[Neurophysiological correlates of pedophilia: a study of EEG evoked oscillations]. / Neirofiziologicheskie korrelyaty pedofilii: issledovanie vyzvannykh ritmov EEG.

OBJECTIVE: To study the changes of evoked EEG oscillations in response to erotic visual stimuli to identify specific patterns in subjects with different variants of pedophilia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-eight right-handed male offenders who have committed sexual acts against children participated in the study. Seventeen subjects without paraphilic disorders were included in group 1, 17 subjects with heterosexual pedophilia were included in group 2, and 13 subjects with homosexual pedophilia were included in group 3. The stimuli were colored pictures of neutral, heterosexual normative, hetero- and homosexual pedophilic content shortly demonstrated with backward masking. Spectral power of delta, theta, alpha, and beta evoked oscillations (EO) was analyzed. Further, the number of significant changes of EO power in response to erotic stimuli relative to neutral ones was calculated, and topography changes of EO power in response to specific erotic pictures compared to neutral ones were analyzed for each group. RESULTS: The diminished number of significant reactions to specific stimuli was found in the pedophilia groups (18 and 4 in groups 2 and 3, respectively) in comparison with the group without paraphilia (25). The specific changes of EO power in response to specific erotic visual pictures were found for each group. Increased power of delta, theta and alpha EO in the 104-164 ms time window, and decreased power of alpha EO in the 344-920 ms time window were found in group 1. In group 2, specific stimulation elicited decline of delta and theta EO power, possibly related to impaired motivational and emotional aspects of erotic stimuli perception. The weak changes were found in group 3 - increased power of beta EO in the frontal area. CONCLUSION: The obtained frequency and spatial patterns of EO changes in response to erotic visual pictures are related to specificity of hetero- and homosexual pedophilia.

[A comparative study of the P300 wave and evoked theta-rhythm in schizophrenia and personality disorders]. / Sravnitel'noe issledovanie kharakteristik volny R300 i vyzvannogo teta-ritma pri shizofrenii i rasstroistvakh lichnosti.

OBJECTIVE: Amplitude and latency of evoked potential P300 are considered as major correlates of cognitive functions. At the same time the changes in the theta-band event-related oscillations that appears at the same time window as P300 wave are less studied. The purpose of this study was to provide the complex assessment and comparison of neurophysiological indices of cognitive processes in healthy people and patients with personality disorder, schizotypal disorder and schizophrenia with different levels of cognitive dysfunction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The total number of participants was 124, including 44 healthy volunteers, 40 schizophrenic patients, 22 patients with personality disorder, 18 patients with schizotypal disorder. Patients were examined in standard two-stimulus oddball paradigm. The P300 amplitude and latency, and evoked theta-band power and coherence were identified for target and non-target stimuli. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The decrease in P300 amplitude, prolongation of P300 latency, and reduction in the evoked theta-band power and coherence were revealed in all groups of patients compared to healthy subjects. These changes were spatially generalized and the most pronounced in schizophrenic patients. In patients with personality and schizotypal disorders, the changes had a local character, and didn't differ significantly when the groups were compared. The results show the gradual cognitive decline as follows: healthy patients, patients with schizotypal disorder, patients with personality disorder, and patients with schizophrenia. Such cognitive decline might be in line with the reduction of critical and prognostic abilities.

[Subjective evaluation of the effect of single test doses of phenazepam and placebo in patients with anxiety disorders: a relationship with objective pharmaco-electroencephalography characteristics]. / Sub''ektivnaia otsenka bol'nymi s trevozhnymi rasstroistvami deistviia odnokratnykh testovykh doz fenazepama i platsebo: sviaz' s ob''ektivnymi farmakoélektroéntsefalograficheskimi kharakteristikami.

AIM: To study the relationship between subjective evaluation (SE) of the effect of single test doses of benzodiazepine anxiolytic phenazepam and placebo and objective electroencephalography (EEG) characteristics in patients with anxiety disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty patients, including 13 with generalized anxiety disorders (GAD, ICD-10 F41.1), 13 with anxiety-phobic disorders (AFD, ICD-10 F40.0) and 14 with anxiety-hypochondriac disorders (AHD, ICD-10 F45.2), were enrolled. The method of subjective evaluation of the effect of psychotropic drugs and EEG recording during wakeful rest and 2 hours after taking test doses of phenazepam (1 mg) and placebo were performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A trend towards the higher SE indices (tolerability and a wish to continue treatment with the drug) of the test dose of phenazepam in patients with GAD, its decrease in AFD and AHD, no differences in SE indices of placebo between different psychopathological patterns of disorders were identified. The changes in EEG specific for benzodiazepines were revealed in patients treated with phenazepam. Insignificant changes in the beta rhythm after taking placebo were found. Correlations between subjective assessments of the effect of test doses of phenazepam and placebo and EEG were observed. The results suggest that subjective assessments of the effect of anxiolytic drugs and objective indices of anxiolytic drug action are interrelated.

[Specificity of spatial organization of evoked EEG rhythms in patients with paranoid schizophrenia]. / Osobennosti prostranstvennoi organizatsii vyzvannykh ritmov ÉÉG u bol'nykh paranoidnoi shizofreniei.

AIM: The study aimed at analyzing the spatial patterns of evoked event-related oscillations in patients with paranoid schizophrenia and their relationship with clinical symptoms of disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Evoked delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma rhythms in response to target auditory stimulus in an oddball paradigm were studied in 21 schizophrenic patients and 22 healthy subjects. The independent spatial patterns were revealed within each of the frequency range using the principal component analysis. Each spatial pattern was characterized by the specificity of intra- and inter-hemispheric relations. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The schizophrenic patients were characterized by a decrease in the evoked activity in the theta range with the most pronounced changes in the frontal-central areas of the right hemisphere and parietal-occipital areas bilaterally. Associations of the evoked rhythms with PANSS positive and negative symptoms were identified. The study demonstrated the high functional significance of evoked EEG rhythms changes for neurophysiological characteristics of patients with paranoid schizophrenia.

[EEG frequency and regional properties in patients with paranoid schizophrenia: effects of positive and negative symptomatology prevalence].

OBJECTIVE: EEG changes in schizophrenic patients are caused by a multitude of factors related to clinical heterogeneity of the disease, current state of patients, and conducted therapy. EEG spectral analysis remains an actual methodical approach for the investigation of the neurophysiological mechanisms of the disease. The goal of the investigation was the study of frequency and regional EEG correlating with the intensity of productive and negative disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Models of summary prevalence of positive/negative disorders and evidence of concrete clinical indices of the PANSS scale were used. Spectral characteristics of background EEG in the frequency range of 1-60 Hz were studied in 35 patients with paranoid schizophrenia free from psychoactive medication and in 19 healthy volunteers. RESULTS: It was established that the main index of negative symptomatology in summary assessment was diffuse increase of spectral power of gamma and delta ranges. Deficient states with the predominance of volitional disorders were characterized by a lateralized increase of spectral power of beta-gamma ranges in the left hemisphere, and of delta range - in frontal areas of this hemisphere. Positive symptomatology was noticeably less reflected in EEG changes than negative ones. CONCLUSION: An analysis of psychopathological symptom complexes revealed the significance of spatially structured EEG patterns in the beta range: for the delusion disturbances with psychic automatism phenomena - in frontal areas of the left hemisphere, and for the paranoid syndrome with primary interpretative delusion - in cortical areas of the right hemisphere.

[Ladasten versus placebo effect self-evaluated by neurasthenia patients with different EEG alpha rhythm types].

The study was focused on the clinico-pharmacological analysis of differences between subjective and objective assessment of the effects of antiasthenic drug ladasten and placebo effects in patients with neurasthenia with different individual patterns manifested in their EEG alpha rhythms and MMPI findings. It is established that, in patients with neurasthenia characterized by reduced EEG alpha activity combined with emotional lability and inertness, the therapeutic action and effectiveness of ladasten and placebo was more robust (the subjective estimation was higher) than in patients with prominent alpha rhythm and sthenic personal traits. The self-assessment of the effect of single test doses of ladasten and placebo was independent of the individual differences of EEG alpha rhythm organization and personal traits with respect to tolerability, wish to continue the treatment, activating and calming effects. In long-term treatment, higher subjective estimations of the ladasten and placebo effect appeared in patients with reduced EEG alpha rhythm, and the difference corresponded to objective indices of the psychotropic action and effectiveness of the drug.

[The patterns of interzonal EEG relations and its relationship with the subjective assessment of single-dose action of phenazepam in patients with anxiety disorders].

The spectral-coherence analysis of phenazepam single-dose action in patients with anxiety disorder was performed. Significant changes in coherence parameters indicating the generalized character of reorganizations of interzonal connections with the involvement of delta, alpha, theta and beta-1 to beta-3 rhythms, including both their strengthening and weakening, were revealed. Correlations between the character of reorganizations of interzonal relations and subjective assessments of the drug effect were observed: activating and antianxiety drug effects were correlated with tolerability and the wish to continue treatment with the drug. Results suggest that drug effect on EEG spectra is more informative when subjective assessments are taken into account.

[Clinical and electroencephalographic characteristic of noopept in patients with mild cognitive impairment of posttraumatic and vascular origin].

An effect of a new nootropic drug noopept on the dynamics of main EEG rhythms and narrow-band spectral EEG characteristics in patients with cerebral asthenic and cognitive disturbances caused by traumas or vascular brain diseases has been studied. Noopept caused the EEG changes characteristic of the action of nootropics: the increase of alpha- and beta-rhythms power and reduction of delta-rhythms power. The reaction of alpha-rhythm was provided mostly by the dynamics of its low and medium frequencies (6,7-10,2 Hz), the changes of beta-rhythm were augmented in frontal and attenuated in occipital areas. The analysis of frequency and spatial structure of EEG changes reveals that noopept exerts a nonspecific activation and anxyolytic effect. The differences in EEG changes depending on the brain pathology were found. The EEG indices of nootropic effect of the drug were most obvious in cerebral vascular diseases. The EEG changes in posttraumatic brain lesion were less typical.

[Characteristics of ladasten effect in neurasthenia patients with various EEG parameters].

Clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) analysis ofladasten action in anxiety-asthenic patients with respect to their EEG-defined individual typological characteristics was carried out. Primary psychopathologic disorders and ladasten effects were assessed by objective classification methods (factor and cluster analyses), and individual EEG types characterized by marked or reduced alpha rhythm were determined. No significant correlations between baseline EEG results and the initial mental condition indices were found. Significant differences ofladasten action in patients with different EEG types were found. It was established that, in patients with marked alpha rhythm corresponding to asthenic personal traits, ladasten exhibits predominantly a psychostimulant action assessed by clinical rating scales, which is accompanied by high frequencies of alpha rhythm increase and beta 1 and beta 2 rhythms decrease. In patients with reduced alpha rhythm and the EEG type corresponding to asthenic personal traits, ladasten action was characterized by an increase of alpha-rhythm low frequencies and the opposite reaction of beta 1 and beta 2 rhythms, whose are typical for the EEG pattern of anxiolytic effect. These results may indicate that the effect of ladasten depends on the initial brain activity level, which varies in patients with different individual typological traits.

[Efficacy of pronoran in age-related memory impairment].

Thirty patients aged 45-62 years (mean 54.8 +/- 3.7) have been studied. Pronoran (piribedil) was used for treatment of age-related memory impairment in dosage 50 mg per day during 30 and 90 days (2 groups of 15 patients). Psychophysiological examination included a study of sensomotor activity (time for visual-motor reactions--simple and complex) and functional lability of visual analyzer as well as evaluation of cognitive processes--memory and attention. Patients were examined before and after therapy of different duration. Pronoran exerted a positive effect on psychophysiological state of elderly people, improving memory and attention and increasing the velocity of psychomotor reactions and lability of nervous processes. The longer was the therapy, the more improved were above traits. Along with cogniotropic and mnemotoric (an influence on operative memory) effects of pronoran, its non-specific activating impact is described.

[Placebo to antidepressant effects ratio by electroencephalographic data]. / Sootnoshenie platsebo-éffekta i deistviia antidepressantov po dannym élektroéntsefalografii.

An analysis of EEG spectral characteristics of placebo effect and antidepressant (fluoxetine, maprotiline) monotherapy in patients with mild or moderate depressive episodes (ICD-10) has been conducted. Depending on clinical effects of placebo and antidepressants, the groups of placebo- and medication-responders/non-responders were compared. Placebo caused both particular and similar with the action of a single antidepressant dose changes in spectral power of EEG bands, which reduced during the pharmacotherapy course. The EEG changes achieved a significant level mostly in placebo-responders. Differences in EEG reactions between medication responders and non-responders were rare and emerged at the stage of the placebo therapy and single antidepressant dose intake. The change of between-hemisphere asymmetry of alpha-rhythm low band power in the frontal brain regions corresponding to the increase of activation of these regions in the left hemisphere, was found to be characteristic of thymoleptic effect of pharmacotherapy.

[Clinical study of the selective anxiolytic agent afobazol]. / Rezul'taty klinicheskogo izucheniia selektivnogo anksiolitika afobazola.

A standard clinical trial including pharmaco-EEG investigation of the new selective anxiolytic afobazole was performed on a group of 30 patients with anxiety and anxious-asthenic disorders and premorbid individual asthenic profile traits. Afobazole exhibits the anxiolytic action with an activating component in the absence of sedative and myorelaxant effects. The clinical trial results confirmed good prospects of using the experimentally validated pharmacogenetic concept of anxioselectivity as a methodological approach to the design of new drugs possessing selective anxiolytic properties.

[Narrow-band changes in the the EEG spectral composition under the influence of an agonist and an antagonist of noradrenergic neuromediation]. / Uzkopolosnye izmeneniia spektral'nogo sostava EEG pod vliianiem agonista i antagonista noradrenergicheskoi neiromediatsii.

At pharmaco-electroencephalographic examination of patients with neuroses narrow-band components was carried out of the EEG spectrum, which oppositively changed under the influence of sidnocarb and obsidan--agonist and antagonist of noradrenergic system, the initial hypothesis on the perspectivity of search of the EEG markers of the level of activation of the brain neurotransmitter systems thus being confirmed. Comparison of the obtained EEG-data with pharmacological properties of the applied drugs allows to project the aspects of further EEG studies of neurotransmission.

[Significance of narrow frequency bands of the EEG spectrum for demonstrating the effect of diazepam in patients with borderline mental disorders]. / Znachenie uzkikh chastotnykh polos spektra EEG dlia kharakteristiki deistviia diazepama u bol'nykh s pogranichnymi psikhicheskimi rasstroistvami.

A study was made of the effect of the single test dose of diazepam (10 mg, i. m.) and continuous drug therapy on the narrow spectral bands of the EEG in the range of 0.4-30.0 Hz. A relationship was demonstrated between the pattern of EEG changes and individual intensity in patients of the clinical manifestations of activation, tranquilization and sedation as well as the total efficacy of continuous therapy, disease standing and previous treatment. The frequencies of alpha-rhythm were found to be more informative for the reflection of the clinico-electrophysiological correlations established.

[EEG factor analysis in the treatment with antidepressants]. / Faktornyi analiz EEG pri kursovoi terapii antidepressantami.

Spatial EEG factor analysis was performed in patients under gamonil and damilen treatment. Groups of EEG-factors were discovered that describe the peculiarities of the brain electrical processes spatial reorganization under pharmacotherapy. Major groups comprised the EEG factors: 1. characterizing the proper action of the drug; 2. connected to the syndromal peculiarities of depression or the course of mental state changes; 3. those depending on the efficiency of the therapy.

[Identification of antidepressants based on the characteristics of EEG spatial organization]. / Identifikatsiia antidepressantov pri pomoshchi kharakteristik prostranstvennoi organizatsii EEG.

Methods of factorial and discriminant analysis were used for the analysis of the electroencephalographic reaction to gamonil and damilen. Specific features of EEG spatial reorganization were revealed for each of the thymoleptics which made it possible to recognize correctly the drugs in 87.5 and 92.3% of cases, respectively.

[Clinico-electroencephalographic correlations in asthenoadynamic subdepressions]. / Kliniko-élektroéntsefalograficheskie korreliatsii pri astenoadinamicheskikh subdepressiiakh.

In patients with atypical, torpid and poorly identifiable asthenoadynamic subdepressions with predominant disorders of intellectual activity the authors analyzed the spatial structure of the ECG activity. They also studied the psychophysiologic mechanisms underlying the psychopathologic condition. The feasibility of the objective verification of the clinical status and of the prognosis of the depressive condition have been demonstrated. The data on the overactive processes of cortical excitation and deficit of the processes of active selective cortical inhibition in the studied states are presented.

[Identification of neuroleptics by using the characteristics of the spatial organization of the EEG]. / Identifikatsiia neiroleptikov pri pomoshchi kharakteristik prostranstvennoi organizatsii EEG.

The electroencephalographic reactions to stelazine, aminazine and haloperidol were studied by the methods of multifactor and multidiscriminant analyses. The specific features of pharmacogenic spatial reorganization of the EEG were revealed for every neuroleptic which made it possible to recognize the drugs in 90.9, 88.9 and 82.9% of cases, respectively.