ABSTRACT
This study aims to improve the classification of smooth muscle types to better understand their normal and pathological functional phenotypes. Four different smooth muscle tissues (aorta, muscular arteries, intestine, urinary bladder) with a 5-fold difference in maximal shortening velocity were obtained from mice and classified according to expression of the inserted myosin heavy chain (SMHC-B). Western blotting and quantitative PCR analyses were used to determine 15 metabolic and 8 cell signaling key components in each tissue. The slow muscle type (aorta) with a 12 times lower SMHC-B had 6-fold lower expression of the phosphatase subunit MYPT1, a 7-fold higher expression of Rhokinase 1, and a 3-fold higher expression of the PKC target CPI17, compared to the faster (urinary bladder) smooth muscle. The slow muscle had higher expression of components involved in glucose uptake and glycolysis (type 1 glucose transporter, 3 times; hexokinase, 13 times) and in gluconeogenesis (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, 43 times), but lower expression of the metabolic sensing AMP-activated kinase, alpha 2 isoform (5 times). The slow type also had higher expression of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (hormone-sensitive lipase, 10 times; lipoprotein lipase, 13 times; fatty acid synthase, 6 times; type 2 acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, 8 times). We present a refined division of smooth muscle into muscle types based on the analysis of contractile, metabolic, and signaling components. Slow compared to fast smooth muscle has a lower expression of the deactivating phosphatase and upregulated Ca2+ sensitizing pathways and is more adapted for sustained glucose and lipid metabolism.
Subject(s)
Muscle, Smooth/metabolism , Signal Transduction/physiology , AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism , Animals , Aorta/metabolism , Aorta/physiology , Calcium/metabolism , Female , Gluconeogenesis/physiology , Glucose/metabolism , Glycolysis/physiology , Lipid Metabolism/physiology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Muscle, Smooth/physiology , Myosin Heavy Chains/metabolism , Protein Isoforms/metabolism , Up-Regulation/physiologyABSTRACT
AIM: To examine the role of protein kinase C (PKC) and non-muscle myosin in regulation of wall tension in the hypertrophied urinary bladder. METHODS: A partial urinary outflow obstruction was induced in the mouse. Tissue strips from sham operated controls and obstructed bladders were examined in vitro with quantitative gel electrophoresis, immunohistochemistry, and in vitro force recordings. RESULTS: Outlet obstruction (14-18 days) induced a significant growth of the bladder, 73 ± 6.13 mg compared to 19 ± 1 13 mg in sham operated controls. The hypertrophying bladder tissue had increased expression of non-muscle myosin B (SMemb) mainly localized to serosa and suburothelium. Direct activation of PKC with PDBu did not alter force in the control urinary bladder. In contrast, PDBu initiated a prominent and sustained contraction which had an increased sensitivity to the myosin type II inhibitor blebbistatin. CONCLUSIONS: PKC activates a significant contractile response in the wall of the hypertrophying urinary bladder, possibly supported by non-muscle myosin. This contractile component is not contributing to the physiological response to muscarinic stimulation, but might be separately regulated by other, yet unknown, mechanisms.
Subject(s)
Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/pharmacology , Muscle, Smooth/metabolism , Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIB/drug effects , Nonmuscle Myosin Type IIB/metabolism , Protein Kinase C/metabolism , Urinary Bladder/metabolism , Urinary Bladder/pathology , Animals , Biomechanical Phenomena/drug effects , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Hypertrophy , In Vitro Techniques , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Muscle Contraction/drug effects , Muscle Contraction/physiology , Muscle, Smooth/drug effects , Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate/pharmacology , Protein Kinase C/drug effects , Urinary Bladder/drug effects , Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction/metabolism , Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction/pathologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study muscarinic/purinergic receptor activation and Rho-kinase/protein kinase C (PKC) signalling during smooth muscle contraction in normal and hypertrophic mouse urinary bladders. METHODS: Partial urinary outflow obstruction was induced in adult female (10-12 weeks) C57Bl/6 mice and comparisons were made with sham-operated controls. Bladder preparations were examined in vitro. Expression of signalling proteins was examined using Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Obstructed bladders increased more than threefold in weight and were found to have enhanced muscarinic and attenuated purinergic components during nerve-induced contractions. The contractile response to carbachol was shifted towards lower concentrations of carbachol for the peak response and had a markedly enhanced sustained component. The amplitude of the α,ß-methylene ATP-induced responses was lowered. Rho-kinase inhibitor Y27632 (10 µM) inhibited peak and sustained contractile responses to carbachol in control bladders (peak by 38%; plateau 57%) and obstructed bladders (peak 37% plateau 47%). PKC inhibitor GF109203X (1 µM) inhibited carbachol contractions in controls (peak by 29%; plateau 29%) and obstructed bladders (peak 17%; plateau 12%). Inhibition by a similar extent was observed after nerve stimulation. Sensitivity to Ca(2+) in high-K(+) depolarized intact tissues increased in obstructed bladders. This increased receptor-independent Ca(2+)-sensitivity was abolished by Y27632. Tissue contents of the myosin-binding phosphatase subunit MYPT-1 and catalytic phosphatase subunit PP1ß, were decreased and the contents of RhoGDI, RhoA and CPI-17 increased. A decrease in the Rho-kinase isoform ROCK-1 was observed. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, one can speculate that Rho-kinase inhibition would preferentially target the pathological phasic activity in the urinary bladder rather than inhibit the physiological receptor-mediated bladder emptying.
