes mellitus (HR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.41-2.43), and weight (bidirectionally associated, ≥76 kg, HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.64-0.93; <76 kg, HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.07-1.16). Conclusions Patients with PAD and HF have a high rate of coronary artery disease with a high risk for major adverse cardiovascular events and death. These data support the possible need for aggressive treatment of (recurrent) atherosclerotic disease in PAD, especially patients with HF.

Association of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease: Insights from the EUCLID Trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at increased risk of developing lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) and suffering PAD-related morbidity and mortality. However, the effect and burden of COPD on patients with PAD is less well defined. This post hoc analysis from EUCLID aimed to analyze the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and major adverse limb events (MALE) in patients with PAD and concomitant COPD compared with those without COPD, and to describe the adverse events specific to patients with COPD. METHODS: EUCLID randomized 13,885 patients with symptomatic PAD to monotherapy with either ticagrelor or clopidogrel for the prevention of MACE. In this analysis, MACE, MALE, mortality, and adverse events were compared between groups with and without COPD using unadjusted and adjusted Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Of the 13,883 patients with COPD status available at baseline, 11% (n=1538) had COPD. Patients with COPD had a higher risk of MACE (6.02 vs 4.29 events/100 patient-years; p<0.001) due to a significantly higher risk of myocardial infarction (MI) (3.55 vs 1.85 events/100 patient-years; p<0.001) when compared with patients without COPD. These risks persisted after adjustment (MACE: adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11-1.52; p<0.001; MI: aHR 1.45, 95% CI 1.18-1.77; p<0.001). However, patients with COPD did not have an increased risk of MALE or major bleeding. Patients with COPD were more frequently hospitalized for dyspnea and pneumonia (2.66 vs 0.9 events/100 patient-years; aHR 2.77, 95% CI 2.12-3.63; p<0.001) and more frequently discontinued study drug prematurely (19.36 vs 12.54 events/100 patient-years; p<0.001; aHR 1.34, 95% CI 1.22-1.47; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: In patients with comorbid PAD and COPD, the risks of MACE, respiratory-related adverse events, and premature study drug discontinuation were higher when compared with patients without COPD. REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01732822.

Cause of Death Among Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease: Insights From the EUCLID Trial.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral artery disease is common and associated with high mortality. There are limited data detailing causes of death among patients with peripheral artery disease. METHODS: EUCLID (Examining Use of Ticagrelor in Peripheral Artery Disease) was a randomized clinical trial that assigned patients with peripheral artery disease to clopidogrel or ticagrelor. We describe the causes of death in EUCLID using mortality end points adjudicated through a clinical events classification process. The association between baseline factors and cardiovascular death was evaluated by Cox proportional hazards modeling. The competing risk of noncardiovascular death was assessed by the cumulative incidence function for cardiovascular death and the Fine and Gray method to ascertain the association between baseline characteristics and cardiovascular mortality. RESULTS: A total of 1263 out of 13 885 (9.1%) patients died (median follow-up: 30 months). There were 706 patients (55.9%) with a cardiovascular cause of death and 522 (41.3%) with a noncardiovascular cause of death. The most common cause of cardiovascular death was sudden cardiac death (20.1%); while myocardial infarction (5.2%) and ischemic stroke (3.2%) were uncommon. The most common causes of noncardiovascular death were malignancies (17.9%) and infections (11.9%). The factor most associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular death was age per 5 year increase (HR, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.20-1.32]). Female sex was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular death (HR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.56-0.82]). To evaluate the effect of noncardiovascular death as a competing risk, we superimposed the cumulative incidence function curve with the Kaplan-Meier curve. These curves closely approximated each other. After accounting for the competing risk of noncardiovascular death, the magnitude and direction of the factors associated with cardiovascular death were minimally changed. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease, noncardiovascular causes of death reflected a high proportion (40%) of deaths. Accounting for noncardiovascular deaths as a competing risk, there was not a significant change in the risk estimation for cardiovascular death. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01732822.

Association of Disease Progression With Cardiovascular and Limb Outcomes in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease: Insights From the EUCLID Trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients with peripheral artery disease have a high risk of future cardiovascular disease events and mortality. Little is known about the changes in symptom classification over time in patients with peripheral artery disease and the association of changes in symptom classification with subsequent cardiovascular disease events. METHODS: In this analysis of the EUCLID trial (Examining Use of Ticagrelor in Peripheral Artery Disease), we examined the changes in Rutherford classification (RC) of patients over 12 months. We examined the baseline characteristics of patients by change in symptom classification at 12 months (improved=decreased RC, no change, or worsened=increased RC), and the association between changes in symptom classification (RC) at 12 months and subsequent cardiovascular disease events. RESULTS: Among 12 759 patients, 3240 (25%) were classified as improved by RC at 12 months, 8132 (64%) as no change, and 1387 (11%) as worsened. At 12 months, many patients who were asymptomatic or had mild/moderate claudication at enrollment had no change in symptom classification over 12 months (73.7% and 70.9%). Patients who worsened over 12 months were more likely to have comorbidities (diabetes mellitus and prior myocardial infarction) and more events (myocardial infarction, amputation, and major bleeding) by 12 months postrandomization, all P<0.001. Worsened symptom classification over 12 months was associated with increased risk of all-cause death (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.03-1.62]), major amputation (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.12 [95% CI, 2.46-6.88]), and a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.05-1.62]), all P<0.05 after 12 months postrandomization. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with comorbidities and prior history of cardiovascular disease events at baseline and within the first 12 months of the trial were more likely to have worsened symptom classification at 12 months. Worsening symptom classification over 12 months was associated subsequently with an increased risk of all-cause death, amputation, and a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Graphic Abstract: A graphic abstract is available for this article.

Association of Hypertension and Arterial Blood Pressure on Limb and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease: The EUCLID Trial.

BACKGROUND: Current guidelines recommend aggressive management of hypertension. Recent evidence suggested potential harm with low blood pressure targets in patients with peripheral artery disease. We investigated the association of a history of hypertension and office systolic blood pressure (SBP) with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and major adverse limb events (MALEs). METHODS AND RESULTS: The EUCLID trial (Examining the Use of Ticagrelor in Peripheral Artery Disease) included 13 885 participants with symptomatic peripheral artery disease; median follow-up was 30 months. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) for any MACE, MALE, and MALE including lower extremity revascularization. A clinical history of arterial hypertension was present in 10 857 (78%) participants, and these participants were older and more likely to be female when compared with the 3026 (22%) patients without hypertension. In patients with a history of hypertension, the adjusted hazard ratio for MACE was 0.94, 95% CI, 0.82-1.08; P=0.39, and the adjusted hazard ratio for MALE was 1.08, 95% CI, 0.96-1.23; P=0.21. During follow-up, average SBP was 135 mm Hg (125-145). Every 10 mmHg increase in SBP>125 mmHg was associated with an increased risk of MACE (HR, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.06-1.14]; P<0.001), a marginally increased risk of MALE (HR, 1.07 [95% CI, 1.00-1.15]; P=0.062), and an increased risk of MALE/lower extremity revascularization (HR, 1.08 [95% CI, 1.04-1.11]; P<0.001). Every decrease in 10 mmHg SBP ≤125 mmHg was associated with an increased risk of MACE (HR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.09-1.31]; P<0.001) but not MALE or MALE/lower extremity revascularization (HR, 1.02 [95% CI, 0.84-1.23], P=0.824; HR, 1.04 [95% CI, 0.95-1.13], P=0.392, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: History of hypertension was not associated with higher hazard for MACE or MALE in patients with peripheral artery disease. In contrast, there was a higher hazard of MACE in patients with out-of-target low and high SBP. High but not low SBP was associated with an increased risk of ischemic limb events. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01732822.

Incidence and Factors Associated With Major Amputation in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease: Insights From the EUCLID Trial.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is associated with increased risk of mortality, cardiovascular morbidity, and major amputation. Data on major amputation from a large randomized trial that included a substantial cohort of patients without critical limb ischemia (CLI) have not been described. The objective was to describe the incidence and types of amputations in the EUCLID trial (Examining Use of Ticagrelor in Peripheral Artery Disease) population, subcategorize amputations in the CLI versus no CLI cohorts, and describe the events surrounding major amputation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Postrandomization major amputation was analyzed in the EUCLID trial. Patients were stratified by baseline CLI status. The occurrence of major amputation was ascertained and defined as the highest level. Perioperative events surrounding major amputation were obtained including acute limb ischemia, revascularization, and all-cause mortality. All variables were assessed for significance in univariable and multivariable models. The rate of major amputation during the course of the trial was 1.6% overall, 8.4% in the CLI at baseline group, and 1.2% in the no CLI at baseline group. The annualized rate of major amputation was 0.6% in PAD overall, 3.9% in the CLI at baseline group, and 0.5% in the no CLI at baseline group. Several factors were associated with increased risk of major amputation, including history of amputation, the presence of diabetes mellitus, baseline Rutherford category 4 to 6, and an ankle-brachial index <0.8. Factors associated with a lower risk for major amputation included prior statin use. The 30-day mortality rate after major amputation was 6.5% overall, 5.6% in the CLI at baseline group, and 6.8% in the no CLI at baseline group. The annual mortality rate following major amputation was 22.8% in the CLI at baseline group and 16.0% in the no CLI at baseline group. CONCLUSIONS: The risk factors for major amputation in EUCLID patients are similar to previous large registries' reports except for diabetes mellitus in patients with CLI. The mortality following major amputation is lower in the EUCLID trial compared with registry data. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01732822.

Sex-Specific Risks of Major Cardiovascular and Limb Events in Patients With Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease.

BACKGROUND: Patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) have a higher risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) compared with those without PAD. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this post hoc analysis was to evaluate sex-specific differences in MACE and limb events in the EUCLID (Examining Use of Ticagrelor in PAD) trial. METHODS: Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare time-to-event outcomes stratified by sex. Covariates were introduced after adjusted model selection. RESULTS: EUCLID enrolled 13,885 patients with PAD (28% women [n = 3,888]). PAD severity and medical treatment were comparable between sexes, whereas prior lower extremity revascularization was reported less frequently in women (54.8% vs. 57.3%; p = 0.006). Women were older (mean ± SD age: 67.8 ± 8.9 vs. 66.1 ± 8.2 years; p < 0.001) and more likely to have diabetes mellitus (p = 0.004), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and chronic kidney disease (all p < 0.001). Over a mean follow-up of 30 months, women had a lower risk of MACE (9.5% vs. 11.2%; adjusted hazard ratio: 0.77; 95% confidence interval: 0.68 to 0.88; p < 0.001) and all-cause-mortality (7.6% vs. 9.7%; adjusted hazard ratio: 0.61; 95% confidence interval: 0.53 to 0.71; p < 0.001). In contrast, risk for major adverse limb events (2.6% vs. 3.0%) and hospitalization for acute limb ischemia (1.6% vs. 1.7%) were not different by sex. CONCLUSIONS: Although women with PAD are at lower risk for MACE and all-cause mortality, risk for limb events was similar between sexes over a mean follow-up of 30 months. Understanding sex-specific differences and dissociation between baseline cardiovascular risk and subsequent cardiovascular events requires further investigation. (A Study Comparing Cardiovascular Effects of Ticagrelor and Clopidogrel in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease [EUCLID]; NCT01732822).

Major bleeding in patients with peripheral artery disease: Insights from the EUCLID trial.

BACKGROUND: Rates and predictors of major bleeding in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) treated with antiplatelets have not been well studied. This post hoc analysis of EUCLID aimed to determine the incidence of major/minor bleeding, predictors of major bleeding, and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) following major bleeding events. METHODS: EUCLID, a multicenter randomized controlled trial of 13,885 patients with symptomatic PAD, compared ticagrelor with clopidogrel for the prevention of MACE. The primary safety end point was Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) major bleeding. Baseline characteristics were used to develop a multivariable model to determine factors associated with TIMI major bleeding. The occurrence and timing of MACE relative to a first major bleeding event were determined. RESULTS: TIMI major bleeding occurred in 2.3% of participants overall (0.94 event/100 patient-years). There was no significant difference in major bleeding rates by treatment assignment. Factors associated with TIMI major bleeding included older age, geographic region, Rutherford class, and ß-blocker use. Patients with TIMI major bleeding postrandomization had an increased risk of MACE (hazard ratio [HR] 4.46; 95% CI 3.40-5.84; P < .0001) compared with those without major bleeding; the association was strongest within 30 days after a bleeding event. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with symptomatic PAD, 0.94 major bleeding event/100 patient-years was observed and associated with older age, residing in North America, disease severity, and ß-blocker use. Patients who had a major bleeding event were significantly more likely to experience MACE, especially within the first 30 days, when compared with patients who did not have major bleeding.

Impact of Procedural Bleeding in Peripheral Artery Disease: An Analysis From EUCLID Trial.

BACKGROUND: The relationship between invasive vascular procedures and bleeding in patients with peripheral artery disease has not been well described in the literature. This post hoc analysis from the EUCLID trial (Examining Use of Ticagrelor in Peripheral Artery Disease) aimed to describe the incidence of major and minor postprocedural bleeding and characterize the timing and severity of bleeding events relative to the procedure. METHODS: EUCLID was a multicenter, randomized controlled trial of 13 885 patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease that tested the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel for the prevention of major adverse cardiovascular events. A total of 2661 patients underwent 3062 coronary revascularization, peripheral revascularization, and amputation during the study. The primary safety end point was Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction major or minor bleeding. All bleeding events were formally adjudicated by a clinical end point classification group. RESULTS: Major bleeding events most often occurred ≤7 days following the procedure. The incidence of Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction major or minor bleeding ≤7 days following peripheral revascularization (3.3%; 95% CI, 2.5%-4.1%) was similar to rates after coronary revascularization (4.0%; 95% CI, 2.6%-5.4%) and lower extremity amputation (2.3%; 95% CI, 0.8%-3.8%). The severity of bleeding events (as graded by drop in hemoglobin, need for transfusion, bleeding in a critical location, and fatal bleeding) was also similar following peripheral, coronary revascularization, and lower extremity amputation. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction major/minor bleeding following peripheral revascularization is comparable to rates after coronary revascularization and lower extremity amputation, and the majority of bleeding events occur within 7 days following the procedure. The severity of periprocedural bleeding is also similar after procedures, with the most frequently adjudicated reason being a drop in hemoglobin ≥2 g/dL. Future studies should be performed to enhance our understanding of bleeding risk related to revascularization and amputation procedures in peripheral artery disease patients.

Chronic kidney disease and risk for cardiovascular and limb outcomes in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease: The EUCLID trial.

In patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD), the impact of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on major adverse cardiovascular events has not been fully evaluated. The Examining Use of Ticagrelor In PAD (EUCLID) trial randomized 13,885 patients with PAD to ticagrelor 90 mg twice daily or clopidogrel 75 mg daily. This post hoc analysis compared the incidence of the primary composite endpoint (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction (MI), or ischemic stroke) in patients with CKD (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) with those without CKD (eGFR ⩾ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2). The primary safety endpoint was thrombolysis in MI (TIMI) major bleeding. A total of 13,483 patients were included; 3332 (25%) had CKD, of whom 237 had stage 4/5 disease. Median follow-up was approximately 30 months. After statistical adjustment, patients with CKD had a higher rate of the primary endpoint compared with those without CKD (6.75 vs 3.72 events/100 patient-years; adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.45, 95% CI 1.30-1.63). CKD was not associated with increased risk of hospitalization for acute limb ischemia (ALI) (adjusted HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.69-1.34) or major amputation (adjusted HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.66-1.28). CKD was not associated with a significantly increased risk of major bleeding (adjusted HR 1.21, 95% CI 0.89-1.64), but minor bleeding was significantly increased (adjusted HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.07-2.15). In conclusion, patients with PAD and CKD had higher rates of cardiovascular death, MI, and ischemic stroke, but similar rates of ALI, major amputation, and TIMI major bleeding when compared with patients without CKD. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01732822.

Acute Limb Ischemia in Peripheral Artery Disease.

BACKGROUND: Acute limb ischemia (ALI) is an important clinical event and an emerging cardiovascular clinical trial outcome. Risk factors for and outcomes after ALI have not been fully evaluated. METHODS: EUCLID (Examining Use of Ticagrelor in Peripheral Artery Disease) randomized patients with peripheral artery disease to ticagrelor versus clopidogrel. Enrollment criteria included an ankle-brachial index ≤0.80 or previous lower extremity revascularization. Patients were grouped according to the primary outcome, postrandomization ALI hospitalization. Baseline factors associated with ALI were identified using Cox proportional hazards modeling. Models with ALI hospitalization as a time-dependent covariate were developed for secondary outcomes of major adverse cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, cardiovascular death, ischemic stroke), all-cause mortality, and major amputation. RESULTS: Among 13 885 patients, 1.7% (n=232) had 293 ALI hospitalizations (0.8 per 100 patient-years). Patients with versus without ALI were younger and more often had previous peripheral revascularization and lower baseline ankle-brachial index. Treatment during ALI hospitalization included endovascular revascularization (39.2%, n=115), surgical bypass (24.6%, n=72), and major amputation (13.0%, n=38). After multivariable adjustment, any previous peripheral revascularization (Hazard Ratio [HR] 4.7, 95% CI 3.3-6.8, P<0.01), baseline atrial fibrillation (HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1-3.2, P=0.03), and baseline ankle-brachial index ≤0.60 (HR 1.3 per 0.10 decrease, 95% CI 1.1-1.5, P<0.01) were associated with higher ALI risk. Older age (HR 0.8 per 10-year increase, 95% CI 0.7-1.0, P=0.02) and baseline statin use (HR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5-0.9, P<0.01) were associated with lower risk for ALI. There was no relationship between randomized treatment to ticagrelor or clopidogrel and ALI. Among patients with previous revascularization, surgical versus endovascular procedures performed more than 6 months prior were associated with ALI (adjusted HR 2.63, 95% CI 1.75-3.96). In the overall population, ALI hospitalization was associated with subsequent MACE (adjusted HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-2.1, P=0.04), all-cause mortality (adjusted HR 3.3, 95% CI 2.4-4.6, P<0.01), and major amputation (adjusted HR 34.2, 95% CI 9.7-20.8, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Previous peripheral revascularization, baseline atrial fibrillation, and lower ankle-brachial index identify peripheral artery disease patients at heightened risk for ALI, an event associated with subsequent cardiovascular and limb-related morbidity and mortality. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01732822.

Stroke in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease.

Background and Purpose- Predictors of stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) are poorly understood. The primary aims of this analysis were to (1) determine the incidence of ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke and TIA in patients with symptomatic PAD, (2) identify predictors of stroke in patients with PAD, and (3) compare the rate of stroke in ticagrelor- and clopidogrel-treated patients. Methods- EUCLID (Examining Use of Ticagrelor in Peripheral Artery Disease) randomized 13 885 patients with symptomatic PAD to receive monotherapy with ticagrelor or clopidogrel for the prevention of major adverse cardiovascular events (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or ischemic stroke). Ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke and TIA were adjudicated and measured as incidence rates postrandomization and cumulative incidence (per patient-years). Post hoc multivariable competing risk hazards analyses were performed using baseline characteristics to determine factors associated with all-cause stroke in patients with PAD. Results- A total of 458 cerebrovascular events in 424 patients (317 ischemic strokes, 39 hemorrhagic strokes, and 102 TIAs) occurred over a median follow-up of 30 months, for a cumulative incidence of 0.87, 0.11, and 0.27 per 100 patient-years, respectively. Age, prior stroke, prior atrial fibrillation/flutter, diabetes mellitus, geographic region, ankle-brachial index <0.60, prior amputation, and systolic blood pressure were independent baseline factors associated with the occurrence of all-cause stroke. After adjustment for baseline factors, the rates of ischemic stroke and all-cause stroke remained lower in patients treated with ticagrelor as compared with those receiving clopidogrel. There was no significant difference in the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke or TIA between the 2 treatment groups. Conclusions- In patients with symptomatic PAD, ischemic stroke and TIA occur frequently over time. Comorbidities such as age, prior stroke, prior atrial fibrillation/flutter, diabetes mellitus, higher blood pressure, prior amputation, lower ankle-brachial index, and geographic region were each independently associated with the occurrence of all-cause stroke. Use of ticagrelor, as compared with clopidogrel, was associated with a lower adjusted rate of ischemic and all-cause stroke. Further study is needed to optimize medical management and risk reduction of all-cause stroke in patients with PAD. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT01732822.

Cardiovascular and Limb Outcomes in Patients With Diabetes and Peripheral Artery Disease: The EUCLID Trial.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes confers an increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but less is known about the independent risk diabetes confers on major cardiovascular and limb events in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease (PAD) on contemporary management. OBJECTIVES: The authors sought to assess the risk of cardiovascular and limb events in patients with PAD and diabetes as compared with those with PAD alone. METHODS: In the EUCLID (Examining Use of Ticagrelor in Peripheral Artery Disease) trial, 13,885 patients with symptomatic PAD were evaluated with a primary endpoint of an adjudicated composite of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke) followed over a median of ∼30 months. The diabetes subgroup was analyzed compared with the subgroup without diabetes, and further examined for diabetes-specific factors such as glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) that might affect risk for major cardiovascular and limb outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 5,345 patients (38.5%) had diabetes; the majority (n = 5,134 [96.1%]) had type 2 diabetes. The primary endpoint occurred in 15.9% of patients with PAD and diabetes as compared with 10.4% of those without diabetes (absolute risk difference 5.5%; adjusted hazard ratio: 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.41 to 1.72; p < 0.001). Every 1% increase in HbA1c was associated with a 14.2% increased relative risk for MACE (95% CI: 1.09 to 1.20; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with PAD and diabetes are at high risk for cardiovascular and limb ischemic events, even on contemporary therapies. Every 1% increase in HbA1c was associated with a 14.2% increased relative risk for MACE (95% CI: 1.09 to 1.20; p < 0.0001). (A Study Comparing Cardiovascular Effects of Ticagrelor and Clopidogrel in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease [EUCLID]; NCT01732822).

Polyvascular Disease and Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Peripheral Artery Disease: A Secondary Analysis of the EUCLID Trial.

Importance: The effect of polyvascular disease on cardiovascular outcomes in the background of peripheral artery disease (PAD) is unclear. Objective: To determine the risk of ischemic events (both cardiac and limb) among patients with PAD and polyvascular disease. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this post hoc secondary analysis of the international Examining Use of Ticagrelor in Peripheral Artery Disease (EUCLID) trial, outcomes were compared among 13 885 enrolled patients with PAD alone, PAD + coronary artery disease (CAD), PAD + cerebrovascular disease (CVD), and PAD + CAD + CVD. Adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models were implemented to determine the risk associated with polyvascular disease and outcomes, and intention-to-treat analysis was performed. The EUCLID trial was conducted from December 31, 2012, to March 7, 2014; the present post hoc analysis was performed from June 1, 2017, to February 5, 2018. Interventions: EUCLID evaluated ticagrelor vs clopidogrel in preventing major adverse cardiac events (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction [MI], or ischemic stroke) and major bleeding in patients with PAD. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was a composite of cardiovascular death, MI, or ischemic stroke. Key secondary end points included the individual components of the primary end point and acute limb ischemia leading to hospitalization, major amputation, and lower-extremity revascularization. The primary end point of Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) major bleeding was also evaluated. Results: The EUCLID trial randomized 13 885 patients with a median age of 66 years (interquartile range, 60-73 years), of whom 3888 (28.0%) were women. At baseline, 7804 patients (56.2%) had PAD alone; 2639 (19.0%) had PAD + CAD; 2049 (14.8%) had PAD + CVD; and 1393 (10.0%) had PAD + CAD + CVD. Compared with patients with isolated PAD, the adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for major adverse cardiac events were 1.34 (95% CI, 1.15-1.57; P < .001) for PAD + CVD, 1.65 (95% CI, 1.43-1.91; P < .001) for PAD + CAD, and 1.99 (95% CI, 1.69-2.34; P < .001) for PAD + CAD + CVD. The aHRs for lower-extremity revascularization were 1.17 (95% CI, 1.03-1.34; P = .01) for PAD + CAD, 1.17 (95% CI, 1.02-1.35; P = .02) for PAD + CVD, and 1.34 (95% CI, 1.15-1.57; P < .001) for PAD + CAD + CVD. Polyvascular disease was not associated with an increased risk of acute limb ischemia (aHR for PAD + CVD, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.62-1.34, P = .63; PAD + CAD, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.64-1.34, P = .69; and PAD + CAD + CVD, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.63-1.53, P = .93), major amputation (aHR for PAD + CVD, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.54-1.27, P = .40; PAD + CAD, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.47-1.16, P = .19; and PAD + CAD + CVD, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.69-1.80, P = .65), or TIMI major bleeding (PAD + CVD, 0.98; 0.66-1.44, P = .91; PAD + CAD, 1.04; 0.74-1.48, P = .81; and PAD + CAD + CVD, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.62-1.51, P = .88). Conclusions and Relevance: Compared with patients with PAD alone, the risk of major adverse cardiac events and lower-extremity revascularization increased with multiple vascular bed involvement. There was no clear increased risk of bleeding associated with polyvascular disease.

Outcomes of Patients with Critical Limb Ischaemia in the EUCLID Trial.

OBJECTIVES: Critical limb ischaemia (CLI) implies an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and the optimal antithrombotic treatment is not established. DESIGN, MATERIALS, METHODS: The EUCLID trial investigated the effect of monotherapy with ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in 13,885 patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD); the primary endpoint was cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or ischaemic stroke. Patients planned for revascularisation or amputation within 3 months, were excluded. This analysis focuses on the subgroup with CLI, defined by rest pain (58.8%), major (9.0%) or minor (32.2%) tissue loss. RESULTS: In EUCLID, 643 patients (4.6%) had CLI at baseline. Diabetes mellitus was more common in the CLI group, while coronary disease, carotid disease, and hypertension were more common in the non-CLI group. A majority of CLI patients (62.1%) had only lower extremity PAD. In patients enrolled on the ankle brachial index (ABI) criteria, ABI was 0.55 ± 0.21 (mean ± SD) for those with CLI versus 0.63 ± 0.15 for those without CLI. The primary efficacy endpoint significantly increased among patients with CLI compared with those without CLI with a rate of 8.85 versus 4.28/100 patient years (adjusted for baseline characteristics hazard ratio [HR] 1.43 [95% CI 1.16-1.76]; p = 0.0009). When acute limb ischaemia requiring hospitalisation was added to the model, significant differences remained (adjusted HR 1.38, [95% CI 1.13-1.69]; p = 0.0016). The 1 year mortality was 8.9%. A trend towards increased lower limb revascularisation among those with CLI was observed. Bleeding (TIMI major, fatal, intracranial) did not differ between those with and without CLI. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly 5% of patients enrolled in EUCLID had CLI at baseline. Milder forms of CLI dominated, a result of the trial design. Patients with CLI had a significantly higher rate of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity versus those without CLI. Further efforts are required to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in PAD, especially in patients with CLI. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV: NCT01732822.

Determinants of coronary flow reserve in non-diabetic patients with chest pain without myocardial perfusion defects.

BACKGROUND: Microvascular dysfunction could be responsible for chest pain in patients without myocardial perfusion defects. We evaluated microvascular function using ultrasound-assessed coronary flow reserve (CFR) in patients with chest pain and normal myocardial perfusion scintigram. Secondly, we investigated association between cardiovascular parameters and decreased CFR in a sex specific manner. METHODS: A total of 202 (128 women) non-diabetic patients with chest pain and suspected myocardial ischemia, but without myocardial perfusion defects on myocardial perfusion scintigram, were enrolled and underwent CFR examination and blood sampling. All patients were followed-up for cardiovascular events. We used a supervised principal component analysis including 66 variables such as clinical parameters, ongoing medication, coronary artery disease history, lipids, metabolic parameters, inflammatory and other cardiovascular parameters. RESULTS: During a median follow-up time of 5.4 years, 25 cardiovascular events occurred; (men;18, women;7). Average CFR of the study cohort was 2.7±1.2 and 14% showed impaired CFR<2.0. In an adjusted Cox regression analysis, CFR<2.0 independently predicted event-free survival (HR:2.5, p = 0.033). In the supervised principal component analysis high insulin resistance assessed by Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance was the strongest biochemical marker associated with decreased CFR. Interestingly, upon sex specific multivariable linear regression analysis, the association was only significant in men (ß = -0.132, p = 0.041) while systolic blood pressure remained an independent predictor in women (ß = -0.009, p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: In non-diabetic patients with chest pain without myocardial perfusion defects, low CFR has prognostic value for future cardiovascular events. Insulin resistance appears to be a marker for decreased CFR in men. Indeed, in the context of contribution of traditional risk factors in this patient population, the value of systolic blood pressure seems to be important in the women.