Fracaso renal agudo secundario a nefritis intersticial granulomatosa asociada al tratamiento con tramadol / Acute Kidney Injury due to granulomatous interstitial nephritis induced by tramadol administration

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Infiltración renal linfomatosa en paciente con síndrome nefrótico / Renal lymphomatous infiltration in patient with nefrotic syndrome

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Consecuencias renales del uso de esteroides anabolizantes y práctica de culturismo / Kidney damage due to the use of anabolic androgenic steroides and practice of bodybuilding

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Desarrollo de trombosis coincidiendo con la realización de plasmaféresis / Development of deep vein thrombosis during treatment with plasmapheresis

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Valvular calcifications at the start of dialysis predict the onset of cardiovascular events in the course of follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the presence of VC at the start of dialysis and its relationship with events and/or death from cardiovascular causes in the course of follow-up. METHODS: In the study, we included patients who started dialysis between November 2003 and September 2007. In the first month of treatment, we assessed the presence of VC by Doppler echocardiography, along with demographic factors and risk factors for cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease, stroke, atrial fibrillation (AF), and cardiac dimensional and functional electrocardiographic and echocardiographic parameters. The biochemistry values assessed were: haemoglobin, calcium/phosphorous/iPTH metabolism, cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, troponin I, albumin, CRP and glycosylated haemoglobin. We analysed the association between VC and the presence of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke and/or death from cardiovascular causes up to transplantation, death or the end of the study (December 2012). RESULTS: Of 256 enrolled patients (83% haemodialysis, 17% peritoneal dialysis), 128 (50%) had VC (mitral: 39, aortic: 20, both: 69). In the multivariate analysis, VC was associated with older age (OR: 1.110; 95% CI: 1.073-1.148; p = 0.000) and lower albumin levels (OR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.14-0.61; p = 0.001). In a follow-up lasting 42.1 ± 30.2 months (898.1 patient-years), 68 patients suffered MI, stroke and/or died from cardiovascular causes. In the Cox regression analysis, older age (HR: 1.028; 95% CI: 1.002-1.055; p = 0.037), coronary artery disease and/or stroke (HR: 1.979; 95% CI: 1.111-3.527; p = 0.021), AF (HR: 2.474; 95% CI: 1.331-4.602; p = 0.004), and the presence of VC at the start of dialysis (HR: 1.996; 95% CI: 1.077-3.700; p = 0.028) were the predictor variables for the occurrence of the analysed events. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of VC at the start of dialysis is high and its presence predicts the occurrence of events and/or cardiovascular death in the course of follow-up.

Progression of urinary protein excretion after kidney transplantation: A marker for poor long-term prognosis.

INTRODUCTION: Post-transplantation proteinuria is a risk factor for graft failure. A progressive decline in renal graft function is a predictor for mortality in kidney transplant patients. OBJECTIVES: To assess the development and the progression of urinary protein excretion (UPE) in the first year post-transplant in recipients of kidney transplants and its effect on patient and graft outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analysed 1815 patients with 24-h UPE measurements available at 3 and 12 months post-transplant. Patients were divided based on their UPE level: below 300 mg, 300-1000 mg and over 1000 mg (at 3 and 12 months), and changes over time were analysed. RESULTS: At 3 months, 65.7% had UPE below 300 mg/24 h, 29.6% 300-1000 mg/24 h and 4.7% over 1000 mg/24h. At one year, 71.6% had UPE below 300 mg/24 h, 24.1% 300-1000 mg/24 h and 4.4% over 1000 mg/24 h. In 208 patients (12%), the UPE progressed, in 1233 (70.5%) it remained stable and in 306 (17.5%) an improvement was observed. We found that the level of UPE influenced graft survival, particularly if a progression occurred. Recipient's age and renal function at one year were found to be predictive factors for mortality, while proteinuria and renal function were predictive factors for graft survival. CONCLUSIONS: Proteinuria after transplantation, essentially when it progresses, is a marker of a poor prognosis and a predictor for graft survival. Progression of proteinuria is associated with poorer renal function and lower graft survival rates.

Progression of urinary protein excretion after kidney transplantation: A marker for poor long-term prognosis / Progresión de la excreción urinaria de proteínas después del trasplante renal: un marcador de mal pronóstico a largo plazo

Introduction: Post-transplantation proteinuria is a risk factor for graft failure. A progressive decline in renal graft function is a predictor for mortality in kidney transplant patients. Objectives: To assess the development and the progression of urinary protein excretion (UPE) in the first year post-transplant in recipients of kidney transplants and its effect on patient and graft outcomes. Materials and methods: We analysed 1815 patients with 24-h UPE measurements available at 3 and 12 months post-transplant. Patients were divided based on their UPE level: below 300mg, 300–1000mg and over 1000mg (at 3 and 12 months), and changes over time were analysed. Results: At 3 months, 65.7% had UPE below 300mg/24h, 29.6% 300–1000mg/24h and 4.7% over 1000mg/24h. At one year, 71.6% had UPE below 300mg/24h, 24.1% 300–1000mg/24h and 4.4% over 1000mg/24h. In 208 patients (12%), the UPE progressed, in 1233 (70.5%) it remained stable and in 306 (17.5%) an improvement was observed. We found that the level of UPE influenced graft survival, particularly if a progression occurred. Recipient's age and renal function at one year were found to be predictive factors for mortality, while proteinuria and renal function were predictive factors for graft survival. Conclusions: Proteinuria after transplantation, essentially when it progresses, is a marker of a poor prognosis and a predictor for graft survival. Progression of proteinuria is associated with poorer renal function and lower graft survival rates (AU)

Introducción: La proteinuria después de un trasplante renal constituye un factor de riesgo para el fallo del injerto. Una disminución progresiva de la función del injerto renal es un predictor de la mortalidad en los pacientes trasplantados renales. Objetivos: Analizar la aparición y la progresión de una excreción urinaria de proteínas (EUP) en el primer año siguiente al trasplante en pacientes trasplantados renales, y su efecto sobre la evolución del paciente y del injerto. Material y métodos: Analizamos un total de 1815 pacientes en los que se dispuso de determinaciones de la EUP de 24 horas a los 3 y a los 12 meses del trasplante. Dividimos a los pacientes según el nivel de EUP, de la siguiente forma: inferior a 300mg, 300-1000mg y más de 1000mg (a los 3 y 12 meses), y analizamos los cambios a lo largo del tiempo. Resultados: A los 3 meses, el 65,7% presentaban una EUP inferior a 300mg/24h, el 29,6% 300-1000mg/24h y el 4,7% más de 1000mg/24h. A un año, el 71,6% tenían una EUP inferior a 300mg/24h, el 24,1% 300-1000mg/24h y el 4,4% más de 1000mg/24h. En 208 pacientes (12%), la EUP mostró una progresión, en 1233 (70,5%) se mantuvo estable y en 306 (17,5%) se observó una mejoría. Observamos que el nivel de EUP influía en la supervivencia del injerto, en especial si se producía una progresión. La edad y la función renal del receptor al año del trasplante fueron factores predictivos de la mortalidad, mientras que la proteinuria y la función renal lo fueron de la supervivencia del injerto. Conclusiones: La proteinuria después del trasplante, fundamentalmente cuando muestra una progresión, es un marcador de mal pronóstico y un factor predictivo de la supervivencia del injerto. La progresión de la proteinuria se asocia a una peor función renal y a una tasa de supervivencia del injerto inferior (AU)

Las calcificaciones valvulares al inicio de diálisis predicen la aparición de eventos cardiovasculares en la evolución / Valvular calcification upon initiating dialysis predict the appearance of cardiovascular events in patient evolution

La calcificación valvular (CV) en la enfermedad renal crónica es frecuente, aunque la mayor parte de la información procede de pacientes prevalentes en diálisis. Son pocos los estudios que analicen la CV en los pacientes que inician diálisis. Objetivo: Analizar la presencia de CV al inicio de diálisis y su relación con eventos y/o muerte cardiovascular en la evolución. Métodos: Incluimos en el estudio los pacientes incidentes en diálisis entre nov/03 y sept/07. En el 1o mes de tratamiento analizamos la presencia de CV mediante Ecocardiograma-doppler, junto a factores demográficos y de riesgo cardiovascular, enfermedad coronaria, accidente cerebrovascular (ACV), fibrilación auricular (FA) y parámetros de electro y ecocardiográficos dimensionales y funcionales cardiacos. Los valores bioquímicos analizados fueron: hemoglobina, metabolismo calcio/fósforo/iPTH, colesterol y fracciones, triglicéridos, troponina I, albúmina, PCR y hemoglobina glicosilada. Analizamos la asociación de la CV con la presentación de infarto de miocardio (IAM), ACV y/o muerte cardiovascular hasta el trasplante, muerte, o fin del estudio (dic/2012). Resultados: De 256 pacientes incluidos (83% hemodiálisis, 17% diálisis peritoneal), 128 (50%) presentaban CV (mitral: 39, aórtica: 20, ambas: 69). En el análisis multivariante la CV se asoció a mayor edad (OR: 1,110; IC 95%: 1,073-1,148; p = 0,000) y menor albúmina (OR: 0,29; IC 95%: 0,14-0,61; p = 0,001). En un seguimiento de 42,1 ± 30,2 meses (898,1 pacientesaño), 68 pacientes presentaron IAM, ACV y/o murieron por causa cardiovascular. En el análisis de regresión de Cox, la mayor edad (HR: 1,028; IC 95%: 1,002-1,055; p = 0,037), la enfermedad coronaria y/o ACV (HR: 1,979; IC95%: 1,111-3,527; p = 0,021), la FA (HR: 2,474; IC 95%: 1,331-4,602; p = 0,004) y la presencia de CV antes de entrar en diálisis (HR: 1,996; IC 95%: 1,077-3,700; p = 0,028), fueron predictores independientes de la presentación de los eventos analizados. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de CV en el momento de iniciar diálisis es alta y su presencia predice la presentación de eventos y/o muerte cardiovascular en la evolución (AU)

The estimated frequency of cardiac valvular calcification (VC) in patients on dialysis is high, although the majority of studies published to date regarding the rate of VC have dealt with prevalent patients in dialysis. There are few studies of VC at the commencement of dialysis and its relationship to future events or cardiovascular mortality. Objective: To establish the prevalence of VC at the start of dialysis and the relationship between VC and the presentation of composite endpoints of acute myocardial infarction (MI), stroke or death from cardiovascular causes in the follow-up of incident dialysis patients. Methods: We conducted an analysis of dialysis patients (haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis) who commenced dialysis between November 03 and September 07. VC was assessed by Doppler-echocardiography and its association with MI, stroke or cardiovascular mortality in the follow-up until death, transplant, or study end in December 2012 was analysed. Other variables assessed in the first month of dialysis were ECG, age, gender, smoking habit, diabetes, hypertension, previous ischemic stroke, coronary arterial disease and atrial fibrillation. Biochemical analyses included: haemoglobin, urea, creatinine, lipids, calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, albumin, troponin I, glycosylated haemoglobin and C-reactive protein. Results: Of 256 enrolled patients (83% Haemodialysis, 17% Peritoneal dialysis), 128 (50%) had VC at the commencement of dialysis (aortic 20, mitral 39, both 69). VC was associated with older age (OR: 1.110; CI 95%: 1.073-1.148; P=.000) and lower albumin levels (OR: 0.29; CI 95%: 0.14-0.61; P=.001). In a follow-up lasting a mean of 42.1±30.2 months (898.1 patient-years), 68 patients suffered an MI, a stroke or died from cardiovascular causes. The factors that predicted the presentation of the endpoint (Cox regression analysis) were older age (HR: 1.028; CI 95%: 1.002-1.055; P=.037), previous coronary arterial disease or stroke (HR: 1.979; CI 95%: 1.111-3.527; P=.021), atrial fibrillation (HR: 2.474; CI 95%: 1.331-4.602; P=.004) and VC at the start of dialysis (HR: 1.996; CI 95%: 1.077-3.700; P=.028). Conclusions: The prevalence of VC at the commencement of dialysis is very high and its presence is an independent predictor of event and cardiovascular mortality presentation in the course of follow-up (AU)

Necrosis cortical renal secundaria a microangiopatía trombótica en el contexto de crisis blástica de leucemia aguda promielocítica / Renal cortical necrosis secondary to thrombotic microangiopathy in the context of acute promyelocytic leukaemia blast crisis

Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 37 años que ingresa a cargo de Hematología, trasladado desde las Urgencias de Otorrinolaringología, donde había acudido por amigdalitis. Allí se demuestra anemia y leucopenia e ingresa con agranulocitosis en estudio. Un día más tarde el paciente presenta crisis blástica, y se le diagnostica de leucemia aguda con crisis mieloide. En dicha situación de crisis blástica el paciente inicia un cuadro de dolor lumbar brusco, con oliguria y deterioro de la función renal, seguido de anemización, en el contexto de un cuadro de hemólisis compatible con microangiopatía trombótica, por lo que somos consultados. Se inicia tratamiento con plasmaféresis y al día siguiente hemodiálisis (se realiza un total de 12 sesiones de plasmaféresis, hasta desaparecer los datos de hemólisis). Cinco días más tarde presenta cuadro de insuficiencia respiratoria, por el que pasa a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, donde continúa con plasmaféresis y hemodiálisis. El paciente se mantiene en anuria desde entonces, con necesidad de hemodiálisis, sin ningún signo de recuperación renal. Una vez normalizadas las plaquetas, con tratamiento quimioterápico hematológico, se realiza biopsia renal percutánea, que confirma el diagnóstico de necrosis cortical. Finalmente el paciente queda incluido en programa sustitutivo de la función renal mediante hemodiálisis periódica (AU)

A 37-year-old patient was transferred to Haematology from the ENT Emergency Department where he had been admitted due to tonsillitis. He displayed anaemia and leukopenia and had agranulocytosis in the study. A day later the patient had blast crisis, and was diagnosed with myeloid acute leukaemia. Due to blast crisis the patient experienced sudden back pain, with oliguria and renal function deterioration followed by anaemia, in the context of haemolysis consistent with thrombotic microangiopathy, and as such, we were consulted. We began treatment with plasmapheresis and on the following day we performed haemodialysis (we carried out a total of 12 sessions of plasmapheresis until haemolysis disappeared). Five days later there was respiratory failure, and the patient was consequently transferred to the Intensive Care Unit, where he continued treatment with plasmapheresis and haemodialysis. The patient remained anuric thereafter, requiring haemodialysis, with no sign of renal recovery. Once platelet levels normalised with haematology chemotherapy, a percutaneous renal biopsy was performed, which confirmed the diagnosis of cortical necrosis. Finally, the patient underwent renal replacement therapy by regular haemodialysis (AU)

Renal cortical necrosis secondary to thrombotic microangiopathy in the context of acute promyelocytic leukaemia blast crisis.

A 37-year-old patient was transferred to Haematology from the ENT Emergency Department where he had been admitted due to tonsillitis. He displayed anaemia and leukopenia and had agranulocytosis in the study. A day later the patient had blast crisis, and was diagnosed with myeloid acute leukaemia. Due to blast crisis the patient experienced sudden back pain, with oliguria and renal function deterioration followed by anaemia, in the context of haemolysis consistent with thrombotic microangiopathy, and as such, we were consulted. We began treatment with plasmapheresis and on the following day we performed haemodialysis (we carried out a total of 12 sessions of plasmapheresis until haemolysis disappeared). Five days later there was respiratory failure, and the patient was consequently transferred to the Intensive Care Unit, where he continued treatment with plasmapheresis and haemodialysis. The patient remained anuric thereafter, requiring haemodialysis, with no sign of renal recovery. Once platelet levels normalised with haematology chemotherapy, a percutaneous renal biopsy was performed, which confirmed the diagnosis of cortical necrosis. Finally, the patient underwent renal replacement therapy by regular haemodialysis.

Tratamiento con hemodiálisis larga con filtros de alto cut-off en la nefropatía por cilindros del mieloma: nuestra experiencia / Treatment by long haemodialysis sessions with high cut-off filters in myeloma cast nephropathy: our experience

El mieloma múltiple (MM) consiste en la proliferación incontrolada de células plasmáticas con producción de cantidades variables de inmunoglobulinas o sus cadenas. La insuficiencia renal aguda puede ser un síntoma del MM, y a veces su forma de presentación. Las cadenas ligeras libres circulantes (CLL) pueden dar lugar al fallo renal por la precipitación intratubular de ellas, causando una nefropatía por cilindros. El tratamiento del mieloma, una adecuada hidratación y la eliminación de CLL mediante técnicas de aféresis son los tratamientos admitidos actualmente para esta entidad. Se han intentado diversas técnicas de aféresis para intentar eliminar las CLL, siendo la hemodiálisis de larga duración con filtros para eliminar dichas cadenas ligeras (alto cut-off) la que se postula como el tratamiento más eficaz para la nefropatía del mieloma. MÉTODOS: Presentamos cinco casos de nefropatía de mieloma: tres con nefropatía por cilindros (NC) diagnosticada por biopsia renal y dos con alta probabilidad de NC (niveles de CLL > 500 mg/l) tratados con hemodiálisis larga con membrana de alto cut-off. Todos presentaban insuficiencia renal aguda, en cuatro de ellos con necesidad de terapia sustitutiva y uno en situación de insuficiencia renal avanzada. En todos ellos los niveles de CLL fueron muy elevados. Recibieron tratamiento específico para el mieloma más hemodiálisis de alto cut-off hasta alcanzar niveles de CLL < 500 mg/l. RESULTADOS: Cuatro de los cinco pacientes recuperaron función renal, quedando independientes de diálisis. El tiempo de evolución del mieloma desde el inicio de la clínica fue variable (1-6 m). El número de sesiones varió entre 8-16. El paciente de más tiempo de evolución precisó más sesiones y no recuperó función renal. CONCLUSIONES: La hemodiálisis larga con filtros de alto cut-off más tratamiento con quimioterapia del mieloma parece ser un tratamiento eficaz en la insuficiencia renal aguda debida a nefropatía del mieloma. La precocidad en el inicio del tratamiento puede ser un factor determinante de la respuesta

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the uncontrolled proliferation of plasma cells with variable amounts of production of immunoglobulin or their chains. Acute renal failure can be a symptom of MM, and it is sometimes their presentation form. Circulating free light chains (FLC) could led to renal failure by intratubular precipitation of themselves causing a cast nephropathy. Myeloma's treatment, an adequate hydration and FLC's elimination by aphaeresis treatments are currently eligible therapy for this entity. Several aphaeresis techniques have been tried to eliminate the FLC being long-term hemodialysis with filters to remove these light chains (High Cut-Off filters). This treatment is postulated as the most effective treatment for myeloma nephropathy. METHODS: We report 5 cases of myeloma nephropathy: three of them with cast nephropathy (CN) diagnosed by renal biopsy and another two with high probability of NC (FLC levels >500mg/L). All of them were treated by hemodialysis with membrane high Cut-Off. The five patients had had an acute renal failure; in four of them need replacement renal therapy. The fifth patient only had an advanced renal failure. In all patients, FLC levels were very high. All patients received specific treatment for myeloma in addiction on hemodialysis high Cut-Off until the FLC levels were <500mg/ L. RESULTS: Four of the five patients recovered renal function, being independent of dialysis. The evolution time of myeloma since the first symptoms appeared was variable (1-6 months). The number of treatment sessions ranged from 8-16. The patient whose evolution time was the longest one required more sessions and did not recovered the renal function. CONCLUSIONS: Length hemodialysis with filters high cut-off plus specific myeloma chemotherapy seems to be an effective treatment in acute renal failure due to cast myeloma. The early initiation of treatment could be an important factor for the response

Treatment by long haemodialysis sessions with high cut-off filters in myeloma cast nephropathy: our experience.

UNLABELLED: Multiple myeloma (MM) is the uncontrolled proliferation of plasma cells with variable amounts of production of immunoglobulins or their chains. Acute renal failure can be a symptom of MM, and it is sometimes its form of presentation. Circulating free light chains (FLC) could lead to renal failure due to their intratubular precipitation, causing a cast nephropathy. The treatment of myeloma, adequate hydration and the removal of FLC by apheresis techniques are currently the treatments that are accepted for this disease. Several apheresis techniques have been attempted for the removal of FLC, with long haemodialysis sessions with filters for the removal of these light chains (high cut-off filters) being proposed as the most effective treatment for myeloma nephropathy. METHODS: We report 5 cases of myeloma nephropathy: three had cast nephropathy (CN) diagnosed by renal biopsy and the other two had a high probability of CN (FLC levels >500 mg/l). They were treated with long haemodialysis sessions with a high cut-off membrane. All patients had suffered acute renal failure; four required renal replacement therapy and one patient had advanced renal failure. In all patients, FLC levels were very high. They received specific treatment for myeloma in addition to high cut-off haemodialysis until they achieved FLC levels of <500 mg/l. RESULTS: Four of the five patients recovered renal function, and became independent of dialysis. The progression time for myeloma from the time the first symptoms appeared varied (1-6 months). The number of treatment sessions ranged from 8-16. The patient with the longest progression time required more sessions and did not recover renal function. CONCLUSIONS: Long haemodialysis sessions with high cut-off filters in addition to specific myeloma chemotherapy seems to be an effective treatment for acute renal failure due to myeloma nephropathy. The early initiation of treatment could be a determining factor for the response.