Correction to: Prevalence and pathological lesion of Trichomonas gallinae in pigeons of Iran.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1007/s12639-011-0047-2.].

The effects of Zataria multiflora aromatic water and nano emulsion of Z. multiflora essential oil on the serum level of IFN-γ and IL-4 in mice with hydatidosis.

The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the impacts of Zataria multiflora aromatic water (ZMAW) and nano emulsion (NE) of Z. multiflora essential oil (ZMEO) on IL-4 (Th2-derived cytokine) and IFN-γ (Th1-derived cytokine) concentrations in mice with hydatidosis. Sixty four healthy BALB/c female mice were intraperitoneally injected by 1500 live protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus. Five month after injection, the infected mice were divided into seven treatment groups, including: Albendazole (100 mg/kg), ZMAW (100 ml/L), Albendazole 100 + ZMAW (Albendazole 100 mg/kg and ZMAW 100 ml/L), Albendazole 50 + ZMAW (Albendazole 50 mg/kg and ZMAW 100 ml/L), Albendazole 100 + NE of ZMEO (Albendazole 100 mg/kg and NE of ZMEO 10 ml/L), albendazole 50 + NE of ZMEO (albendazole 50 mg/kg and NE of ZMEO 10 ml/L) and the control group with no treatment. The mice received the ZMAW, NE of ZMEO and/or albendazole through drinking water for 90 days. At the end of treatment (90 days), blood specimens were harvested from all mice. A significant reduction in IL-4 concentration was revealed in the albendazole 50 group + NE of ZMEO, when compared to the control group (P < 0.05). No significant difference was noticed for the IFN-γ concentration between the trial groups. Increased IFN-γ: IL-4 ratio was observed in the albendazole 50 + ZMAW, Albendazole 50 + NE of ZMEO, Albendazole 100 + NE of ZMEO groups in comparison with the control group (P < 0.05). The findings observed in the current study showed that the administration of ZMAW and NE of ZMEO along with albendazole could enhance the IFN-γ: IL-4 ratio (Th1/Th2 balance), which may have therapeutic value in the treatment of hydatid disease.

Effects of Allium sativum on IFN-γ and IL4 concentrations in mice with cystic echinococcosis.

The aim of the current investigation was to assess the impacts of methanolic extract of Allium sativum (MEAS) on IL-4 (a cytokine derived from Th2 cells) and IFN-É£ (a cytokine derived from Th1 cells) levels in mice infected with Echinococcus granulosus. Sixty healthy BALB/c female mice were used in this study. Each animal was intraperitoneally injected with 1500 protoscoleces. The infected animals were randomly divided into six groups: albendazole (100 mg/kg), MEAS 10 (10 mg/kg), MEAS 20 (20 mg/kg), MEAS 40 (40 mg/kg), MEAS 80 (80 mg/kg) and control group with no treatment. The studied animals received albendazole and/or MEAS through drinking water for 30 days. Serum IFN-γ concentration significantly increased in the MEAS 20 and 80 groups in comparison to the control, albendazole and MEAS 10 groups (P < 0.05). The serum IL-4 level showed no significant difference between the trial groups. The findings of this study showed that MEAS at 20 and 80 mg/kg concentrations enhanced Th1 cell response in mice with cystic echinococcosis.

Induction of resistance against Brevicoryne brassicae by Pseudomonas putida and salicylic acid in canola.

The cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hem: Aphididae), is one of the most serious pests of canola worldwide. In this research, the effects of Pseudomonas putida, salicylic acid (SA), and integrated application of both inducers were studied on the resistance of canola to B. brassicae. In free-choice situation, the number of B. brassicae attracted on canola plants under treatments containing P. putida and SA was significantly lower compared to control plants. In the life table study, pre-adult survival, longevity, reproductive period, and fecundity of this aphid were lowest on plants treated with P. putida + SA. The net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of population increase (r), and finite rate of increase (λ) of B. brassicae decreased significantly in the following order: control (47.19 offspring, 0.293 and 1.340 day-1), P. putida (16.7 offspring, 0.238 and 1.269 day-1), SA (6.37 offspring, 0.163 and 1.178 day-1), and P. putida + SA (3.24 offspring, 0.112 and 1.119 day-1). Moreover, the beneficial effect of the integrated application of P. putida and SA on plant growth parameters was significantly evident in our study. The highest values of glucosinolates, total phenol, and flavonoids were recorded in P. putida + SA treatment. We concluded that canola plants treated with P. putida + SA are more resistant to the cabbage aphid. These findings demonstrated that SA integrated with P. putida on canola plants act effectively for reducing the population of B. brassicae and can be used in integrated management programs of this pest.

Toxocara sero-prevalence and its relationship with allergic asthma in asthmatic patients in north-eastern Iran.

Toxocariasis is an important neglected tropical disease that has been suggested as a possible etiologic agent of asthma. The objective of the present study was to investigate possible significant association between Toxocara seroprevalence and asthma in a clinic-based case-control study. Blood samples were collected from human subjects aged 5-70 years, 50 of whom had signs of asthma and 50 of whom had no signs of asthma. Risk factors for asthma and Toxocara spp. infection were assessed by a questionnaire given to each patient. Blood samples were analysed to measure levels of anti-Toxocara spp. immunoglobulin G (IgG). Patients with bronchial asthma were observed to have higher Toxocara spp. seropositivity than that of the non-asthmatic controls (6 vs 2%, P = 0.47). The mean anti-Toxocara spp. antibody titre was not significantly higher in patients with bronchial asthma than in individuals without asthma (P = 0.395, 95% CI = 0.579-1.45). There was no significant difference in the mean age, sex, social class, exposure to smoking and presence of domestic dog or cat at home between the two groups (P ≥ 0.05). The presence of anti-Toxocara spp. IgG was statistically associated with higher blood eosinophils, but it was not associated with asthma (P ≥ 0.05). The observed relationship between exposure to Toxocara spp. infection and bronchial asthma in Iranian patients warrants further evaluation. An understanding of any potential influence on the pathogenesis of human asthma provides a potential avenue for prevention.

Allium Sativum Methanolic Extract (garlic) Improves Therapeutic Efficacy of Albendazole Against Hydatid Cyst: In Vivo Study.

After gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of prepared methanolic extract of Allium sativum, 40 laboratory BALB/c mice were infected intraperitoneally by injection of 1,500 viable protoscoleces. Five months after infection, the infected mice were allocated into four treatment groups, including 1- Albendazole (100 mg/kg); 2- Allium sativum methanolic extract (10 mL/L); 3- A. sativum methanolic extract (10 mL/L) + Albendazole (50 mg /kg); and 4- untreated control group. After 30 days of daily treatment, total number and weight of cysts and size of the largest cyst as well as blood serum bilirubin and liver enzymes were compared between the mice of different groups.The total number and weight of cysts and size of the largest cyst were significantly lower in treated groups A. sativum 10 mL/L + Albendazole 50 and Albendazole 100 in comparison to those of the control group (p < 0.05).The activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme and bilirubin concentration were significantly lower in the mice treated with A. sativum 10 mL/L and A. sativum 10 mL/L + Albendazole 50, when compared to the control group. In addition, bilirubin concentration revealed significant decrease in A. sativum 10 mL/L and A. sativum 10 mL/L + Albendazole 50 groups, when compared to the Albendazole group. In conclusion, administration of A. sativum 10 mL/L improved the anti-hydatidosis activity of Albendazole 50 mg /kg, due to parasitological effects similar to Albendazole 100 mg /kg but less hepatotoxic effects.

In vivo therapeutic efficacy of the Allium sativum ME in experimentally Echinococcus granulosus infected mice.

Plant-based anthelmintics suggest an alternative treatment for cystic echinococcosis. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of methanolic extract (ME) of A. sativum (garlic) on the treatment of hydatid cysts in the murine model. After gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of prepared ME, sixty laboratory BALB/c mice were infected intraperitoneally by injection of 1500 viable protoscoleces. Five months after infection, the infected mice were allocated into six treatment groups, 1- Albendazole (100 mg/kg); 2- Allium sativum ME (10 mL/L); 3- A. sativum ME (20 mL/L); 4- A. sativum ME (40 mL/L); 5- A. sativum ME (80 mL/L) and 6- untreated control group. After 30 days of daily treatment, the total number of cysts, size and weight of the largest cyst were significantly lower in three treated groups including A. sativum ME 80 mL/L, A. sativum ME 40 mL /L and albendazole in comparison to those of the control group (p < 0.05). The activity of alanine amino transferase (ALT) enzyme, as well as bilirubin concentration were significantly lower in the mice treated with A. sativum ME 80, 40, 20 and 10 mL/L when compared to the control group. In addition, bilirubin concentration revealed significant decrease in A. sativum ME 10, 20 and 80 mL/L groups, when compared to the albendazole group. In conclusions, administration of A. sativum ME used at 40 and 80 mL/L concentrations might be beneficial in the treatment of CE due to anti-parasitic effects similar to albendazole but less hepatotoxic effects.

Zataria multiflora would attenuate the hepatotoxicity of long-term albendazole treatment in mice with cystic echinococcosis.

Hepatic injury is the major limitation of long-term albendazole administration in patients with cystic echinococcosis (CE), which could give rise to cessation of treatment. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the protective effects of Zataria multiflora aromatic water (AW) against the hepatic injury induced by long-term albendazole treatment in mice with CE. Fifty healthy BALB/c female mice were infected intraperitoneally by injection of 1500 protoscoleces per animal. Five months after infection, the infected animals were divided into five treatment groups including Z. multiflora (40ml/l in drinking water for 90days), albendazole (200mg/kg/day for 90days), Z. multiflora+albendazole 200 (40ml/l Z. multiflora and 200mg/kg/day albendazole for 90days), Z. multiflora+albendazole100 (40ml/l Z. multiflora and 100mg/kg/day albendazole for 90days), and untreated (control) group. At the end of the treatment period, anesthesia was performed and blood samples were collected directly from the heart prior to euthanasia. Liver variables and oxidative stress markers were measured in the blood serum samples. A decrease in serum liver enzyme activity in the both Z. multiflora+albendazole groups was observed when compared to control, Z. multiflora and albendazole groups; however, the results for Z. multiflora+albendazole 100 were significant (p<0.007) and superior compared to those for Z. multiflora+albendazole 200. No significant differences for oxidative stress markers were observed between the different groups. The results of the present study revealed that a combined therapy with Z. multiflora AW and albendazole is effective against hepatic injury induced by CE and/or long term albendazole administration in mice with cystic echinococcosis.

Molecular genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus from dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) in eastern Iran.

With the aim of genotyping Echinococcus granulosus cysts found in Iranian dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius), 50 cysts of E. granulosus were collected from five geographical regions in Iran. Cysts were characterized using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) gene and sequencing fragments of the genes coding for mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1). Morphological criteria using rostellar hook dimensions were also undertaken. The present results have shown that 27 out of 50 E. granulosus cysts (54%) were determined as the G1 strain, and the other (46%) were determined as the G6 strain. The molecular analysis of the ITS1 region of ribosomal DNA corresponded with the morphological findings. Because of its recognized infectivity in humans, the G1 genotype is a direct threat to human health and its presence in Iranian dromedaries is of urgent public health importance.

Serodiagnosis of human hydatidosis with an ELISA developed based on antigens derived from sheep hydatid cysts and comparison with a commercial human ELISA kit.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the serodiagnosis of hydatid cyst in human using different antigens of sheep (hydatid fluid, Somatic and Excretory/secretory antigens of protoscolex) by ELISA and compares this result with commercial human ELISA kit. METHODS: One hundred blood samples from patients with history of severe abdominal pain and eosinophilia were obtained. Ten serum samples were obtained from surgically and pathologically confirmed cystic echinococcosis patients from Mashhad university hospital as positive control and 5 serum samples from infant under one year old as negative control. Blood samples were centrifuged at 3 000µg at 20 °C for 15 min and sera were stored at -20 °C. First, these samples were tested for the presence of antibody by commercial human ELISA. Then, ELISA was developed on microplates coated with hydatid fluid, Somatic and Excretory/secretory antigens of protoscolex of sheep. RESULTS: The results of this study as analyzed by Kappa test showed that, hydatid fluid antigen could be used as a precise source of detection in indirect ELISA test. CONCLUSIONS: Hydatid fluid in comparison with Excretory-secretory and somatic antigens showed more compatibility agreement in kappa test which can be used for further studies in development of any ELISA test for diagnosis of human hydatidosis.

Oxidant/antioxidant status in cattle with liver cystic echinococcosis.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the changes of antioxidants and oxidative stress markers in cattle with cystic echinococcosis (CE). Thirty cattle with liver CE along with 30 healthy cattle were used for the study. Parasitized cattle presented a significantly higher lipid peroxidation assessed by the malondialdehyde (MDA) compared with healthy animals (P<0.05). A significantly lower erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), and a significantly higher erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the parasitized group, were observed when compared with healthy group (P<0.05). No significant differences were observed for serum total antioxidant status (TAS), zinc, copper and iron between parasitized and healthy groups. The results obtained in this study suggest that CE in cattle induces changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. These changes render host cells susceptible to oxidants and exaggerate the generation of free radicals with a consequent lipid peroxidation enhancement.

Alveolar Echinococcosis Infection in a Monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) In Mashhad, Iran.

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), which is caused by ingestion of eggs of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, is the most potentially lethal parasitic infection because of its tendency to invade and proliferate in the liver and the difficulty in treatment. This article describes a case of alveolar echinococcosis found in Ateles geoffroyi in Mashhad, Iran. The cysts were characterized as an alveolar structure, composed of numerous small vesicles in liver, abdominal cavity, retroperitoneum and lungs. A characteristic feature of these vesicles was its exogenous tumor-like proliferation. These cysts were filled with numerous protoscoleces suggesting a potential role of this monkey in cycle of transmission. Up to now, this is probably the first report of alveolar echinococcosis in A. geoffroyi in the world.

Oxidative stress and trace elements in camel (Camelus dromedarius) with liver cystic echinococcosis.

Status of certain oxidative stress indices and zinc, copper and iron concentrations in blood were estimated in camel with liver cystic echinococcosis. In comparison to healthy control, the index of serum lipid peroxidation assessed by the malondialdehyde (MDA) level was significantly higher in the parasitized group. However, mean serum total antioxidant status (TAS) and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were significantly lower in the parasitized group. Serum zinc concentration in camels with liver cystic echinococcosis was significantly lower than healthy control. In parasitized camels, a significant positive correlation of MDA with gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and bilirubin was observed. By contrast, MDA was inversely correlated with the values of packed cell volume (PCV), serum albumin and zinc. From the present study, it was concluded that cystic echinococcosis in camel is associated with oxidative stress. The resulting oxidative stress seems to have a role in the injury of hepatocytes, changes of trace elements and destruction of erythrocytes.

Trichinella infection in wildlife of northeast of iran.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this investigation was to detect the presence of Trichinella in some carnivores of Mashhad in northeast of Iran and to identify Trichinella species circulating in this area. METHODS: The present study was carried out using muscle tissue collected from 120 stray dogs, 26 wild boars, 25 rodents, two foxes and two hyenas captured in Mashhad City, province of Khorasan Razavi, Iran. RESULTS: Trichinella larvae were detected in three stray dogs by artificial digestion and compression. All larvae were identified as T. britovi using multiplex PCR. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of identification of T. britovi in stray dog in Iran.

An abattoir-based study on the prevalence of hydatidosis in livestock in Mashhad, Iran.

A 6-year (2004-2010) retrospective study was carried out to determine the prevalence of hydatidosis in livestock slaughtered in Mashhad abattoir, Mashhad, in north-eastern Iran and the capital of Khorasan province. Between 20 March 2004 and 19 March 2010, 5,131,485 animals (411,163 cattle; 4,547,618 sheep; 172,704 goats) were slaughtered in the study area and 388,399 (7.5%) livers and 1,139,529 (22.2%) lungs were discarded. Hydatidosis was responsible for 4% and 6.5% of total livers and lungs inspected, respectively. Of the cattle livers and lungs inspected over the survey period, 5.5% and 7.9% were condemned, respectively, because they held hydatid cysts. The corresponding values for livers and lungs of sheep (2%, 4%) and of goats (4.5%, 7.8%), respectively, were also condemned due to hydatidosis. Data showed a prominent seasonal pattern for hydatidosis. Liver condemnations due to hydatidosis were higher in winter and autumn for cattle and sheep, respectively, whereas lung condemnations were higher in summer for sheep and cattle. In goats, liver and lung condemnations were higher in winter. This could be attributed to various factors, such as sources of slaughtered animals, changes in management practice and ecological factors. The present survey provides baseline data for the future monitoring of this potentially important parasitic disease in the region.

An abattoir-based study of hydatidosis in the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) in Mashhad, Iran.

A 6-year retrospective study based on abattoir records was carried out to determine the prevalence of hydatidosis in dromedaries in Khorasan province in north-eastern Iran. Between 20 March 2004 and 19 March 2010, 25,255 dromedaries were slaughtered in the study area and the livers of 2791 (11.1%) and the lungs of 3289 dromedaries (13.2%) were discarded due to hydatidosis. The annual prevalence of liver condemnations due to hydatidosis decreased from 24.1% in 2004-2005 to 13.3% in 2009, and finally to 6.8% in 2010. The corresponding features for lung condemnation due to hydatidosis were relatively higher than liver, declining from 28.7% in 2004-2005 to 14.9% in 2009, and finally to 7.1% in 2010. Liver and lung condemnations due to hydatidosis were significantly higher in the spring. This could be attributed to various factors such as sources of slaughtered animals, changes in management practice and ecological factors. The present survey provides baseline data for the future monitoring of this potentially important parasitic disease in the region.

Prevalence and pathological lesion of Trichomonas gallinae in pigeons of Iran.

This research was conducted to determine the prevalence and pathological lesion of Trichomonas gallinae in pigeons in the northeast part of Iran. Wet mount preparations from the oral cavity/crop of 418 pigeons (Columba livia) captured from various locations in Khorasan province analyzed for T. gallinae by Giemsa's staining between April 2008 and June 2009. A total of 418 pigeons, 37.32% (n = 156) were infected with T. gallinae. Macroscopically, the oropharynx of infected pigeons has white, caseous lesions or stomatitis. Microscopically, there was moderate congestion with infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells in the lamina propria of pharynx, hyperplasia of mucous cells in epithelia of trachea with infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells, numerous granulomatous foci in the livers with many multinucleated giant cells, tubulointerstitial nephritis with multifocal to diffuse infiltration of mostly mononuclear inflammatory cells in the kidneys. In the present paper we have described for the first time the co-existence of both genotypes of T. gallinae based on pathological lesions in this area.

Prevalence of pigeon haemosporidians and effect of infection on biochemical factors in Iran.

Prevalence of pigeon haemosporidians and effect of infection with Haemoproteus columbae on biochemical factors were investigated in 280 wild pigeons (Columba livia) captured from various locations in Khorasan province, in eastern of Iran, between April 2008 and June 2009. Infection prevalence with H. columbae and Leucocytozoon was detected 50 and 2%, respectively. However, no pigeon showed infection with Plasmodium. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and albumin were the parameters which showed significant differences between parasitized and non parasitized pigeons and high ALT and AST activities and reduced serum albumin level (hypoalbominemia) were observed in pigeons infected with Haemoproteus. High level of AST, ALT, and hypoalbuminemia may be due to impairment of liver cells caused by hepatic migration of parasite for its life cycle.

The abattoir condemnation of meat because of parasitic infection, and its economic importance: results of a retrospective study in north-eastern Iran.

In nine districts in the north of Khorasan province, in north-eastern Iran, a 5-year retrospective study was carried out to determine the prevalences, in livestock slaughtered in abattoirs, of the parasitic infections responsible for the condemnation of the animals' carcasses and viscera (and the economic importance of such infections in terms of lost meat and offal). Between 20 March 2005 and 19 March 2010, 436,620 animals (45,360 cattle, 275,439 sheep, 115,674 goats and 147 camels) were slaughtered in the study area and the livers of 30,207 (6.9%), the lungs of 23,259 (5.3%) and the carcasses of 1072 (0.2%) of these animals were condemned. Almost all (92.4%) of the condemned livers, most (68.9%) of the condemned lungs but only 10.8% of the condemned carcasses were rejected because of parasitic infection. The parasitic lesions observed in the condemned livers were attributed to Echinococcus granulosus, Fasciola hepatica and/or Dicrocoelium dendriticum (cattle, sheep and goats) or entirely to E. granulosus (camels). All the parasitic lesions observed in the condemned lungs (which also came from cattle, sheep, goats and camels) were attributed to E. granulosus. Sarcocystis cysts and/or Taenia cysticerci were found in ovine muscle while only Taenia cysticerci were detected in bovine muscle (no parasitic lesions were observed in the muscles of the goats and camels). Parasites were responsible for 80.8% of the condemned organs or carcasses, and the value of the food lost because of parasite-related condemnation (based on market prices in 2010) was estimated to be U.S.$421,826 (U.S.$47,980 for cattle, U.S.$316,344.0 for sheep, U.S.$57,372 for goats and U.S.$130 for camels). The parasites contributing most to the condemnation of otherwise marketable organs and muscles were E. granulosus (52.2%) and D. dendriticum flukes (29.5%). These parasites clearly remain too common and cause considerable economic loss in Khorasan and, presumably, other areas of Iran.