Association between short sleep duration and intake of sugar and sugar-sweetened beverages: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

BACKGROUND: Findings of previous investigations that evaluated the relationship between sleep duration and sugar or sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) intake have been inconsistent. We aimed to summarize extant research that assessed the relation between short sleep duration and sugar and SSB intake. METHODS: A comprehensive search of PubMed, ISI Web of Sciences, Scopus, Science Direct, Embase, and Google Scholar was conducted. All observational studies that reported sleep duration as the exposure and intake of sugar or sugary drinks as the outcome were included. The quality of included studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The body of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Random and fixed effects models were used to estimate pooled OR and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Twenty-two studies in children and twelve in adults were included in the systematic review. Only 10 studies in children and 3 investigations in adults provided odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for this association and could be included in the meta-analysis. All studies had a cross-sectional design and found a negative association between sleep duration and sugar in children, but not in adults. SSB intake was lower in those with sufficient sleep in all populations. Compared with those with sufficient sleep, children with short sleep duration had 16% (significant) higher odds of consuming sugar (OR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.21), 21% higher odds of soda intake (OR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.16, 1.26), and 92% higher odds of consuming energy drink intake (OR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.66, 2.22). However, sleep duration was not significantly associated with soft drink intake in children (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 0.93, 1.48). In adults, the odds of drinking soda in those with short sleep duration was 1.2 times more than in those with sufficient sleep (OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.28). Also, low vs. optimal sleep duration in adults was associated with a 58% increased intake of energy drinks (OR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.31, 1.90). Of note, these findings in the adult population resulted from only 2 included investigations, due to the limited number of studies. CONCLUSION: The evidence reviewed supports a significant association between shorter sleep duration and higher SSBs intake in both children and adults, while such association with higher total sugar intake was significant in children but not in adults. Further research with more accurate measurements, sex-specific, and prospective designs should be carried out to clarify the causality and underlying mechanisms.

The relationship between animal flesh foods consumption and rheumatoid arthritis: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic inflammatory, and debilitating autoimmune illness. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between animal flesh foods consumption and rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: Meat consumption was assessed by using a semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (168 items) in a case-control study of 297 subjects (100 newly diagnosed cases and 197 healthy controls). An expert rheumatologist diagnosed patients based on the American College of Rheumatology definitions, 2010. Multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for lifestyle and nutritional confounders, was used to evaluate the relationship between dairy consumption and rheumatoid arthritis. RESULTS: Participants with greater consumption of fish and seafood were less likely to have RA (OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.27-0.98). Conversely, a higher processed meat intake was associated with increased odds of RA (OR 3.45; 95% CI 1.78-6.68). However, no significant association was found between red meats and poultry consumption and the risk of RA in the fully adjusted model. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests an inverse association between fish and seafood consumption and the risk of RA. On the contrary, a higher amount of processed meat intake was associated with increased odds of RA. However, further studies are warranted to confirm the veracity of our findings.

The association between carotenoid intake, mental health, and sleep quality among university students.

BACKGROUND: The impact of carotenoid intake on the risk of mental disorders and poor sleep quality is unclear. Thus, we sought to examine the association between carotenoid intake, mental health, and sleep quality among university students. METHODS: A total of 368 healthy university students (181 men, 49%), aged 18 to 43 years, volunteered for this study. Dietary intake, physical activity, sleep quality, mental health, and body mass index (BMI) were evaluated. A multivariable logistic regression analysis test was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 22.9 ± 3.9 years and mean BMI was 23.1 ± 3.8 kg/m2. The students in the highest quartile of carotenoid intake had a significantly lower risk of poor sleep quality (OR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.40; P < 0.001) and depression (OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.12 to 0.59; P = 0.001). In the sex-stratified subgroup analysis, the depression risk was significant for men (OR = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.59; P = 0.007), but not for women. Furthermore, we did not observe any specific relationship between carotenoid intake and the risk of anxiety or stress. CONCLUSION: It appears that the students with higher carotenoid intake may have a better quality of sleep and lower risk of depression. More longitudinal and in-depth qualitative and quantitative research, with a longer-term follow-up, is needed to support the veracity of our findings.

Association between sleep duration and sleep quality with sugar and sugar-sweetened beverages intake among university students.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both short sleep duration and intake of sugar or sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are associated with weight gain; but the linkage between sleep characteristics and sugar or SSBs intake was less studied. We aimed to evaluate the associations of sleep duration and sleep quality with sugar and SSBs intake among Iranian adults. METHOD: This cross-sectional study consisted of 395 adults chosen among students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, based on a multistage cluster random sampling method. Sleep characteristics and dietary intakes and were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and a 147-item validated food frequency questionnaire, respectively. RESULTS: Mean age and percentage of women in the study population were 22.79 (year) and 51.8%, respectively. No significant difference was observed between sleep duration and sugar intake, but short sleepers (< 6 h/d) had higher consumption of SSBs intake (86.54 vs. 65.73 g/day; P = 0.05) in comparison with those who had more than 8 h/d of sleep. Poor quality sleepers had significantly higher intake of SSBs compared with those with good quality of sleeping (87.09 vs. 56.73 g/day; P = 0.004). No significant correlation was found between sleep duration and SSBs intake. However, sleep quality score was positively correlated with SSBs intake (rp:0.14, P = 0.007) in whole population, such that higher quality score (defined as poor sleep quality) was correlated with greater consumption of SSBs. Similar results were found in younger individuals (rp:0.27, P = 0.002) and non-obese participants (rp:0.14, P = 0.006). CONCLUSION: We found that sleep duration was not associated with sugar or SSBs intake in Iranian adults. Poor sleep quality was correlated with high consumption of SSBs, especially in younger and non-obese individuals. More prospective investigations are required to confirm these findings.

The Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Blood Pressure and Obesity Measure Among Type 2 Diabetes Patient: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

In this study, we aimed to systematically review the literature to evaluate the effects of magnesium (Mg) supplementation on blood pressure (BP) and obesity measure among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Major electronic databases of Web of Science, the Cochrane library, PubMed, and Scopus were searched completely from the inception until 15 October 2019 to identify randomized clinical trials (RCTs) pertaining to the topic of interest. All outcomes were pooled using a random-effects model and expressed as weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidential intervals (CI). Heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias were also assessed using standard methods. The pooled analysis of five RCTs showed that Mg supplementation did not affect body weight (WMD: - 0.01 kg, 95% CI: - 0.36 to 0.33), BMI (WMD: - 0.07, 95% CI: - 0.18 to 0.04), and waist circumference (WMD: 0.12, 95% CI: - 1.24 to 1.48) in T2DM patients compared to the control groups of the patients who received placebo. However, pooling seven RCTs together showed significant reduction of systolic blood pressure (WMD: - 5.78 mmHg, 95% CI: - 11.37 to - 0.19) and diastolic blood pressure (WMD: - 2.50 mmHg, 95% CI: - 4.58 to - 0.41) in T2DM patients. Furthermore, subgroup analysis by dose of intervention, intervention duration, and type of intervention suggested that Mg supplementation for > 12 weeks, in doses higher than 300 mg/day or inorganic forms, could significantly decrease both systolic and diastolic BP in T2DM patients. Based on the findings, Mg supplementation has beneficial effects on BP in type 2 diabetes patients independent of body weight status. However, further investigations are needed to provide more reliable evidences.

Effects of Cynara scolymus L. on glycemic indices:A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

OBJECTIVES: Cynara scolymus L. (common artichoke) and its products have been considered as potential phytotherapeutic agents for various conditions, such as cardiovascular, hepatic and gastric diseases, among others. Until now, the effects of artichoke and artichoke products administration on glycemic indices have not been sufficiently appraised. The present study evaluated the effects of artichoke and artichoke products administration on the glycemic indices. METHODS: Clinical trials were identified in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase and Scopus databases; to infinity until 15 March 2020. Weighted mean differences (WMD) were pooled using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis and publication bias were reported using standard methods. RESULTS: Pooled analysis of nine Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), demonstrated that the administration of artichoke and artichoke products led to a significant reduced fasting blood sugar (FBS) (WMD: -5.28 mg/dl, 95 % CI: -8.95, -1.61; p = 0.005). However, other glycemic indeces including fasting insulin (WMD: -0.45 µIU/dL, 95 % CI: -1.14, 0.25; p = 0.20), HOMA-IR (MD: -0.25, 95 % CI: -0.57, 0.07; p = 0.12) or Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (WMD: -0.09, 95 % CI: -0.20, 0.02; p = 0.09) did not alter after the administration of artichoke and artichoke products. A subgroup analysis comparing the kind of intervention, revealed that just the supplementation of artichoke and artichoke products, in a noco-supplementation form, was efficacy for the reduction of Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (WMD: -0.52, 95 % CI: -0.85, -0.19; p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The supplementation of artichoke and artichoke products can significantly reduce the FBS concentrations in humans. Moreover, these outcomes suggested that just the supplementation of artichoke and artichoke products is more effective in the reduction of HOMA-IR levels than the co-supplementation form. However, additional clinical trials with longer study periods are necessitated to obtain a robust conclusion for producing new guidelines as part of a healthy diet.

Sleep and frailty risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Studies on the association between sleep and frailty risk have yielded contradictory outcomes. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis were designed to examine the relationship between sleep and frailty risk. METHODS: Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases until 30 November 2019. Data were available from ten studies. Selected articles were published between 2009 and 2019. The odds ratios of 41,233 individuals were used for the meta-analysis. RESULTS: Pooled analysis demonstrated that when compared to the reference category of 6 to 8 hours nightly sleep duration, both the highest category (more than 8 hours, OR 1.21; 95% CI 1.10-1.32) and lowest category of sleep (under 6 hours, OR 1.13; 95% CI 1.08-1.18), were significantly correlated with increased risk of frailty. Furthermore, daytime drowsiness (OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.02-1.52), sleep disordered breathing (OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.03-1.58), and prolonged sleep latency (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.06-1.31) enhanced the risk of frailty. Subgroup analyses by frailty status suggest that a shorter sleep duration was associated with risk of frailty but not pre-frailty. However, prolonged sleep time was significantly related with enhanced risk of pre-frailty and frailty. In addition, subgroup analyses via sex revealed that longer and shorter sleep durations increased risk of frailty in both men and women. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed that longer and shorter sleep durations are associated with increased risk of frailty.