VPA selectively regulates pluripotency gene expression on donor cell and improve SCNT embryo development.

SCNT technology has been successfully used to clone a variety of mammals, but the cloning efficiency is very low. This low efficiency is likely due to the incomplete reprogramming of SCNT embryos. Histone modification and DNA methylation may participate in these events. Thus, it would be interesting to attempt to improve the efficiency of SCNT by using a HDACi VPA. In order to guarantee the effect of VPA and reduce its cytotoxicity, a comprehensive analysis of the cell proliferation and histone modification was performed. The results showed that 0.5 and 1 mM VPA treatment for 24 h were the optimal condition. According to the results, H3K4me3 was increased in 0.5 and 1 mM VPA groups, whereas H3K9me2 was significantly decreased. These are the signals of gene-activation. In addition, VPA treatment led to the overexpression of Oct4 and Nanog. These indicated that VPA-treated cells had similar patterns of histone to zygotic embryos, and may be more favorable for reprograming. A total of 833 cloned embryos were produced from the experimental replicates of VPA-treated donor cells. In 1 mM treatment group, the blastocyst rates were significantly increased compared with control. At the same time, our findings demonstrated the interrelation between DNA methylation and histone modifications.

MicroRNA profiles of fibroblasts derived from in vivo fertilized and fat-1 transgenic cattle.

Fat-1 transgenic cattle have high levels of ω-3 fatty acids, which regulate several genes in fatty acid metabolism. In the current study, fibroblasts derived from in vivo fertilized (Ferti) and fat-1 transgenic (TG) Luxi cattle (Bos taurus), a local breed in China, were cultured and their miRNA expression was characterized. Expression of 352 known miRNAs differed in cells from Ferti and TG cattle: 83 miRNAs were found to be specifically expressed in cells from Ferti cattle while 23 miRNAs were found to be specifically expressed in cells from TG cattle. Novel differences in miRNA expression were also found in cells from Ferti and TG cattle. The identity of seven differentially expressed miRNAs was verified using quantitative real-time PCR, and target genes were identified computationally. GO and KEGG analysis revealed that these miRNAs were involved in seven major biological pathways, including metabolism, MAPK signaling, calcium signaling, purine metabolism, ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, pyrimidine metabolism, and the cell cycle. Overexpression of one of these miRNAs, miR-21-5p, was found to suppress expression of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) in fibroblasts from TG cattle and 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. Conversely, knockdown of miR-21-5p stimulated expression. Together, these results suggest that miRNAs potentially play a role in expression of lipogenic and lipolytic genes as well as in synthesis of ω-3 fatty acids facilitated by fat-1.

Expression of pluripotency markers in Arbas Cashmere goat hair follicle stem cells.

In our previous work, we found that the Inner Mongolia Arbas Cashmere goat hair follicle stem cells (gHFSCs) can be successfully differentiated into adipocyte, chondrocyte, and osteocyte lineages. In this study, we further examined the expression of the pluripotency and stemness markers Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, AKP, and TERT in gHFSCs by immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, real-time PCR, and Western blot. Immunofluorescent staining showed that the gHFSCs were positive for all five markers. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) further analyzed the positive expression of Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2 in the gHFSCs. Compared with Arbas Cashmere goat adipose-derived stem cells (gADSCs) at the mRNA expression level, Oct4 was relatively highly expressed in gHFSCs, 41.36 times of the gADSCs, and Nanog was 5.61, AKP was 2.74, and TERT was 2.10 times, respectively (p < 0.01). Western blot indicated that all markers are expressed at the protein level in the gHFSCs. When compared with gADSCs, using α-tubulin as a reference protein, gray intensity analysis showed that the expression of Oct4, Nanog, AKP, and TERT were, respectively, 5.94, 10.78, 1.33, and 1.39 times of gADSCs. Additionally, mRNA and protein expression of Sox2 were detected in the gHFSCs but not in the gADSCs. The protein expression pattern of these markers was consistent with the mRNA results.

Isolation and characterization of hair follicle stem cells from Arbas Cashmere goat.

In this study, highly purified hair follicle stem cells from Arbas Cashmere goat (gHFSCs) were isolated using enzyme digestion and adhesion to type IV collagen. The biological characteristics of the gHFSCs were identified by morphological observation, growth curve, markers assay and differentiation in vitro. The gHFSCs were in small cell size with typical cobblestone morphology, good adhesion and high refractive index. Immunocytochemistry staining showed the cells were expressing Krt15, Krt19, CD34, Itgß1 and Krt14. Cell growth curve indicated that cultured gHFSCs had strong proliferation ability. Krt14 and CD34 were high expressed at the mRNA level, respectively, 39.68 and 24.37 times of the Cashmere goat keratinocytes, and krt15 expression was 5.62 times and itgß1 expression was 1.81 times higher (p < 0.01). Western blot detected the expression of all the above markers. After osteogenic induction, the cells were positive for Von Kossa staining and expressed Osteocalcin. Sulfated proteoglycans in cartilaginous matrices were positively stained by Alcian blue after chondrogenic induction and COL2A1 was expressed. In myogenic induction, Hoechst 33342 staining evidenced cytoplasm fusion and positive expression of MyoG was detected by immunocytochemistry.

Applications of bacillus Calmette-Guerin and recombinant bacillus Calmette-Guerin in vaccine development and tumor immunotherapy.

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccines are attenuated live strains of Mycobacterium bovis and are among the most widely used vaccines in the world. BCG is proven to be effective in preventing severe infant meningitis and miliary tuberculosis. Intravesical instillation of BCG is also a standard treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. In the past few decades, recombinant BCG (rBCG) technology had been extensively applied to develop vaccine candidates for a variety of infectious diseases, including bacterial, viral, and parasite infections, and to improve the efficacy of BCG in bladder cancer therapy. This review is intended to show the vast applications of BCG and recombinant BCG (rBCG) in the prevention of infectious diseases and cancer immunotherapy, with a special emphasis on recent approaches and trends on both pre-clinical and clinical levels.

Irregular transcriptome reprogramming probably causes thec developmental failure of embryos produced by interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer between the Przewalski's gazelle and the bovine.

BACKGROUND: Interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) has been regarded as a potential alternative for rescuing highly endangered species and can be used as a model for studying nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions. However, iSCNT embryos often fail to produce viable offspring. The alterations in normal molecular mechanisms contributing to extremely poor development are for the most part unknown. RESULTS: Przewalski's gazelle-bovine iSCNT embryos (PBNT) were produced by transferring Przewalski's gazelle fibroblast nuclei into enucleated bovine oocytes. The percentages of PBNT embryos that developed to morula/blastocyst stages were extremely low even with the use of various treatments that included different SCNT protocols and treatment of embryos with small molecules. Transcriptional microarray analyses of the cloned embryos showed that the upregulation of reprogramming-associated genes in bovine-bovine SCNT (BBNT) embryos was significantly higher than those observed in PBNT embryos (1527:643). In all, 139 transcripts related to various transcription regulation factors (TFs) were unsuccessfully activated in the iSCNT embryos. Maternal degradation profiles showed that 1515 genes were uniquely downregulated in the BBNT embryos, while 343 genes were downregulated in the PBNT embryos. Incompatibilities between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA revealed that the TOMM (translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane)/TIMM (translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane) complex-associated genes in BBNT embryos had the highest expression levels, while the PBNT embryos exhibited much lower expression rates. CONCLUSIONS: Improper degradation of maternal transcripts, incomplete activation of TFs and abnormal expression of genes associated with mitochondrial function in PBNT embryos likely contributed to incomplete reprogramming of the donor cell nuclei and therefore led to the developmental failure of these cloned embryos.

TFIIB co-localizes and interacts with α-tubulin during oocyte meiosis in the mouse and depletion of TFIIB causes arrest of subsequent embryo development.

TFIIB (transcription factor IIB) is a transcription factor that provides a bridge between promoter-bound TFIID and RNA polymerase II, and it is a target of various transcriptional activator proteins that stimulate the pre-initiation complex assembly. The localization and/or attachment matrix of TFIIB in the cytoplast is not well understood. This study focuses on the function of TFIIB and its interrelationship with α-tubulins in a mouse model. During oocyte maturation TFIIB distributes throughout the entire nucleus of the germinal vesicle (GV). After progression to GV breakdown (GVBD), TFIIB and α-tubulin co-localize and accumulate in the vicinity of the condensed chromosomes. During the MII stage, the TFIIB signals are more concentrated at the equatorial plate and the kinetochores. Colcemid treatment of oocytes disrupts the microtubule (MT) system, although the TFIIB signals are still present with the altered MT state. Injection of oocytes with TFIIB antibodies and siRNAs causes abnormal spindle formation and irregular chromosome alignment. These findings suggest that TFIIB dissociates from the condensed chromatids and then tightly binds to microtubules from GVBD to the MII phase. The assembly and disassembly of TFIIB may very well be associated with and driven by microtubules. TFIIB maintains its contact with the α-tubulins and its co-localization forms a unique distribution pattern. Depletion of Tf2b in oocytes results in a significant decrease in TFIIB expression, although polar body extrusion does not appear to be affected. Knockdown of Tf2b dramatically affects subsequent embryo development with more than 85% of the embryos arrested at the 2-cell stage. These arrested embryos still maintain apparently normal morphology for at least 96h without any obvious degeneration. Analysis of the effects of TFIIB in somatic cells by co-transfection of BiFC plasmids pHA-Tf2b and pFlag-Tuba1α further confirms a direct interaction between TFIIB and α-tubulins.

Diploid oocyte formation and tetraploid embryo development induced by cytochalasin B in bovine.

Tetraploid embryos are a useful model for postimplantation development of polyploidy cells, and tetraploid cells are an advantage in studies for chimeras yielding offspring completely derived from embryo stem cells or induced pluripotent cells. This study was designed to investigate the effects of cytochalasin B (CB) on bovine oocyte meiosis, and to induce the formation of diploid oocytes and tetraploid embryos. The results showed that: (1) incubation of oocytes in CB at ≥2.0 µg/mL concentrations for 24 h significantly decreased oocyte maturation and the matured oocytes' haploid composition. Over 50% of the CB-treated oocytes did not expel PB1 (non-PB1), and most of the non-PB1 oocytes contained 2n (60) chromosomes. (2) Pretreatment of oocytes with CB at concentrations of 7.5 and 15 µg/mL for 10 h significantly decreased oocyte maturation. Posttreatment of oocytes with CB resulted in most of the oocytes containing 2n chromosomes. (3) The parthenogenetic blastocysts (25-28%) derived from the non-PB1 oocytes of posttreatment group was significantly higher than that from pretreatment, whole period treatment, and the control oocytes (12-16%). (4) Cytogenetic analysis of the embryos derived from CB-treated non-PB1 oocytes resulted in 74% of the one-cell stage embryos being 4n = 120 chromosomes, 82% of two-cell stage embryos contained 4n chromosomes in each blastomere, and 75% of the blastocysts were tetraploidy (4n = 120). (6) The stopped uncleaved one-cell embryos showed an amazing phenomenon of over 15% of them containing extra chromosomes, which suggested multiple DNA duplication occurred within 40 h after activation. In conclusion, CB inhibits PB1 extrusion, disfigures spindle structure, decreases oocyte maturation, and results in formation of diploid (2n or 4c) oocytes. The diploid oocytes resulted in a higher development of tetraploid embryos, which would be a unique approach for the production of tetraploid embryos in bovine.

Multiple histone site epigenetic modifications in nuclear transfer and in vitro fertilized bovine embryos.

During mammalian embryonic development, DNA methylation and histone modifications are important in gene expression regulation and epigenetic reprogramming. In cloned embryos, high levels of DNA methylation and abnormal demethylation were widely observed during the preimplantation period. Little is known whether there is a difference in histone modifications between in vitro fertilization (IVF) and cloned embryos during preimplantation development. In the present study, the distributions and intensity patterns of acetylations in H3 lysine 9, 18 and H4 lysine 8, 5 and tri-methyl lysine 4 and dimethyl-lysine 9 in histone H3 were compared in cloned and IVF bovine preimplantation embryos by using indirect immunofluorescence and scanning confocal microscopy. The results showed that the acetylation and methylation levels of H3K9ac, H3K18ac, H4K5ac, H4K8ac, H3K4me3 and H3K9me2 were abnormally high in the cloned embryos from the pronuclear to the 8-cell stage. H4K8ac and H4K5ac in the cloned embryos were particularly abnormal when compared with the IVF controls. At the blastocyst stage differences dissipated between cloned and IVF embryos and the distribution and intensity patterns of all histone modifications showed no obvious difference. These results suggest that somatic cells in recipient oocytes produced aberrant histone modifications at multiple sites before the donor cell genome is activated. After zygotic genome activation, distributions and intensity patterns of histone modifications were comparable with both cloned and IVF embryos.

Molecular cloning and characterization of Izumo1 gene from sheep and cashmere goat reveal alternative splicing.

We cloned the cDNA and genomic DNA encoding for Izumo1 of cashmere goat (Capra hircus) and sheep (Ovis aries). Analysis of 4.6 kb Izumo1 genomic sequences in sheep and goat revealed a canonical open reading frame (ORF) of 963 bp spliced by eight exons. Sheep and goat Izumo1 genes share >99% identity at both DNA and protein levels and are also highly homologous to the orthologues in cattle, mouse, rat and human. Extensive cloning and analysis of Izumo1 cDNA revealed three (del 69, del 182 and del 217) and two (del 69 and ins 30) alternative splicing isoforms in goat and sheep, respectively. All of the isoforms are derived from splicing at typical GT-AG sites leading to partial or complete truncation of the immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain. Bioinformatics analysis showed that caprine and ovine Izumo1 proteins share similar structure with their murine orthologue. There are a signal peptide at the N-terminus (1-22 aa), a transmembrane domain at the C-terminus (302-319 aa), and an extracellular Ig-like region in the middle (161-252 aa) with a putative N-linked glycosylation site (N(205)-N-S). Alignment of Izumo1 protein sequences among 15 mammalian species displayed several highly conserved regions, including LDC and YRC motifs with cysteine residues for potential disulfide bridge formation, CPNKCG motif upstream of the Ig-like domain, GLTDYSFYRVW motif upstream of the putative N-linked glycosylation site, and a number of scattered cysteine residues. These distinctive features are very informative to pinpoint the important gene motifs and functions. The C-terminal regions, however, are more variable across species. Izumo1 cDNA sequences of goat, sheep, and cow were found to be largely homologous, and the molecular phylogenetic analysis is consistent with their morphological taxonomy. This implies the Izumo1 gene evolves from the same ancestor, and the mechanism of sperm-egg fusion in mammals may be under the same principle in which Izumo1 plays an important role.

Production of transgenic cashmere goat embryos expressing red fluorescent protein and containing IGF1 hair-follicle-cell specific expression cassette by somatic cell nuclear transfer.

In the present study, cashmere goat fetal fibroblasts were transfected with pCDsR-KI, a hair-follicle-cell specific expression vector for insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) that contains two markers for selection (red fluorescent protein gene and neomycin resistant gene). The transgenic fibroblasts cell lines were obtained after G418 selection. Prior to the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the maturation rate of caprine cumulus oocytes complexes (COCs) was optimized to an in vitro maturation time of 18 h. Parthenogenetic ooctyes were used as a model to investigate the effect of two activation methods, one with calcium ionophore IA23187 plus 6-DMAP and the other with ethanol plus 6-DMAP. The cleavage rates after 48 h were respectively 88.7% and 86.4%, with no significant difference (P>0.05). There was no significant difference between the cleavage rate and the blastocyst rate in two different media (SO-Faa and CR1aa; 86.3% vs 83.9%, P>0.05 and 23.1% vs 17.2%, P>0.05). The fusion rate of a 190 V/mm group (62.4%) was significantly higher than 130 V/mm (32.8%) and 200 V/mm (42.9%), groups (P>0.05). After transgenic somatic cell nuclear transfer (TSCNT) manipulation, 203 reconstructed embryos were obtained in which the cleavage rate after in vitro development (IVD) for 48 h was 79.3% (161/203). The blastocyst rate after IVD for 7 to 9 d was 15.3% (31/203). There were 17 embryos out of 31 strongly expressing red fluorescence. Two of the red fluorescent blastocysts were randomly selected to identify transgene by polymerase chain reaction. Both were positive. These results showed that: (i) RFP and Neo ( r ) genes were correctly expressed indicating that transgenic somatic cell lines and positive transgenic embryos were obtained; (ii) one more selection at the blastocyst stage was necessary although the donor cells were transgenic positive, because only partially transgenic embryos expressing red fluorescence were obtained; and (iii) through TSCNT manipulation and optimization, transgenic cashmere goat embryos expressing red fluorescence and containing an IGF1 expression cassette were obtained, which was sufficient for production of transgenic cashmere goats.

Expression of IGF receptors and its ligands in bovine oocytes and preimplantation embryos.

The objectives of this study were to assess the mRNA expression and protein location of IGF receptors and its ligands in bovine oocytes and different stages of preimplantation embryos, and then evaluate the effect of different concentrations of IGF-II when added to either the maturation or culture medium on in vitro embryo development. For the assessment of mRNA expression by RT-PCR three replicates each of 100 oocytes, and 60 embryos at each of the 2-cell, 8-cell, morula and blastocyst stages of development were used. Immunocytochemical techniques were used to study the location of IGFs and their receptors for COC, oocytes, and embryos at the same stages of development (n=25). The effect of supplementing maturation medium with IGF-II was examined using groups of 20 oocytes exposed to 0 (control), 10, 20, 50 or 100 ng IGF-II/ml medium. Each treatment was replicated five times. To study the effect of IGF-II added to culture medium, groups of 10 zygotes were cultured in the presence of 0 (control), 50, 100 or 150 ng IGF-II/ml medium and the treatments replicated four times. The results showed that IGF-I mRNA could not be detected but IGF-II, IGF-IR and IGF-IIR mRNA existed in bovine preimplantation embryos. Proteins for IGF-II, IGF-IR and IGF-IIR were detected on the cell plasma membrane of cumulus cells of COC, immature and mature oocytes, and 2-cell stage embryos. They were observed in blastomere cytoplasm of 8-cell and morula stage embryos. In blastocysts, the IGF proteins were distributed in the trophectoderm but not in the inner cell mass. Adding 20 ng/ml IGF-II to maturation medium resulted in higher rates of post-fertilization development than control at 8-cell (58.2% versus 44.5%; p<0.05) and blastocyst (37.0% versus 25.0%; p<0.05) stages of development; and the number of viable cells per blastocyst were significantly higher (126+/-6 versus 103+/-5; p<0.05). When IGF-II was added to the culture medium, no significant treatment differences were observed at 8-cell embryo stage but the development rate of zygotes cultured in the presence of 100 ng IGF-II/ml medium to blastocysts was significantly higher than that of control (30.0% versus 19.2%; p<0.05). It was concluded that supplementation of in vitro maturation or culture media with IGF-II affects the development of bovine embryos and could be used to improve in vitro embryo production.

Trichostatin A improved epigenetic modifications of transfected cells but did not improve subsequent cloned embryo development.

Reprogramming impairment of DNA methylation may be partly responsible for the low efficiency in somatic cell nuclear transfer. In this study, bovine fibroblast cells were transfected with enhancer green fluorescence protein (eGFP), and then treated with a histone-deacetylase inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA). The results showed that the effect of TSA on transfected cells was dose dependent. When the TSA concentration was over 5 ng/ml, cell proliferation was significantly inhibited. The majority of the cells died when TSA reached 100 ng/ml (P < 0.01). The number of cells in the S phase was significantly decreased in the 5- to 50-ng/ml TSA-treated groups, while the majority of the cells were at the G0/G1 phases. The number of eGFP-expressed cells were approximately twofold higher in 25-ng/ml (30.5%) and 50-ng/ml (29.5%) TSA groups than the control (15.0%). Reduced DNA methylation and improved histone acetylation were observed when the cells were treated with 10 to 50 ng/ml of TSA. Transfer of the TSA-treated cells to enucleated recipient oocytes resulted in similar cleavage rates among the experimental groups and the control. Cells treated with 50 ng/ml of TSA resulted in significantly lower blastocyst development (9.9%) than the other experimental and the control groups (around 20%). Analysis of the putative blastocysts showed that 86.7% of the embryos derived from TSA-treated cells were eGFP positive, which was higher than that from untreated cells (68.8%). In conclusion, treatment of transfected cells with TSA decreased the genome DNA methylation level, increased histone acetylation, and eGFP gene expression was activated. Donor cells with reduced DNA methylation did not improve subsequent cloned embryo development; however, transgene expression was improved in cloned embryos.

Generation and characterization of mouse parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells containing genomes from non-growing and fully grown oocytes.

It is known that oocytes can be activated without male contribution in vitro and develop to blastocysts which are used to isolate parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells. Unfortunately, differentiation capacity of the parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells was rather lower than fertilized embryos derived ES cells, which might be the result of the absence of male genome. It had been found that some maternally expressed genes were repressed and some paternally expressed genes were expressed in the non-growing oocytes. Therefore, maternal genome from non-growing oocytes can partially act as "sperm genome". In the present study, parthenogenetic blastocysts containing genome from non-growing and fully grown oocytes (named as NF-pBlastocysts) were produced by germinal vesicle transfer, and three newly established parthenogenetic embryonic stem (named as NF-pES) cell lines were derived from the resulting parthenogenetic blastocysts. All three NF-pES cell lines were positive for ES cell markers, such as alkaline phosphatase (AKP), stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA-1) and octamer-binding transcription factor (Oct-4). They have a normal chromosome karyotype (40) and can be maintained in an undifferentiated state for extended periods of time. When NF-pES cells were injected into severe combined immunodeficient mice, teratomas with all three embryonic germ layers were obtained. The in vitro differentiation potential of NF-pES cells was analyzed by embryonic bodies (EB) formation. The expression of germ layer markers, such as nestin (ectoderm), desmin (mesoderm), and alpha-fetoprotein (endoderm) demonstrated that the NF-pES cells can differentiate into all three germ layers.

[A rapid method for preparation of plasmid DNA for screening recombinant clones].

A simple and rapid method for preparation of plasmid DNA from overnight incubation was introduced. It does not require any additional reagents; the incubation mixture containing recombinant plasmid DNA was just mixed with H2O and phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol in certain ratio. After vortexing and spinning of the mixture, the supernatant could be directly loaded onto agarose gel and analyzed using electrophoresis. The whole preparation requires only 3-5 minutes. So to quickly screen recombinant clones, this method is better compared with traditional methods.

Development, freezability and amino acid consumption of bovine embryos cultured in synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) medium containing amino acids at oviductal or uterine-fluid concentrations.

In this study, we examined the development, freezability and amino acid consumption of in vitro produced bovine embryos cultured in a chemically defined medium (SOF+polyvinyl alcohol), supplemented with 24 amino acids at concentrations measured in bovine oviductal or uterine fluid. Amino acids at concentrations in oviductal fluid tested by Elhanssan (EOAA) significantly improved development to the hatched blastocyst stage, compared to Sigma amino acid solutions BME and MEM (SAA). Amino acids at concentrations in uterine fluid tested by Li (LUAA) were not compared to SAA, and development in LUAA was not significantly different from development in EOAA. Amino acids at concentrations in uterine fluid tested by Elhanssan (EUAA) significantly reduced cleavage rate and blocked further embryo development. When the IVF embryos were cultured in EOAA for 48, 72, 96, or 120 h and then transferred to LUAA, blastocyst and hatched blastocyst rates were not significantly affected. The freezability of blastocysts cultured in EOAA for the first 72 h and then moved to LUAA was improved compared to that in SAA. During the 1-8-cell stages, embryos secreted all 23 amino acids (total, 6,368 pmol/embryo). During the 8-cell to morula stages, embryos continued to secrete 21 amino acids (total, 2,495 pmol/embryo), meanwhile embryos began to absorb Arg (70 pmol/embryo) and Gln (18 pmol/embryo). After the morula stage, embryos began to absorb 15 amino acids including Glu, Gly, Arg, and Gln (total, 2,742 pmol/embryo) and secreted eight amino acids (total, 1,616 pmol/embryo). Embryos absorbed only Arg (183 pmol/embryo) and secreted the other 22 amino acids (total, 3,697 pmol/embryo) when the culture medium was not changed during the entire culture period (zygote to blastocyst).

Phosphorylation of MAP kinase and p90rsk and its regulation during in vitro maturation of cumulus-enclosed rabbit oocytes.

Numerous studies have demonstrated that activation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase is involved in the maturation of oocytes. In this study, the expression and phosphorylation of MAP kinase and p90rsk, one of the substrates of MAP kinase, during rabbit oocyte maturation were studied. The results showed that MAP kinase phosphorylation began to occur after germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and the active form was maintained until metaphase II. p90rsk was also activated after GVBD following MAP kinase activation. Immunofluorescent analysis showed that p90rsk was enriched in the nuclear area after GVBD and was gradually localised to the spindle. When GVBD was inhibited by increased cAMP or decreased protein kinase C activity, the phosphorylation of both MAP kinase and p9rsk was blocked. Our data suggest that (1) MAP kinase/p90rsk activation is not necessary for GVBD, but plays an important role in the post-GVBD events including spindle assembly in rabbit oocytes; and (2) MAP kinase/p9rsk activation is down-regulated by cAMP and up-regulated byprotein kinase C in cumulus-enclosed rabbit oocytes.

[Optimization of parameters of exogene transfection of bovine fetal fibroblasts in vitro mediated by liposome].

pEGFP-C1 eucaryon expression vector was successfully transfected by liposome into bovine fetal fibroblasts. We investigated the effect of parameter such as the dose of DNA and liposome,number of cell transfected and exposure time of the cell to the DNA-liposome complexes. It was indicated that GFP (green fluorescent protein) expression was enhanced as the dose of DNA and liposome increased and on decline as the exposure time was prolonged. The improvement of transfection efficiency depent on the suitable cell number.