ABSTRACT
The effects of the dopamine receptor antagonist flupenthixol were examined on the development of conditioned partner preference induced by paced copulation in female rats. In Experiment 1, ovariectomized, hormone-primed rats were conditioned to associate scented and unscented males with paced and nonpaced copulation, respectively. Females in Experiment 2 associated albino or pigmented males with paced or nonpaced copulation. Flupenthixol or saline was administered before each conditioning trial. During a final drug-free preference test, females could choose to copulate with either a pacing-related or nonpacing-related male. Saline-trained females copulated preferentially with the pacing-related male, whereas flupenthixol disrupted odor but not strain conditioning. The role of dopamine in conditioned partner preference depends on the type of stimuli to be learned.
Subject(s)
Association Learning/drug effects , Conditioning, Classical/drug effects , Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology , Flupenthixol/pharmacology , Mating Preference, Animal/drug effects , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Discrimination Learning/drug effects , Environment , Female , Male , Random Allocation , Rats , Rats, Long-Evans , Smell/physiology , Species SpecificitySubject(s)
Fecal Impaction/veterinary , Rats , Rodent Diseases/diagnosis , Rodent Diseases/pathology , Vaginal Diseases/veterinary , Animals , Dopamine Antagonists/administration & dosage , Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology , Fatal Outcome , Fecal Impaction/diagnosis , Fecal Impaction/etiology , Fecal Impaction/pathology , Female , Flupenthixol/administration & dosage , Flupenthixol/pharmacology , Rats, Long-Evans , Sexual Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Vaginal Diseases/complications , Vaginal Diseases/diagnosis , Vaginal Diseases/pathologyABSTRACT
A mathematical analysis of the cubic crystal structure of fast oxide-ion conductor beta-La(2)Mo(2)O(9) (and derived members of the LAMOX family) shows that its cationic sublattice can behave as a semirigid framework. Tilt/rotation of rigid [O1La(3)Mo] anti-tetrahedral units about their 3-fold axis can open up tunnels in the cationic framework, therefore favoring the mobility of O2 and O3 oxide ions located in these tunnels, as confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations. Such a process is likely to assist the anionic transport and explain the postulated transition from Arrhenius-type to VTF (Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher)-type behavior propounded to account for the peculiar conductivity curvature observed at high temperature in all the cubic LAMOX compounds. It also clarifies the correlated extra cell volume expansion observed at the same temperature in all these materials.
ABSTRACT
We have studied Er3+, Yb3+, and Ce3+ codoped microchannel waveguides that were developed by two methods: ionic exchange for heavy metal fluoride glasses [ZrF4-BaF2-AlF3-CeF3 (ZBAC)] and vapor phase deposition for transition metal fluoride glasses [PbF2-ZnF2-GaF3 (PZG)] by using a double-pass technique. For the first time to our knowledge, the measurement of propagation losses and amplification tests were carried out by use of the same experimental setup, leading to complete characterization of the waveguides. Net gains higher than 1 dB/cm were achieved in ZBAC Er/Ce single-mode fluoride glass waveguides.