Assessment of anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives in HFD-STZ diabetic animal model.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic endocrine/metabolic disorder characterized by elevated postprandial and fasting glycemic levels that result in disturbances in primary metabolism. In this study, we evaluated the metabolic effects of thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives in Wistar rats and Swiss mice that were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks and received 90 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally as a T2DM model. The HFD consisted of 17% carbohydrate, 58% fat, and 25% protein, as a percentage of total kcal. The thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives treatments reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels by an average of 23.98%-50.84%, which were also improved during the oral starch tolerance test (OSTT). Treatment with thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives also improved triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and total cholesterol levels (P < 0.05). The treatment intake has also shown a significant effect to modulate the altered hepatic and renal biomarkers. Further treatment with thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives for 28 days significantly ameliorated changes in appearance and metabolic risk factors, including favorable changes in histopathology of the liver, kidney, and pancreas compared with the HFD/STZ-treated group, suggesting its potential role in the management of diabetes. Thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives are a class of drugs that act as insulin sensitizers by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ), a nuclear receptor that regulates glucose and lipid metabolism. The results of this study suggest that thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives may be a promising treatment option for T2DM by improving glycemic control, lipid metabolism, and renal and hepatic function.

Green synthesis and anti-biofilm activities of 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoline/isoxazole-linked secondary sulfonamide derivatives on Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The search for new classes of antibiotics is a real concern of public health due to the emergence of multi-resistant bacteria strains. We report herein the synthesis and characterization of a new series of 13 molecules combining isoxazoline/isoxazole sulfonamides and hydrazides motives. These molecules were obtained according to a costless eco-friendly procedure, and a one-pot three-step cascade synthesis under ultrasonic cavitation. All the synthesized compounds were fully characterized by HRMS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopy and HPLC analysis. These new molecules have been evaluated against the major human opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa to determine their potential to affect its growth and biofilm formation or dispersion. Two derivatives (5a and 6a) demonstrated their ability to destabilize a mature biofilm by about 50 % within 24 h. This may pave the way to the development of a new class of compounds affecting biofilm, which are easy to synthesize according to green chemistry processes.

Green synthesis, characterization, and biochemical impacts of new bioactive isoxazoline-sulfonamides as potential insecticidal agents against the Sphodroxia maroccana Ley.

BACKGROUND: Sphodroxia maroccana Ley is a pest of cork oak crops that damages the roots of seedlings and can severely impair cork oak regeneration. Since the banning of carbosulfan and chlorpyriphos, which were widely used against the larvae of Sphodroxia maroccana because of their harmful impact on the environment, until now there has been no pesticide against these pests. Therefore, it is particularly urgent to develop highly effective insecticidal molecules with novel scaffolds. Isoxazolines are a class of insecticides that act on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channel allosteric modulators. In this work, a green synthesis of novel 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoline-sulfonamide derivatives was achieved in water via ultrasound-assisted four-component reactions, and their insecticidal activities against fourth-instar larvae of S. maroccana were evaluated. RESULTS: Most of the tested compounds showed insecticidal activity compared to fluralaner as positive control and commercially available insecticide. Especially, the isoxazoline-secondary sulfonamides containing halogens (Br and Cl) on the phenyl group attached to the isoxazoline, 6g (LC50 = 0.31 mg/mL), 6j (LC50 = 0.38 mg/mL), 6k (LC50 = 0.18 mg/mL), 6L (LC50 = 0.49 mg/mL), 6m (LC50 = 0.24 mg/mL), 6q (LC50 = 0.46 mg/mL), exhibited much higher larvicidal activity than fluralaner (LC50 = 0.99 mg/mL). CONCLUSION: Novel isoxazolines containing sulfonamide moieties were designed, synthesized and confirmed by two single-crystal structures of 4e and 6q. Their bioassay results showed significant larvicidal activity with significant morphological changes in vivo. These results will lay the foundation for the further discovery and development of isoxazoline-sulfonamide derivatives as novel crop protection larvicides of cork oak. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Biological, toxicological and molecular docking evaluations of isoxazoline-thiazolidine-2,4-dione analogues as new class of anti-hyperglycemic agents.

In this work, three isoxazoline-thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and ESI-MS spectrometry. All compounds have been investigated for their α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. In vitro enzymatic evaluation revealed that all compounds were inhibitory potent against α-glucosidase with IC50 values varied from 40.67 ± 1.81 to 92.54 ± 0.43 µM, and α-amylase with IC50 in the range of 07.01 ± 0.02 to 75.10 ± 1.06 µM. One of the tested compounds were found to be more potent inhibitor compared to other compounds and standard drug Acarbose (IC50 glucosidase= 97.12 ± 0.35 µM and IC50 amylase= 2.97 ± 0.01 µM). All compounds were then evaluated for their acute toxicity in vivo and shown their safety at a high dose with LD > 2000mg/kg BW. A cell-based toxicity evaluation was performed to determine the safety of compounds on liver cells, using the MTT assay against HepG2 cells, and the results shown that all compounds have non-toxic impact against cell viability and proliferation compared to reference drug (Pioglitazone). Furthermore, the molecular homology analysis, SAR and the molecular binding properties of compound with the active site of α-amylase and α-glucosidase were confirmed through computational analysis. This study has identified the inhibitory potential of a new class of synthesized isoxazoline-thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives in controlling both hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus without any hepatic toxicity.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Polyacetylenic caffeoyl amides from Ammodaucus leucotrichus.

Six undescribed polyacetylenic caffeoyl amides, five known flavones and three known lignans were obtained from the fruits of the North African traditional medicinal plant Ammodaucus leucotrichus Coss. & Durieu (Apiaceae). Isolation was achieved by a combination of chromatographic methods, and structures were established by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, electronic circular dichroism, and by GC-MS analysis of sugar derivatives. Polyacetylenic caffeoyl amides are reported for the first time as specialized metabolites.

Synthesis, α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities, acute toxicity and molecular docking studies of thiazolidine-2,4-diones derivatives.

In the present study, a series of thiazolidine-2,4-diones derivatives (3a-3e) and (4a-4e) were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and ESI-MS spectrometry. All compounds were screened for their α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. In vitro biological investigations revealed that most of compounds were active against α-glucosidase with IC50 values in the range of 43.85 ± 1.06 to 380.10 ± 1.02 µM, and α-amylase with IC50 in the range of 18.19 ± 0.11 to 208.10 ± 1.80 µM. Some of the tested compounds were found to be more potent inhibitors than the clinical drug Acarbose (IC50glucosidase = 97.12 ± 0.35 µM and IC50amylase = 2.97 ± 0.004 µM). The lead compounds were evaluated for their acute toxicity on Swiss mice and found to be completely non-toxic with LD > 2000 mg/kg BW. Furthermore, the Structure-activity relationship (SAR) and the binding interactions of all compounds with the active site of α-glucosidase and α-amylase were confirmed through molecular docking and stabilizing energy calculations. This study has identified the inhibitory potential a new class of synthesized thiazolidine-2,4-diones in controlling both hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, the theoretical binding mode of the target molecules was evaluated by molecular docking studies against the 3D Crystal Structure of human pancreatic α-amylase (PDB ID: 1B2Y) and α-glucosidase (PDB ID: 3W37)Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Ultrasound-assisted one-pot three-component synthesis of new isoxazolines bearing sulfonamides and their evaluation against hematological malignancies.

In the present study, following a one-pot two-step protocol, we have synthesized novel sulfonamides-isoxazolines hybrids (3a-r) via a highly regioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The present methodology capitalized on trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) as a safe and ecological oxidant and chlorinating agent for the in-situ conversion of aldehydes to nitrile oxides in the presence of hydroxylamine hydrochloride, under ultrasound activation. These nitrile oxides could be engaged in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with various alkene to afford the targeted sulfonamides-isoxazolines hybrids (3a-r). The latter were assessed for their antineoplastic activity against model leukemia cell lines (Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, K562 and Promyelocytic Leukemia, HL-60).

5-((1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)quinolin-8-ol as potential antiviral SARS-CoV-2 candidate: Synthesis, crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis, DFT and molecular docking studies.

A potential new drug to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections and chloroquine analogue, 5-((1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)quinolin-8-ol (DD1) has been here synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, ultraviolet-visible, ESI-MS and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. DD1 was optimized in gas phase, aqueous and DMSO solutions using hybrid B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) method. Comparisons between experimental and theoretical infrared spectra, 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts and electronic spectrum in DMSO solution evidence good concordances. Higher solvation energy was observed in aqueous solution than in DMSO, showing in aqueous solution a higher value than antiviral brincidofovir and chloroquine. on Bond orders, atomic charges and topological studies suggest that imidazole ring play a very important role in the properties of DD1. NBO and AIM analyses support the intra-molecular O15-H16•••N17 bonds of DD1 in the three media. Low gap value supports the higher reactivity of DD1 than chloroquine justified by the higher electrophilicity and low nucleophilicity. Complete vibrational assignments of DD1 in gas phase and aqueous solution are reported together with the scaled force constants. In addition, better intermolecular interactions were observed by Hirshfeld surface analysis. Finally, the molecular docking mechanism between DD1 ligand and COVID-19/6WCF and COVID-19/6Y84 receptors were studied to explore the binding modes of these compounds at the active sites. Molecular docking results have shown that the DD1 molecule can be considered as a potential agent against COVID-19/6Y84-6WCF receptors.

Ultrasound-assisted one-pot green synthesis of new N- substituted-5-arylidene-thiazolidine-2,4-dione-isoxazoline derivatives using NaCl/Oxone/Na3PO4 in aqueous media.

A rapid and green method for the synthesis of novel N-thiazolidine-2,4-dione isoxazoline derivatives 5 from N-allyl-5-arylidenethiazolidine-2,4-diones 3 as dipolarophiles with arylnitrile oxides via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. The corresponding N-allyl substituted dipolarophiles were prepared by one-pot method from thiazolidine-2,4-dione with aldehydes using Knoevenagel condensation followed by N-allylation of thiazolidine-2,4-dione in NaOH aqueous solution under sonication. In addition, the isoxazoline derivatives 5 were synthesized by regioselective and chemoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition using inexpensive and mild NaCl/Oxone/Na3PO4 as a Cl source, oxidant and/or catalyst under ultrasonic irradiation in EtOH/H2O (v/v, 2:1) as green solvent. All synthesized products are furnished in good yields in the short reaction time, and then their structures were confirmed by NMR, mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography analysis.

Concise synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of novel 3-(1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazolyl)uridine nucleosides.

We report herein a simple and efficient synthesis of a new series of antibacterial uridine nucleosides. The strategy involved a sequential silylation/N-glycosylation/N-propargylation procedure of uracil 1 for preparing the dipolarophile 5 in good yield. A series of novel uridine-[1,2,3]triazole nucleosides 6a-j were efficiently synthesized via the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) from dipolarophile 5 with different selected azides. The reactions were carried out under both conventional and ultrasonic irradiation conditions. In general, improvements were observed when reactions were carried out under sonication. Their antibacterial potential has been evaluated by means of a micro-dilution assay against either Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. Compounds 6i and 6j have shown significant bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 10 and 6 µM, respectively), and 6h against Escherichia coli (MIC = 8 µM). Moreover, antibacterial kinetic assays showed that 6i and 6j significantly reduced the S. aureus growth rate at the MIC concentration, after 6 h, compared to their deprotected analogs, 6k and 6l, respectively. Compound 6h also significantly reduced the growth of E. coli. These antibacterial effects may be related to the penetrating properties of these compounds, as revealed by the leakage of nucleic acids from the sensitive strains.

Modular synthesis of new C-aryl-nucleosides and their anti-CML activity.

The C-aryl-ribosyles are of utmost interest for the development of antiviral and anticancer agents. Even if several synthetic pathways have been disclosed for the preparation of these nucleosides, a direct, few steps and modular approaches are still lacking. In line with our previous efforts, we report herein a one step - eco-friendly ß-ribosylation of aryles and heteroaryles through a direct Friedel-Craft ribosylation mediated by bismuth triflate, Bi(OTf)3. The resulting carbohydrates have been functionalized by cross-coupling reactions, leading to a series of new C-aryl-nucleosides (32 compounds). Among them, we observed that 5d exerts promising anti-proliferative effects against two human Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) cell lines, both sensitive (K562-S) or resistant (K562-R) to imatinib, the "gold standard of care" used in this pathology. Moreover, we demonstrated that 5d kills CML cells by a non-conventional mechanism of cell death.

Ultrasound-assisted facile one-pot sequential synthesis of novel sulfonamide-isoxazoles using cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) as an efficient oxidant in aqueous medium.

A series of novel 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles have been synthesized, using a new, green, and versatile "one-pot three-steps" methodology. The key step is an oxidative 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition under ultrasonic irradiation, occurring in aqueous media, and mediated by cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN). CAN is a one-electron oxidant, highly soluble in water, slightly toxic and inexpensive, that allows the in situ conversion of the intermediate aldoximes into nitrile oxide. The syntheses are highly regioselective, as illustrated by the structures of the final compounds, which have been fully assessed by spectral analyses (1H and 13C NMR, MS). This study illustrates the potency of the ultrasound activation to synthesize a set of highly functionalized heterocycles, with potential applications in biology, in short reaction times and following an eco-friendly process.

Synthesis and anti-cancer activities of new sulfonamides 4-substituted-triazolyl nucleosides.

Nucleoside analogues are among the most known drugs commonly used in antiviral and anticancer chemotherapies. Among them, those featuring a five-membered ring nucleobase are of utmost interest such as the anti-cancer agent AICAR or the anti-viral drug ribavirin. Despite its low activity in vitro in different cell lines, AICAR is under clinical development for several pathologies, thanks to its original mode of action. Indeed, AICAR induced autophagy cell death and is able, following this mechanism, to circumvent resistance to apoptotic drugs including kinase inhibitors currently on the market. To improve the activity of AICAR, we report herein an efficient synthesis of new series of sulfonamide-4-substituted-1,2,3-triazolyl nucleosides using a Cu-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. All these molecules have been fully characterized and evaluated against two aggressive tumor cell lines, RCC4 and MDA-MB-231. Among them, nucleoside analogue 5i belonging to the ribose series was found to be 19 to 66-fold more active than AICAR. Western blot analyses on RCC4 cells showed that 5i displayed an interesting mode of action by inducing both apoptosis and autophagy cell death, making therefore this class of molecules highly promising for further hit-to-lead optimization.

In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of Fully Substituted (5-(3-Ethoxy-3-oxopropynyl)-4-(ethoxycarbonyl)-1,2,3-triazolyl-glycosides as Original Nucleoside Analogues to Circumvent Resistance in Myeloid Malignancies.

A series of nucleoside analogues bearing a 1,4,5-trisubstituted-1,2,3-triazole aglycone was synthesized using a straightforward click/electrophilic addition or click/oxidative coupling tandem procedures. SAR analysis, using cell culture assays, led to the discovery of a series of compounds belonging to the 5-alkynyl-1,2,3-triazole family that exhibits potent antileukemic effects on several hematologic malignancies including chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) either sensitive or resistant to their respective therapy. Compound 4a also proved efficient in vivo on mice xenografted with SKM1-R MDS cell line. Additionally, some insights in its mode of action revealed that this compound induced cell death by caspase and autophagy induction.

Microwave-Assisted Syntheses of Bioactive Seven-Membered, Macro-Sized Heterocycles and Their Fused Derivatives.

This review describes the recent advances in the microwave-assisted synthesis of 7-membered and larger heterocyclic compounds. Several types of reaction for the cyclization step are discussed: Ring Closing Metathesis (RCM), Heck and Sonogashira reactions, Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling, dipolar cycloadditions, multi-component reactions (Ugi, Passerini), etc. Green syntheses and solvent-free procedures have been introduced whenever possible. The syntheses discussed herein have been selected to illustrate the huge potential of microwave in the synthesis of highly functionalized molecules with potential therapeutic applications, in high yields, enhanced reaction rates and increased chemoselectivity, compared to conventional methods. More than 100 references from the recent literature are listed in this review.

Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Bioactive Six-Membered Heterocycles and Their Fused Analogues.

This review describes the formation of six-membered heterocyclic compounds and their fused analogues under microwave activation using modern organic transformations including cyclocondensation, cycloaddition, multicomponents and other modular reactions. The review is divided according to the main heterocycle types in order of increasing complexity, starting with heterocyclic systems containing one, two and three heteroatoms and their fused analogues. Recent microwave applications are reviewed, with special focus on the chemistry of bioactive compounds. Selected examples from the 2006 to 2015 literature are discussed.

FeCl3-promoted and ultrasound-assisted synthesis of resveratrol O-derived glycoside analogs.

Phenol derived O-glycosides were synthesized using a direct and convenient O-glycosidation, starting from acetylated sugars in the presence of FeCl3, an inexpensive, mild and benign Lewis acid catalyst. The reactions were carried out under both conventional and ultrasonic irradiation conditions. In general, improvement in rates and yields were observed when reactions were carried out under sonication compared with conventional conditions leading to the corresponding ß-O-glycosides as the major anomer. Post-synthetic transformations of iodophenol intermediates led to new resveratrol O-glycoside analogs in good overall yields.

Recent progress in the design, study, and development of c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitors as anticancer agents.

The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) family, with its three members JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3, is a subfamily of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Involved in many aspects of cellular processes, JNK has been also associated with pathological states such as neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, and cancers. In oncology, each isoform plays a distinct role depending on the context of the targeted tissue/organ, the tumor stage, and, most likely, the signaling pathway activated upstream. Consequently, the current challenge in finding new successful anti-JNK therapies is to design isoform-selective inhibitors of the JNKs. In this review, a particular focus is given to the JNK inhibitors that have been developed thus far when examining 3D structures of various JNK-inhibitor complexes. Using current data regarding structure-activity relationships and medicinal chemistry approaches, our objective is to provide a better understanding of the design and development of selective JNK inhibitors in the present and future.

Structural elucidation of the DFG-Asp in and DFG-Asp out states of TAM kinases and insight into the selectivity of their inhibitors.

Structural elucidation of the active (DFG-Asp in) and inactive (DFG-Asp out) states of the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases is required for future development of TAM inhibitors as drugs. Herein we report a computational study on each of the three TAM members Tyro-3, Axl and Mer. DFG-Asp in and DFG-Asp out homology models of each one were built based on the X-ray structure of c-Met kinase, an enzyme with a closely related sequence. Structural validation and in silico screening enabled identification of critical amino acids for ligand binding within the active site of each DFG-Asp in and DFG-Asp out model. The position and nature of amino acids that differ among Tyro-3, Axl and Mer, and the potential role of these residues in the design of selective TAM ligands, are discussed.

Ultrasound-assisted one-pot synthesis of anti-CML nucleosides featuring 1,2,3-triazole nucleobase under iron-copper catalysis.

A simple and efficient synthesis of modified 1,2,3-triazole nucleosides was developed. The strategy involved sequential one-pot acetylation-azidation-cycloaddition procedure and was found to be highly effective under a cooperative effect of ultrasound activation and iron/copper catalysis. The reactions were carried out under both conventional and ultrasonic irradiation conditions. In general, improvement in rates and yields were observed when reactions were carried out under sonication compared with conventional conditions. This one-pot procedure provides several advantages such as operational simplicity, high yield, safety and environment friendly protocol. The resulting substituted nucleosides were evaluated for their anticancer activity against K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cell line.