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1.
Plants (Basel) ; 13(10)2024 May 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38794367

ABSTRACT

The impact of global warming on Argentine viticulture may result in a geographical shift, with wine-growing regions potentially moving towards the southwest, known as one of the windiest regions in the world. Deficit irrigation is a widely used strategy to control the shoot growth and improve fruit quality attributes, such as berry skin polyphenols. The present study aimed to assess the effects of different wind intensities and irrigation levels, as well as their interactions, on field-grown Vitis vinifera L. cvs. Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon. The experiment was conducted during two growing seasons with two wind treatments (sheltered and exposed) and two irrigation treatments (well-watered and moderate deficit irrigation) in a multifactorial design. Vegetative growth, stomatal conductance, shoot biomass partition, fruit yield components and berry skin phenolics were evaluated. Our study found that, generally, wind exposure reduced vegetative growth, and deficit irrigation increased the proportion of smaller berries within the bunches. Meanwhile, deficit irrigation and wind exposure additively increased the concentration of berry skin phenolics. Combined stressful conditions enhance biomass partition across the shoot to fruits in Malbec, increasing the weight of bunches and the number of berries. Our findings offer practical implications for vineyard managers in windy regions, providing actionable insights to optimize grapevine cultivation and enhance wine quality.

2.
NPJ Sci Food ; 8(1): 14, 2024 Feb 21.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38378720

ABSTRACT

The study of terroir, increasingly popular in scientific circles, remains a challenging field, particularly in terms of sensory analysis. This paper summarizes our own contribution to the field-an approach for tracing the typicity of wines by sensometrics, using the Malbec variety as a case study. This large-scale research fingerprinted 81 wines from 29 parcels from highly contrasting environments (varying climate, elevation, and soils), produced under standardized conditions in three consecutive vintages. Wines were evaluated through descriptive sensory analysis (DA) by a trained panel, and sensory descriptors were associated with different size geographic scales (zones, departments, and Geographic Indications (GIs)). The application of different sensometric tools allowed us to describe the typicity of wines and discriminate each region, proposing a novel methodology for the comprehensive evaluation of terroir from a sensory viewpoint. The vintage effect was very strong at the departmental and GI level, with aroma, taste and mouthfeel descriptors varying annually. However, certain origin descriptors remained consistent, providing insight into the typicity of Malbec. Considering the extension of the experimental study performed, this methodology provides a proof of concept for understanding both terroir and vintage effects from a sensorial perspective, offering wine producers and consumers a clear message backed by scientific evidence.

3.
J Agric Food Chem ; 71(23): 8699-8730, 2023 Jun 14.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37267502

ABSTRACT

Viticulture activity produces a significant amount of grapevine woody byproducts, such as bunch stems and canes, which constitute potential sources of a wide range of phenolic compounds (PCs) with purported applications. Recently, the study of these byproducts has been increased as a source of health-promoting phytochemicals. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiaging properties have been reported, with most of these effects being linked to the high content of PCs with antioxidant properties. This Review summarizes the data related to the qualitative and quantitative composition of PCs recovered from canes and bunch stems side streams of the wine industry, the influence that the different environmental and storage conditions have on the final concentration of PCs, and the current reported applications in specific technological fields. The objective is to give a complete valuation of the key factors to consider, starting from the field to the final extracts, to attain the most suitable and stable characterized product.


Subject(s)
Vitis , Wine , Wine/analysis , Vitis/chemistry , Antioxidants/chemistry , Phenols/analysis , Plant Extracts/chemistry
4.
Food Chem ; 405(Pt A): 134718, 2023 Mar 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36335728

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to determine the stability of PCs in grape canes extracts stored at different temperatures and light conditions. The PCs composition was monitored every-two weeks during three months by liquid chromatography coupled to diode array and fluorescence detectors (LC-DAD-FLD). Initially, stilbenes represented 87 % of total PCs. Storage at -20 and 5 °C reduced PCs 8 and 6 %, respectively. When extracts were exposed to 25 and 40 °C, the degradation of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin was faster than under lower temperatures, and light accelerated the degradation kinetics. trans-piceatannol showed particularly sensitive to temperature increase, being mostly degraded after two weeks stored at 40 °C. Conversely, degradation of trans-resveratrol and ε-viniferin was mostly catalyzed by light, since nearly 70 % of them were degraded at 40 °C under light, in comparison with a 23 % reduction of trans-resveratrol and no changes of ε-viniferin at 40 °C in darkness.


Subject(s)
Stilbenes , Vitis , Vitis/chemistry , Temperature , Resveratrol/analysis , Canes , Stilbenes/chemistry , Phenols/analysis
5.
Front Plant Sci ; 13: 835425, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35693157

ABSTRACT

Grapevine berry quality for winemaking depends on complex and dynamic relationships between the plant and the environment. Winemakers around the world are demanding a better understanding of the factors that influence berry growth and development. In the last decades, an increment in air temperature, CO2 concentration and dryness occurred in wine-producing regions, affecting the physiology and the biochemistry of grapevines, and by consequence the berry quality. The scientific community mostly agrees in a further raise as a result of climate change during the rest of the century. As a consequence, areas most suitable for viticulture are likely to shift into higher altitudes where mean temperatures are suitable for grape cultivation. High altitude can be defined as the minimum altitude at which the grapevine growth and development are differentially affected. At these high altitudes, the environments are characterized by high thermal amplitudes and great solar radiations, especially ultraviolet-B (UV-B). This review summarizes the environmental contribution of global high altitude-related climatic variables to the grapevine physiology and wine composition, for a better evaluation of the possible establishment of vineyards at high altitude in climate change scenarios.

6.
J Sci Food Agric ; 102(7): 2950-2959, 2022 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34767265

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The gibberellins (GAs) GA5 (inhibitor of GA3 -oxidase), GA4 (biologically active), GA4/7 (commercially available mixture of Ga4 and GA7 ) prohexadione-calcium (ProCa, inhibitor of dioxygenases that render GAs bioactive, negative control), and GA3 (positive control) were applied to bunches of Vitis vinifera cv. Malbec. Different techniques, doses, and timings were used in a 3-year field experiment. In year 1, GA5 , ProCa, and GA3 were applied at 35, 20, and 0 days before veraison (DBV) by dipping bunches three times. In year 2, single applications of GA5 and GA3 , also by immersion, were tested at 60, 45, and 30 DBV. In year 3, applications at 60 and 30 DBV of GA5 , GA4 , and a mixture of GA4/7 were evaluated by dipping or spraying the bunches. RESULTS: Vegetative growth, berry weight, and sugar content were unaffected by treatments. ProCa did not affect the yield with respect to water control, although it reduced the levels of phenolics in berry skins, an undesirable effect for winemaking. GA5 , in the dose range 5-50 mg L-1 , raised berry numbers, thereby augmenting bunch weight and skin phenolics at harvest, so increasing berry quality for winemaking. GA4 and GA4/7 produced similar benefits to GA5 , with similar doses. CONCLUSION: The applications of GA5 , GA4 , and GA4/7 to developing grape berry bunches, in a range of concentrations and by dipping or spraying, increased berry numbers per bunch at harvest. The method can be used as a viticultural practice to improve the production and quality of wine grapes. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.


Subject(s)
Vitis , Carbohydrates/analysis , Fruit/chemistry , Gibberellins/pharmacology , Phenols/analysis , Vitis/chemistry
7.
Plants (Basel) ; 10(5)2021 May 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34066656

ABSTRACT

Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a crucial role in the plant responses to environmental signals, in particular by triggering secondary metabolism. High-altitude vineyards in Mendoza, Argentina, are exposed to elevated solar ultraviolet-B (UV-B) levels and moderate water deficits (WD), thus producing grapevine berries with high enological quality for red winemaking. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and phenolic compounds (PCs) accumulate in the berry skins, possess antioxidant activity, and are important attributes for red wine. The aim of the present study was to analyze the role of ABA in the modulation of these compounds in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Malbec wines by comparing the independent and interactive effects of UV-B, WD, and ABA. Two UV-B treatments (ambient solar UV-B or reduced UV-B), two watering treatments (well-watered or moderate water deficit) and two ABA treatments (no ABA and sprayed ABA) were given in a factorial design during one growing season. Sprayed ABA, alone and/or in combination with UV-B (specially) and WD (to a lower degree) increased low molecular weight polyphenols (LMWP), anthocyanins, but most noticeably the stilbenes trans-resveratrol and piceid. Under these treatments, VOCs were scarcely affected, and the antioxidant capacity was influenced by the combination of UV-B and WD. From a technological point of view, ABA applications may be an effective vineyard management tool, considering that it elicited a higher content of compounds beneficial for wine aging, as well compounds related to color.

8.
Sci Rep ; 11(1): 2863, 2021 02 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33536527

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated the phenolic profiles of Malbec wines made from grapes of 23 parcels distributed in 12 geographical indications (GIs) from Mendoza, Argentina. Wines were elaborated under standardized winemaking conditions over three consecutive vintages (2016-2018). Data discriminated wines from different GIs and parcels, based on an integrative data analysis by chemometric tools. Vintage effect and specific phenolic compounds were associated with some GIs or parcels. As well, regional climate conditions allowed partial discrimination of the GIs (and also some parcels). A random forest analysis correctly identified 11 out of 23 individual parcels across the different vintages. The most notorious compounds associated with such classification were p-coumaric acid, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, caffeic acid, quercetin and peonidin-3-O-glucoside. The presented research allows to individualize, through phenolic profiles, parcels with unique characteristics over years. This is the first report characterizing Malbec wines coming from several GIs (and individual parcels) in different vintages. These results are strongly related to terroir features of wines, contributing to a better communication to consumers and to position Argentinean wines.

9.
Food Chem ; 348: 129063, 2021 Jun 30.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33493848

ABSTRACT

Grapevine woody by-products contain bioactive substances, mainly phenolic compounds (PCs), whose beneficial health effects initially depends on their levels of intake and bioavailability. Therefore, in-vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion (GID; oral, gastric and intestinal phases) was performed to evaluate the bioaccessibility and antioxidant capacity (AC) of PCs extracts recovered from grapevine bunch stem and cane from Malbec grape cultivar. The total PCs in cane and bunch stem extracts were 74 and 20% bioaccessible, respectively. Syringic acid, cinnamic acid, ε-viniferin, naringenin and myricetin were highly bioaccessible, noticeably ε-viniferin in cane extract with 137%. The high bioaccessibility observed, particularly for compounds at high concentration such as ε-viniferin, will help to better understand the bioactive potential of these by-products. In this sense, bunch stems and canes can be considered as new and sustainable sources of bioactive substances for applications as functional ingredients or nutraceuticals in food and pharmaceutical industries.


Subject(s)
Antioxidants/analysis , Phenols/analysis , Vitis/chemistry , Antioxidants/pharmacokinetics , Biological Availability , Biomimetics , Digestion , Humans , Phenols/pharmacokinetics
10.
Food Chem ; 338: 128030, 2021 Feb 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32932090

ABSTRACT

A liquid chromatography method coupling diode-array and fluorescence detectors (DAD and FLD, respectively) has been developed for the simultaneous quantification of 32 phenolic compounds (PCs) in winemaking products. With the combination of both detectors it was possible to determine phenolic acids, flavanols, flavonols, stilbenes and other PCs in the matrices under study. An excitation wavelength of 290 nm was selected and three different emission wavelengths (315, 360 and 400 nm) were recorded. The method provided detection and quantification limits (LODs and LOQs) within the ranges of 0.01-1.46 mg/L and 0.03-4.9 mg/L, respectively. The LODs and LOQs using FLD for flavanols, stilbenes and phenyl ethanol analogues were improved between 65 and 1000% as compared with DAD. The combination of DAD with FLD increased both, sensitivity and the ability to reduce interfering signals. The developed method was applied for the characterization of PCs of wines, bunch stems and grape canes.


Subject(s)
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods , Phenols/analysis , Wine/analysis , Flavonols/analysis , Limit of Detection , Spectrometry, Fluorescence , Stilbenes/analysis , Vitis/chemistry , Vitis/metabolism
11.
J Sci Food Agric ; 100(1): 376-383, 2020 Jan 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31595514

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Every year, the viticulture activity generates considerable amounts of underused lignocellulosic residues as grape cane, which are generally composted or burned despite their potential value as a source of bioactive compounds. Determination of their phytochemical composition and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) may be a useful way of exploiting different high-added value applications. RESULTS: Twenty-one phenolic compounds (PC) and two carotenoids (Car) were quantified by high performance-liquid chromatography-diode array detection in eight grape varieties from different locations in Mendoza, Argentina. The maximum concentrations corresponded to the stilbene ϵ-viniferin [10 552 µg g-1 dry weight (DW)], followed by the flavanols (+)-catechin (3718 µg g-1 DW) and (-)-epicatechin (2486 µg g-1 DW). In addition, lutein and ß-carotene were quantified at levels ranging between 350 and 2400 ng g-1 DW. The TAC of the extracts was assessed by oxygen radical absorbance capacity, 2,20-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assays, with a good correlation between TAC and total PC for each sample (r ≥ 0.82). CONCLUSION: Samples of cv. Malbec, the most representative variety of Argentina's winemaking industry, presented high contents of PC, particularly ϵ-viniferin, (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin. Quercetin-3-galactoside, OH-tyrosol and Car were reported for the first time in grape canes of the eight varieties. The results add to the existing knowledge related to this inexpensive source of high-value bioactive compounds, which could be used as functional ingredients. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.


Subject(s)
Antioxidants/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Polyphenols/chemistry , Vitis/chemistry , Waste Products/analysis , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Phytochemicals/chemistry , Plant Stems/chemistry , Vitis/classification
12.
Plant Physiol Biochem ; 135: 287-294, 2019 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30599305

ABSTRACT

Environment and crop management shape plant's phenotype. Argentinean high-altitude vineyards are characterized by elevated solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB) and water deficit (D) that enhance enological quality for red winemaking. These signals promote phenolics accumulation in leaves and berries, being the responses mediated by abscisic acid (ABA). DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that regulates gene expression and may affect grapevine growth, development and acclimation, since methylation patterns are mitotically heritable. Berry skins low molecular weight polyphenols (LMWP) were characterized in field grown Vitis vinifera L. cv. Malbec plants exposed to contrasting UV-B, D, and ABA treatments during one season. The next season early fruit shoots were epigenetically (methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism; MSAP) and biochemically (LMWP) characterized. Unstable epigenetic patterns and/or stochastic stress-induced methylation changes were observed. UV-B and D were the treatments that induced greater number of DNA methylation changes respect to Control; and UV-B promoted global hypermethylation of MSAP epiloci. Sequenced MSAP fragments associated with UV-B and ABA showed similarities with transcriptional regulators and ubiquitin ligases proteins activated by light. UV-B was associated with flavonols accumulation in berries and with hydroxycinnamic acids in the next season fruit shoots, suggesting that DNA methylation could regulate the LMWP accumulation and participate in acclimation mechanisms.


Subject(s)
Abscisic Acid/pharmacology , DNA Methylation , Polyphenols/metabolism , Vitis/metabolism , Coumaric Acids/metabolism , DNA Methylation/drug effects , DNA Methylation/radiation effects , Dehydration , Flavonols/metabolism , Fruit/metabolism , Plant Shoots/metabolism , Ultraviolet Rays , Vitis/drug effects , Vitis/physiology , Vitis/radiation effects
13.
Food Sci Nutr ; 6(3): 523-531, 2018 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29876102

ABSTRACT

A survey was carried out to determine natural occurrence of tenuazonic acid (TA) in healthy and rotten wine grapes samples from different varieties (n = 37) collected during 2016 vintage in the region of DOC San Rafael (Argentina). In addition, inoculation experiments with three Alternaria alternata strains in wine grapes were done to elucidate TA production and its major influencing factors. The 16.2% (6/37) of total wine grape samples showed TA contamination with 4% (1/25) of incidence in healthy samples (77 µg·kg-1) and 42% (5/12) in rotten samples (10-778 µg·kg-1). Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Syrah varieties showed TA contamination, whereas Bonarda, Ancelota, Torrontés, Semillón, and Chenin did not. During inoculation experiments in wine grapes, two of three strains were able to produce TA among the evaluated conditions and the highest TA production was observed at 15°C and 25°C after 24 days of incubation. Nutritional composition of grapes results appropriate for A. alternata infection and TA production and, together with the adequate field conditions, favors TA natural occurrence in wine grapes.

14.
Food Chem ; 265: 120-127, 2018 Nov 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29884362

ABSTRACT

Malbec wines from 27 parcels from the three most important winemaking regions of Mendoza, Argentina, were produced under standardized winemaking conditions, and analyzed for phenolic composition and by means of sensory descriptive analysis. Different methods of characterization and cluster analysis for each data matrix showed that some locations of Mendoza could be significantly separated from each other. The results of unsupervised statistical methods were compared using a test for similarities and divergences, also showing that different locations may be associated. The current report is the first one characterizing Malbec wines from the three major producing regions of Argentina using two different ways for locations classification. The effects of climate and geographical origin of Malbec grapes on the quality parameters of resulting wines were also evidenced. These results have enological and viticulture interest for the winemaking industry as the vineyard site selection for Malbec can considerably affect quality attributes.


Subject(s)
Geography , Phenols/analysis , Taste , Wine/analysis , Argentina , Climate , Vitis/chemistry
15.
Int J Food Microbiol ; 266: 14-20, 2018 Feb 02.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29156243

ABSTRACT

Epiphytic isolates with yeast characteristics from grapes of the Malbec cultivar were obtained in order to find antagonists against Alternaria alternata. From a total of 111 isolates, 82% corresponded to the yeast-like organism Aureobasidium pullulans and the rest to the non-Saccharomyces yeasts Hanseniaspora uvarum (6.3%), Metschnikowia pulcherrima or spp. (5.4%), Cryptoccocus laurentti II (2.7%), Starmerella bacilaris or Candida zemplinina (2.7%) and Rhodotorula spp. (0.9%). The 22.4% (15 out of 67) of epiphytic yeasts and yeast-like organisms evaluated were able to reduce A. alternata infection from 0.0 to 4.4% when applied 2h previous to pathogen inoculation on wounds of grape berries. From these selected strains, 14 out of 15 strains completely prevented A. alternata infection (0.0%), which implies potential for field application. All Metschnikowia (pulcherrima or spp.), S. bacillaris and almost all H. uvarum evaluated strains showed antagonist capability against A. alternata. Meanwhile, none of the lesser nutritional requirement strains belonging to A. pullulans, Cr. laurenti II and Rhodotorula spp. did. All the yeasts with capacity to prevent A. alternata infection also reduced tenuazonic acid (TA) production by 81.2 to 99.8%, finding TA levels similar to negative controls. Therefore, the epiphytic yeasts selected are promising as biological control agents against Alternaria infection and toxin production in grapes for winemaking.


Subject(s)
Alternaria/physiology , Biological Control Agents , Food Microbiology , Vitis/microbiology , Yeasts/metabolism , Argentina , Fruit/microbiology , Tenuazonic Acid/biosynthesis , Yeasts/isolation & purification
16.
Sci Total Environ ; 615: 1485-1498, 2018 Feb 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28927807

ABSTRACT

Contamination by trace elements (TE) is an increasing concern worldwide. In some areas, crop production could be limited by the presence of metals and metalloids, so it is important to determine their concentrations and mobility. The region of Jáchal, province of San Juan, Argentina, has good growing conditions for onion and grapevine production, but their quality and yield are affected by high TE concentration in soils and water. Soils, water, grapevine and onion were sampled and TE content determined. In soils elevated As, B, Cr, Hg, and Tl concentrations were detected (506±46, 149±3, 2714±217, 16±7, and 12±3µgg-1, respectively, for maximum values measured), and physicochemical properties of the soil promotes these elements mobility. Water samples had high As, B, Cr, and Fe concentrations (1438±400, 10,871±471, 11,516±2363, and 3071±257µgL-1, respectively, for maximum values measured) while in onion bulbs and grapevine berries, As, Cr, Cu, and Fe (92±7 and 171±20, 1412±18 and 2965±32, 17±3 and 126±88, and 418±204 and 377±213µgg-1, respectively, for maximum values measured) exceeded the limits for food consumption established by Argentinian law. Correlation analyses indicated that: i) there is a common source of TE in this area, ii) each elements concentration in plants is associated with different soil variables and different soils depths, and iii) the lack of correlation between soil and water indicates that concentration in water is not constant over the time and/or there exists a differential accumulation of elements in soils depending on their own properties. Data obtained demonstrate very high concentration of TE in soil, grapevines, and onion plants in Jáchal region, and different remediation techniques are necessary to stabilize and minimize the bioavailability of these elements.

17.
PLoS One ; 11(12): e0167767, 2016.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27911923

ABSTRACT

Plants have evolved an array of specific photoreceptors to acclimate to the light environment. By sensing light signals, photoreceptors modulate plant morphology, carbon- and water-physiology, crop yield and quality of harvestable organs, among other responses. Many cultural practices and crop management decisions alter light quantity and quality perceived by plants cultivated in the field. Under full sunlight, phytochromes perceive high red to far red ratios (R:FR; 1.1), whereas overhead or lateral low R:FR (below 1.1) are sensed in the presence of plant shade or neighboring plants, respectively. Grapevine is one of the most important fruit crops in the world. To date, studies on grapevine response to light focused on different Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR) levels; however, limited data exist about its response to light quality. In this study we aimed to investigate morphological, biochemical, and hydraulic responses of Vitis vinifera to variations in R:FR. Therefore, we irradiated Syrah and Torrontés Riojano plants, grown in a glasshouse, with lateral FR light (low lateral R:FR treatment), while others, that were kept as controls, were not irradiated (ambient lateral R:FR treatment). In response to the low lateral R:FR treatment, grapevine plants did not display any of the SAS morphological markers (i.e. stem length, petiole length and angle, number of lateral shoots) in any of the cultivars assessed, despite an increase in gibberelins and auxin concentrations in leaf tissues. Low lateral R:FR did not affect dry matter partitioning, water-related traits (stomata density and index, wood anatomy), or water-related physiology (plant conductance, transpiration rate, stem hydraulic conductivity, stomatal conductance). None of the Vitis vinifera varieties assessed displayed the classical morphological and hydraulic responses associated to SAS induced by phytochromes. We discuss these results in the context of natural grapevine environment and agronomical relevance.


Subject(s)
Plant Leaves , Plant Shoots , Plant Transpiration/physiology , Vitis , Plant Leaves/anatomy & histology , Plant Leaves/physiology , Plant Shoots/anatomy & histology , Plant Shoots/physiology , Species Specificity , Vitis/anatomy & histology , Vitis/physiology
18.
Food Funct ; 7(3): 1544-53, 2016 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26901521

ABSTRACT

In this study the effect of diet supplementation with grape pomace (GP) and grape pomace extract (GPE) on insulin sensitive tissues (adipose, liver and muscle) was evaluated in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS was developed by giving a high-fat-fructose (HFF) diet to Wistar rats. Six weeks of HFF diet induced weight gain, which was partially attenuated by GP (1 g per kg per day) and GPE (300 mg per kg per day) supplementation. HFF diet increased systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, insulin resistance (HOMA:IR) and inflammation (c-reactive protein (CRP)). Supplementation with GP prevented SBP, triglycerides and CRP increased and partially attenuated insulin resistance. On the other hand, GPE partially reduced SBP and triglycerides and significantly prevented insulin resistance and inflammation. Also, HFF diet induced higher triglycerides content and enhanced NADPH oxidase activity in the liver. Also, HFF diet increased the epididymal adipose tissue weight, enlarged adipocyte size, and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, probably contributing to a pro-inflammatory cytokine pattern (higher resistin) and lower adiponectin protein expression. These alterations may result in an impairment of insulin signaling cascade observed in adipose, liver and muscle tissue (IRS1, Akt, and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2)) from HFF rats. Supplementation with GP and to a greater extent GPE attenuated liver triglyceride content and adiposity and restored adipose, liver and muscle response to insulin. These findings show that supplementation with GP and GPE to a greater extent can counteract adiposity, inflammation, liver damage and impaired insulin signaling associated to MetS, supporting the utilization of winemaking residues in food industry/human health due to their high amount of bioactive compounds.


Subject(s)
Fructose/adverse effects , Insulin/metabolism , Metabolic Syndrome/drug therapy , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Vitis/chemistry , Adiponectin/metabolism , Animals , C-Reactive Protein/metabolism , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , Fructose/metabolism , Humans , Insulin Resistance , Male , Metabolic Syndrome/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Triglycerides/metabolism
19.
Physiol Plant ; 156(3): 323-37, 2016 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26411544

ABSTRACT

Grape quality for winemaking depends on sugar accumulation and metabolism in berries. Abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GAs) have been reported to control sugar allocation in economically important crops, although the mechanisms involved are still unknown. The present study tested if ABA and gibberellin A3 (GA3) enhance carbon allocation in fruits of grapevines by modifying phloem loading, phloem area and expression of sugar transporters in leaves and berries. Pot-grown Vitis vinifera cv. Malbec plants were sprayed with ABA and GA3 solutions. The amount of soluble sugars in leaves and berries related to photosynthesis were examined at three points of berry growth: pre-veraison, full veraison and post-veraison. Starch levels and amylase activity in leaves, gene expression of sugar transporters in leaves and berries and phloem anatomy were examined at full veraison. Accumulation of glucose and fructose in berries was hastened in ABA-treated plants at the stage of full veraison, which was correlated with enhancement of Vitis vinifera HEXOSE TRANSPORTER 2 (VvHT2) and Vitis vinifera HEXOSE TRANSPORTER 6 (VvHT6) gene expression, increases of phloem area and sucrose content in leaves. On the other hand, GA3 increased the quantity of photoassimilates delivered to the stem thus increasing xylem growth. In conclusion, stimulation of sugar transport by ABA and GA3 to berries and stems, respectively, was due to build-up of non-structural carbohydrates in leaves, modifications in phloem tissue and modulation in gene expression of sugar transporters.


Subject(s)
Abscisic Acid/pharmacology , Carbohydrates/chemistry , Carbon/metabolism , Gibberellins/pharmacology , Phloem/metabolism , Plant Leaves/metabolism , Plant Proteins/genetics , Vitis/metabolism , Biomass , Fruit/drug effects , Fruit/genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects , Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics , Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism , Phloem/drug effects , Photosynthesis/drug effects , Plant Leaves/drug effects , Plant Leaves/genetics , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Plant Stomata/cytology , Plant Stomata/genetics , Plant Stomata/physiology , Starch/metabolism , Vacuoles/drug effects , Vacuoles/metabolism , Vitis/drug effects , Vitis/genetics , Xylem/drug effects , Xylem/metabolism
20.
Food Chem ; 178: 172-8, 2015 Jul 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25704698

ABSTRACT

Low molecular weight polyphenols (LMW-PPs) and anthocyanins, along with the antioxidant capacity, were assessed in grape pomace extract (GPE) of red grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Malbec. Twenty-six phenolics (13 LMW-PPs and 13 anthocyanins) were characterized and quantified by HPLC-MWD and UPLC-ESI-MS. The maximum concentrations of LMW-PPs corresponded to the flavanols (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin, whereas malvidin-3-glucoside was the most abundant anthocyanin. Piceatannol, a stilbene analogue to resveratrol with higher antioxidant activity, was firstly identified and quantified in GPE of the cv. Malbec. The antioxidant activity for Malbec GPE determined by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay was 2,756 µmol TEg(-1) GPE. Therefore, the data reported sustain the use of winemaking by-products as a cheap source of phenolic compounds suitable for biotechnological applications, as a strategy for sustainable oenology.


Subject(s)
Antioxidants/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/analysis , Polyphenols/analysis , Vitis/chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Plant Extracts/pharmacology
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