[Vitamin and mineral status of the population living in the Sverdlovsk region]. / Obespechennost' vitaminami i nekotorymi mineral'nymi élementami naseleniia Sverdlovskoi oblasti.

It was found that low nutritional status for vitamin C, B2, beta-carotene, selenium and calcium are most prominent nutritional problem for population of Sverdlovskaja region of Russia. Level of calcium in serum was low in 50% of examined population. The results suggest the necessity of dietary intake and food contamination assessments for this population.

[Monitoring of dietary intake and nutritional status of Moscow's school children, 1992-1994. 1. Methodology of the study. Energy and nutrient intakes]. / Monitoring potrebleniia pishchi i sostoianiia pitaniia detei-shkol'nikov Moskvy v 1992-1994 gg. 1. Metodologiia issledovaniia. Potreblenie énergii i pishchevykh veshchestv.

Surveys of dietary intakes and nutritional status of schoolchildren aged 10 and 15 years in Moscow were made during a period of rapid economic transformation, 1992-1994. It was part of multicentre study of schoolchildren dietary intake evaluation sponsored by WHO/UNICEF. Information on food intake was collected using two 24-hour recall interviews. The design of study was carefully elaborated by international group of nutritional epidemiologists. There was a slight change in food pattern with age, and some differences between boys and girls of 15 years old. Nutrient intakes in the groups studied did not change significantly during the period of study. Protein contributed about 12% and fat 29-32% of the dietary energy, and total energy intake was overall on a satisfactory level. 70% of the subjects had low intake levels of vitamin B2 and calcium compared with the chosen reference values. Milk and dairy products, fruits, juices and vegetables were consumed in small quantities and relatively infrequently. The consumption of bread and bread products, porridge, confectionery, meat and meat products were consumed more frequently and in larger quantities.

[The hygienic validation of the recommended values for fluoride consumption for the adult population]. / Gigienicheskoe obosnovanie rekomenuemykh velichin potrebleniia ftoridov dlia vzroslogo naseleniia.

In trial with 21 health volunteers aged 40 +/- 1.8 years during 21 days was shown that the level of fluoride intake meeting the requirement all participants taking into account the interindividual variations in requirement must be 1.8 mg per day. The range of variation of homeostatic dose for fluoride make up 1.5-1.8 mg. The higher level (up to 4 mg/day) of fluoride intake has no medical or biological advisabilities.

[Nutritional status of native and non-native population of Russia's Extreme North and Far East]. / Fakticheskoe pitanie korennogo i nekorennogo naseleniia raionov Krainevo Severa i Dal'nevo Vostoka.

Daily diets studied in various groups of native and non-native population living in the Far North and East of Russia (Kamchatka, Chukotka, Sakhalin) are shown to be inadequate for the adult capable population. Chemical composition of food provides insufficient supply of vegetable oil, calcium, vitamins, magnesium.

[Antimutagenic activity of dextran gammaphos derivatives]. / Antimutagennaia aktivnost' dekstranovykh proizvodnykh gammafosa.

In experiments with V-79 Chinese hamster cell culture the influence of dextran gammaphos derivatives on the mutagenic effects of gamma-radiation was studied by the number of cells with micronuclei and fragmented nuclei. Products of interaction between gammaphos and dialdehyde dextran were shown to have a higher antimutagenic activity than gammaphos.

[Analysis of actual consumption of food substances and energy in the USSR and Union Republics (data for 1987)]. / K analizu fakticheskogo potrebleniia pishchevykh veshchestv i énergii v SSSR i soiuznykh respublikakh (dannye za 1987 g.).

The analysis has been presented of the actual nutrition of the population of the USSR as a whole, and of all the Union Republics during 1985-1987. It has been found that the nutrition of the population in the country (on an average per capita) is imbalanced with respect to the main food substances. The food rations meet the requirements of the energy value, but do not provide physiological needs of the body in the chemical composition including the essential factors of nutrition. The main cause of such state is the irrational structure of nutrition. The analysis of the actual nutrition of the adult population capable for work has not revealed any specific disorders in the principles of the rational nutrition related to a certain group of work intensity. The nutrition deficiencies in separate occupational groups of subjects have reflected the general tendencies in the character of nutrition of the population in the country as a whole, as well as in the republic and region. Certain shortcomings of the actual nutrition common to varying occupational groups of the population have been established.

[Research on xenobiotic metabolism for assessing the quality of protein-containing products from plant raw material produced through biotechnology methods]. / Issledovanie metabolizma ksenobiotikov dlia otsenki kachestva beloksoderzhashchikh produktov iz rastitel'nogo syr'ia, poluchaemykh metodami biotekhnologii.

Activity of microsomal hydroxylation and conjugation enzymes was studied in the liver of rats that received food concentrate of protein from sunflower groats (SPC) produced in the USSR, and soya protein isolate (SPI) produced by Ralston Purina, USA. SPC consumption during 3 months was attended by elevation of cytochrome-450 content, and activity of microsomal hydroxylation and uridinephosphate-glucuroniltransferase (UDP-GT) in hepatic microsomes, that may evidence the presence in SPC of chemical compounds of natural origin, or chemical modification of the own amino-acid products. SPI did not influence activity of microsomal hydroxylation enzymes, but it raised UDP-GT activity. Both protein products produced no effect on activity of enzymes associated with glutathione metabolism--glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione-reductase in hepatic cytosol. However, SPC and SPI induced a manifold rise in glutathione-peroxidase activity in cytosol of the liver and blood that indicates the presence of the trace element selenium in the products studied.

[Actual nutrition and biochemical parameters of the food status of workers exposed to chlorobenzene]. / Fakticheskoe pitanie i biokhimicheskie parametry pishchevogo statusa rabochikh, kontaktiruiushchikh s khlorbenzolom.

Workers of two chemical plants exposed to chlorobenzene were examined for actual nutrition and effects of the treatment and prophylactic diet on the food status. Investigation of the actual nutrition has demonstrated that the energy value of the daily diets approaches the magnitudes established for the given occupational and age group whereas the daily distribution of food with respect to the caloric value and alimentary substances does not correspond to the hygienic standards. The treatment and prophylactic diets developed for the workers were also characterized by disproportion between the dietary components. As compared to the control group, the workers exposed to chlorobenzene demonstrated a lower content of total glutathione in blood plasma. The majority of the workers manifested ascorbic acid deficiency. In accordance with the study of the coefficients of the activation of erythrocytic enzymes, it may be concluded that the workers placed on the treatment and prophylactic diet are better provided with vitamins B1, B2 and B6 than the workers of the housing and communal services. Thirty percent of the workers showed vitamin B6 deficiency. This may have an adverse action on the resistance to industrial substances conjugating with glutathione. The rate of vitamin B1 deficiency was also fairly high, whereas in the workers of one of the plants the magnitude of the TDP-effect appeared higher than normal.

[Nutritional status of several population groups in the Far East and Extreme North]. / Sostoianie pitaniia nekotorykh grupp naseleniia Dal'nego Vostoka i Krainego Severa.

Studies of the actual nutrition and wide spectrum of biochemical, haematological, and anthropometric indices in the representatives of the native population of Kamchatka and Chukotka showed that along with the significant changes in nutritional patterns due to the added products, local sources of feeding (fish, sea mammals, deer meat) greatly contribute to fulfilling the physiological requirements and exert a specific effect on metabolic processes. This is mostly associated with the features of lipid metabolism as a result of marine fat intake. Recommendations on the rational nutrition organization in these regions are discussed.

[The action of different food factors on the lipid peroxidation processes in the liver microsomes of rats]. / Vozdeistvie razlichnykh pishchevykh faktorov na protsessy perekisnogo okisleniia lipidov v mikrosomakh pecheni krys.

Three series of experiments were conducted to study the effects of varying food factors on lipid peroxidation (LPO) activity in rat liver microsomes. The food rations contained heat-treated sunflower oil, soybean protein isolate, krill protein concentrate. A long-term intake of heat-treated oxidation products was attended by significant activation of LPO in the enzymatic system, by elevation of cytochrome P-450 level, by increased activity of ethylmorphine N-demethylase and aniline n-hydroxylation. The period of half-inactivation of cytochrome P-450 was significantly shortened in NADPH-dependent LPO. The rate of NADPH-dependent LPO was not significantly different in the animals given equal amounts of soybean protein isolate or casein (control). Activation of NADPH-dependent LPO and induction of cytochrome P-450 were recorded in liver microsomes of the animals given krill protein. The high concentration of cytochrome P-450 (in the homogenate and microsomes) correlated with the acceleration of hydroxylation of standard substrates ethylmorphine and aniline.

[Dietary services in the homes for the aged in the Ukraine and the ways of their rationalization]. / Pitanie v domakh-internatakh dlia prestarelykh v USSR i puti ego ratsionolizatsii.

On the basis of 7-day menu actual nutrition was studied in 39 old people's homes in the Ukrainian SSR in 1984-1985. The composition of the food rations was analyzed. It has been established that the nutrition in the old people's homes does not completely meet the requirements of the present-day science on nutrition for old age. High consumption of grain products, groats, maccaroni products and fats has been recorded along with insufficient consumption of vegetables, fruit, meat, fish and lactic acid products. The total amount of fat in the ration exceeds the values recommended more than by 60%; the level of simple carbohydrates is rather high, while that of animal protein is low. The authors have recommended a new balanced composition of products, meeting the current requirements of gerodietetics, enriched with food substances possessing geroprotective properties, that will promote normalization of metabolism in old subjects and prevention of age-dependent diseases.

[Effect of protein isolated from soya on the biotransformation of xenobiotics in the rat liver]. / Vliianie belkovogo izoliata iz soi na biotransformatsiiu chuzherodnykh veshchestv v pecheni krys.

Processes of biotransformation of xenobiotics in the rat liver at consumption of rations containing caseine (5, 14 or 18%) or 18% of soya protein isolate (SPI). Consumption of SPI caused a decrease of restored glutathione concentration in the liver, an increase of glutathione reductase and a sharp activation of glutathione peroxidase in the liver cytosole. The equalizing of the amount of sulfur-containing amino acids in the ration with 14% of caseine with their amount in the ration containing 18% of SPI was followed by the equalizing of the liver restored glutathione concentration. The enrichment of SPI ration with 0.35% of L-methionine led to an increase of the liver restored glutathione concentration to the level observed at 18% of caseine. The activity of the liver microsomal uridine diphosphate-glucuronyltransferase raised under the influence of SPI.

[Energy and food stuff requirements and actual nutrition of foreign students studying in the USSR]. / Potrebnost' v énergii, pishchevykh veshchestvakh i fakticheskoe pitanie studentov-inostrantsev, obuchaiushchikhsia v SSSR.

The actual nutrition of students of the Patrice Lumumba University of Peoples' Friendship, who had come to the USSR from different countries of the world, was investigated during their studies. Insufficient content of vegetable proteins and fats, Ca and vitamin C, as well as low carbohydrate level were detected in the food of students from all the continents, except for Asia. No significant difference was observed between the energy providing with food and its consumption by the students. The data obtained have been used for validation of the rational nutrition for foreign students studying in the USSR.

[Features of inter-organ glutathione metabolism in rats provided with different amounts of protein and methionine]. / Osobennosti mezhorgannogo metabolizma glutationa u krys pri razlichnoi obespechennosti belkom i metioninom.

The total glutathione content was studied in the liver, kidneys and erythrocytes of rats given semisynthetic rations containing protein with 5, 10 and 15% of calorific value, as well as protein with 18% of calorific value supplemented with 0.125-0.425% of L-methionine. The total glutathione content in the liver directly depended on the protein content in the ration, while that in the kidneys did not vary with the protein level. The glutathione concentration in erythrocytes was significantly reduced with the rise of the protein quota in the ration. The addition of L-methionine to the ration also produced a reverse effect on the glutathione content in the liver and erythrocytes. However, the growth of the glutathione concentration in the liver and its lowering in the erythrocytes were recorded only after the addition of 0.125 and 0.225% of methionine. The rise of the methionine added up to 0.325 and 0.425% produced no effect on the glutathione concentration in the liver and erythrocytes, at the same time the glutathione concentration and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity in the kidneys rose. It has been concluded that the methionine level in the ration, at which the glutathione content in the liver and erythrocytes is stabilized, can serve as a criterion of an adequately balanced ration for animals (with respect to methionine) with the use of casein as a protein source.

[A method of calculating the average food and energy requirements of the population]. / Metodika rascheta srednedushevoi potrebnosti naseleniia v pishchevykh veshchestvakh i energii.

The paper presents the methods for counting mean per head food and energy requirements of the population, based on the standards of physiological needs of varying groups of the population in food products and energy, and on demographic structure of the population with due account for sex, age, work and living conditions, climato-geographical regions and other factors.