Effects of Bioactive Dietary Components on Changes in Lipid and Liver Parameters in Women after Bariatric Surgery and Procedures.

Excess adipose tissue, as well as its distribution, correlates strongly with disorders of lipid and liver parameters and chronic inflammation. The pathophysiology of metabolic diseases caused by obesity is associated with the dysfunction of visceral adipose tissue. Effective and alternative interventions such as the Bioenteric Intragastric Balloon and bariatric surgeries such as the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of modifying the recommended standard weight loss diet after bariatric surgery and procedures on reducing chronic inflammation in overweight patients. In the study, bioactive anti-inflammatory dietary components were used supportively. Changes in the concentrations of lipid parameters, liver parameters, antioxidant enzymes, cytokines, and chemokines were demonstrated. The enrichment of the diet, after bariatric surgery, with the addition of n-3 EFAs(Essential Fatty Acids), bioflavonoids, vitamins, and synbiotics resulted in higher weight losses in the patients in the study with a simultaneous reduction in parameters indicating liver dysfunction.

Long-Term Consequences of Increased Activity of Urine Enzymes After Cardiac Surgery - A Prospective Observational Study.

Introduction: Cardiac surgery associated AKI (CSA-AKI) complicates recovery and may be associated with a greater risk of developing chronic kidney disease and mortality. The aim of this study was to assess long-term clinical consequences of transient increased activity of urinary enzymes after cardiac surgery (CS). Methods: An observational study was conducted in a group of 88 adult patients undergoing planned coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), but all samples were obtained from 79 patients. The activity of urinary enzymes: N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG), arylsulfatase A (ASA) and beta-glucuronidase was evaluated in sequential urine samples. A comparative analysis of biochemical parameters was performed regarding the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) defined by KIDGO at 24 hours, at day 30 and 5-years after the operation. Results: During the first 24 hours after CS AKI was diagnosed in 13 patients. A comparison of the activity of urinary enzymes in pre-defined time-points showed significant differences for ASA and NAG (post OP-sample p < 0.028 and p < 0.022; POD 1 sample p < 0.004 and p < 0.001 respectively). No patient had any biochemical or clinical features of kidney failure at day 30. In the AKI group kidney failure was diagnosed in 36% of patients within 5 years of follow-up as opposed to 5% in the no AKI group. The activities of tubular enzymes in urine reflect a general injury of kidney tubules during and after the operation. However, they are not ideal biomarkers for prediction of the degree of kidney injury and further poor prognosis of CS-AKI.

Effect of Diet and Supplementation on Serum Vitamin C Concentration and Antioxidant Activity in Dialysis Patients.

Loss of vitamin C, especially in conjunction with an inadequate supply, can lead to decreased plasma concentrations of vitamin C. This in turn can lead to overt or subclinical deficiency. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of diet and supplementation on vitamin C concentrations and serum antioxidant activity (FRAP) in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Sixty-eight HD patients participated in the study. In all of them, the diet was initially determined, and they were divided into five groups according to the diet and supplementation used. Group 1 received an unchanged diet, considered by them to be optimal; in group 2, the standard diet used in HD patients was introduced; in group 3, a standard diet enriched with natural antioxidants was employed; in group 4, a standard diet as in group 2 was used, but enriched with supplements (vitamin C, vitamin E, Se, and Zn). In contrast, group 5 consisted of HD patients with coexisting diabetes. Vitamin C serum levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC and antioxidant activity by The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma FRAP. The study shows that a well-chosen diet can slow the build-up of malnutrition and increase antioxidant activity as measured by the FRAP method in the blood of hemodialysis patients. Vitamin C supplementation can improve antioxidant status in hemodialysis patients. * The results presented in this paper complement our study, which assessed the effect of diet on the activity of erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes: Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), but also on the concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants (tocopherols, carotenoids, and vitamin C) in hemodialysis patients. In the study, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were assessed as an indicator of oxidative damage.

Diet and nutritional status of elderly people depending on their place of residence

Background: The main problems in nutrition among elderly people are insufficient consumption of high energy protein and deficiencies in vitamins and minerals. Obesity or malnutrition in this age group is also common. The character of the diet of the elderly is affected by many factors, including the place of residence. Objective: The aim of this work was to compare the diet and nutritional status of elderly people living in nursing homes and in their family homes in West Pomeranian Voivodeship region. Material and methods: The study was performed among 48 citizens of Drawsko Pomorskie (DP) and 79 residents of Nursery Home (NH) in Zabów. For the study we used a questionnaire containing questions about anthropometric data which served to assess nutritional state. The assessment of diets of the citizens of Drawsko Pomorskie was performed based on the menus collected using a 24-hour diet recall. Energy and nutritional value of the diets of NH residents were assessed on the basis of decade menus. Obtained results were compared to current recommendations. Results: Two examined groups comprised of both underweight and obese people. The residents of NH in Zabów consumed more energy, protein, fat, cholesterol and carbohydrates, whereas people from DP ­ more dietary fibre. Diets of the citizens of DP were characterized by excessive consumption of sodium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, copper and vitamins: A, B2, B6, B12 and niacin, and insufficient consumption of potassium, calcium, magnesium and vitamins: D, E, C and folates. The diets of people living in family homes were excessive in sodium, phosphorus, iron, copper and vitamins: A, B1, B6, C and niacin, and contained too little calcium, magnesium and vitamins D, E and folates. Conclusion: It was shown that the place of residence of examined people affected their diets and nutritional status. Both in case of people living in NH and in family homes there was a risk of underweight and obesity, which could be affected by improper way of nutrition.

Iron excretion in urine in patients with acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Hemolysis during cardiopulmonary bypass may lead to acute kidney injury caused by an excessive amount of iron. The clinical usefulness of the measurement of total iron concentration in the urine with the use of the atomic absorption spectrometry method for early identification of patients with postoperative acute kidney injury is not well-established. OBJECTIVES: An observational, prospective study was conducted on a group of 88 pre-selected adult patients undergoing a planned coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) procedure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The amount and concentrations of total iron, creatinine and neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin (NGAL) were evaluated in urine samples. A comparative analysis of the evaluated biochemical parameters was performed in regard to the occurrence of acute kidney injury 48 h postoperatively. RESULTS: Patients in the acute kidney injury group presented more advanced age (p = 0.01), preoperative myocardial infarction (p = 0.02), diuresis reduction (p = 0.04), and lower total iron levels in the 48-hour urine sample (p = 0.01). There was no difference when considering iron concentration in single urine samples in the study group. CONCLUSIONS: The sole result of total iron concentration in single urine samples is unreliable for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Decreased excretion of iron in the urine seems to be an important additional element in the multifactorial pathogenesis of acute postoperative kidney failure.

Analysis of nutrition and nutritional status of haemodialysis patients

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common disease of civilization where nutrition is part of the treatment. Diet therapy is difficult as it is necessary to control the intake of: energy, protein and minerals ­ Na, K, Ca and P in the daily food rations (DFR). Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the nutritional status and diets of haemodialysis (HD) patients. Material and method: The study involved 141 haemodialysis patients, at the average age of 65.9. The patients were divided into groups taking into consideration their sex and diagnosis for diabetes. The information on the diets were collected using a 7-day dietary recall. In the DFRs the amount of energy and 22 nutrients were calculated. Obtained results were compared with requirements for HD patients. Results: Appropriate nutritional status (measured with BMI) was reported for majority of women (70.6%) and almost half of men, however, excessive weight was recognized in every third female patient and more than half male patients, and type I obesity was noted in 7.8% of men. The analysis of the results showed that diets of all examined patients were deficient in energy and protein (except women with diabetes), whereas the consumption of fat was appropriate in both groups of women. The recommendations with respect to the amount of cholesterol were met but dietary fibre was too low. Intake of vitamins B1, D, C, folates and Ca and Mg was lower and intake of vitamin B12 was higher than recommended. Conclusions: Assessment of the coverage of the demand on nutrients in HD patients should not be based on the analysis of their nutritional status (BMI) only but also on the analysis of diets, especially in case of diabetes.

Cardiac surgery related cardio-renal syndrome assessed by conventional and novel biomarkers - under or overestimated diagnosis?

INTRODUCTION: Serum creatinine is a 'gold standard' criterion of recognizing and staging of acute kidney injury (AKI) despite it being a suboptimal, delayed indicator. The interpretation of increased values of biomarkers imposes great difficulty regarding cardiac surgery procedures performed with cardiopulmonary bypass and may lead to under- or overestimated diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility of the sole serum creatinine or urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) concentration used for identification of patients with AKI after cardiac surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted on a group of 88 adult patients undergoing a coronary artery bypass grafting procedure. Serum creatinine was evaluated on the day of the operation, and 24 and 48 h post-operatively. Urinary NGAL concentration was measured: immediately after and one hour after cardiopulmonary bypass, and 24 h from the beginning of the operation. We assessed features of kidney injury and 30-day and 5-year mortality. RESULTS: Patients in the AKI group diagnosed with creatinine level and urine output criteria presented more advanced age (p = 0.01), higher body mass index (p = 0.01) and preoperative myocardial infarction (p = 0.02). Elevation of NGAL level was observed in 5 of 13 cases with AKI, based on creatinine criteria and 4 of 75 cases without AKI. Within 5 years after the surgical procedure the recurrence of renal failure was 36% in the AKI group (with perioperative NGAL elevation in 2 cases only). CONCLUSIONS: In the cardiac surgery patients the diagnosis of AKI based on sole serum creatinine or urine NGAL concentration confirmed transient kidney injury. However, the clinical implications of these findings are insufficient for prediction of clinical outcome.

[Nutritional status of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis]. / Analiza stanu odzywienia pacjentów poddawanych dializie otrzewnowej.

INTRODUCTION: The main causes of death in patients undergoing dialysis are cardiovascular diseases. Their presence is related to the nutritional status of patients treated with peritoneal dialysis, and has a predicted value in this kind of patient. Long-term therapy entails unfavourable changes, from which a clinically significant complication is protein-energy malnutrition and intensification of inflammatory processes. The aim of the study was to assess the nutritional status of patients with chronic kidney disease treated with peritoneal dialysis based on anthropometric, biochemical parameters analysis, a survey, as well as the determination of changes in measured parameters occurring over time. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involved 40 people undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) and 30 healthy people. For dialyzed patients testing material was collected twice, every 6 months. Proteins, albumins, prealbumins, C-reactive protein and glucose levels were measured. Anthropometric measurements included body height, body weight, triceps skinfold and subscapular skinfold thickness. Body mass index (BMI) value and exponent of tissue protein source were calculated. The examined patients completed the questionnaire, which included, among other factors, the daily intake of nutrients, and lifestyle information. RESULTS: During the 6 month observation of the PD group a stastically significant increase in the energy value of intake food and amount of calories intake from carbohydrates was found. Analysis of nutritional status dependent on the BMI showed that overweight and obese patients are characterized by higher concentrations of the C-reactive protein and glucose, as well as lower concentrations of prealbumin compared to patients with normal body weight. At the same time, the energy value of food and the amount of protein in the group with BMI > 25 were smaller than in the other groups. During the 6 month observation a decrease the concentration of prealbumin and an increase in C-reactive protein in BMI > 25 group were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The nutritional status of all patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis was abnormal, which was not reflected by BMI. In overweight and obese patients increased changes over time were observed. This suggests the occurrence of protein-energy malnutrition.

Adipokines and parameters of peritoneal membrane transport in newly started peritoneal dialysis patients.

AIM: Adiponectin and leptin are two adipokines playing important roles in the regulation of body weight, appetite, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) adipokines accumulate in serum due to reduced renal clearance. Since adipokines have pleiotropic actions, the adipokine balance may have an impact on peritoneal membrane transport. The aim of this study was to assess whether serum adiponectin and leptin levels were related to peritoneal transport and residual renal function (RRF) in newly started peritoneal dialysis patients. METHODS: 25 clinically stable patients, 4 to 6 weeks after the onset of PD, were included in the study. For each patient clinical and laboratory data were reviewed and standard PET test was performed. Serum adiponectin and leptin concentrations were determined and leptin/adiponectin (L/A) ratio was calculated. RESULTS: Serum adiponectin correlated negatively with weight, BMI and glucose concentration. Serum leptin and L/A ratio correlated positively with BMI. Serum adiponectin correlated positively with dialysate to plasma (D/P) creatinine ratio and ultrafiltration in PET test. Serum leptin level and L/A ratio correlated strongly negatively with peritoneal creatinine clearance. CONCLUSIONS: Serum adiponectin concentration is positively associated with baseline solute transport. Leptin concentration and L/A ratio are negatively associated with dialysis adequacy in newly started PD patients.