Superficial scald development in 'Granny Smith' and 'Nicoter' apples: The role of key volatile compounds when fruit are stored under dynamic controlled atmosphere.

A positive correlation of α-farnesene and its oxidation metabolites with superficial scald is commonly reported in apples stored in air or controlled atmosphere (CA) systems, where O2 levels are above the lower oxygen limit (LOL) tolerated by the fruit. Nevertheless, the LOL can be monitored by the dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA) techniques and to provide different physiological responses. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate key volatile metabolites from 'Granny Smith' and 'Nicoter' ('Kanzi®') apples stored under dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA) monitored by respiratory quotient (RQ), i. e. at extremely low oxygen partial pressures (ELO) and correlate their emissions with the incidence of superficial scald (SS). The volatile compounds (VCs) were isolated by solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography. For the first time, higher concentrations of α-farnesene and its oxidation metabolites (6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol) were negatively correlated with SS in DCA-RQ. This is likely due to the higher levels of ethanol in fruit stored under this condition having an inhibitory effect on SS incidence even when α-farnesene, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol accumulate. Additionally, SS is more correlated to internal ethylene concentration (IEC) than α-farnesene accumulation and their metabolites, even when fruit were stored under ELO, where ethylene action is reduced.

Higher CO2 during controlled atmosphere storage of unshelled 'Barton' pecans or carnauba wax coating: Effect on the quality after long-term storage at two temperatures.

Pecan nuts, a healthy food, have shown an increased demand for consumption. Therefore, there must be a certain level of care to avoid quality losses, which are primarily influenced by storage conditions and time. This study evaluates the effects of long-term controlled atmosphere (CA) storage with low O2 partial pressure (pO2 - 2 kPa), combined or not with high CO2 (pCO2 - 40 or 80 kPa), carnauba wax coating (CW), and ambient atmosphere (AMB; control) at 10 and 20 °C, on unshelled 'Barton' pecan nut quality. Color, water activity (Aw), moisture content (MC), and oxidation markers, such as peroxide value (PV), acidity value (AV), TBARS, and volatile compounds (VC) were evaluated. Storage up to twelve months at 10 °C and with CA (regardless of the temperature) ensured higher luminosity and color parameter b* ("golden") and a lower a* parameter ("reddish"). The MC ranged from 2.8 to 3.6%, irrespective of storage conditions, for up to twelve months, which is suitable. The AMB at 10 °C ensured lower AV, TBARS, and PV compared to the CW treatment. Furthermore, CA with low pO2 and high pCO2, even at 20 °C, guaranteed lower AV, TBARS, and PV. Storage at 20 °C increased characteristic VCs of lipid oxidation (aldehydes, acids, alcohols, ketones, lactones, and esters, especially with CW coating). However, all conditions at 10 °C and with pCO2 (even associated at 20 °C) reduced the presence of these VCs. The CW used as a coating on the pecans did not show satisfactory results and should not be recommended for pecan storage at these applied conditions. Our findings showed that low pO2 and high pCO2 maintain better pecan quality than O2 ambient (20 kPa), even at temperatures above refrigeration (20 °C). Nevertheless, there were no significant differences between 40 and 80 kPa CO2.

Effects of controlled atmosphere and storage temperature on the quality of shelled 'Barton' pecan nuts during long-term storage.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of controlled atmosphere (CA) storage at a low oxygen partial pressure (pO2; 2 kPa of O2) and low pO2 associated with high pCO2 (2 kPa O2 + 15 kPa CO2) in relation to ambient atmospheric conditions (control), at different temperatures, on shelled 'Barton' pecan nuts quality after storage. Color, respiration rates, moisture content (MC), and oxidation markers, such as peroxide value (PV), acidity value (AV), and volatile compounds (VC), were evaluated. During six months of storage, the MC decreased in all CA treatments, and treatments at 10 °C had the lowest AVs and PVs. However, the treatment with high pCO2 levels also guaranteed lower AVs at 20 °C. The color parameter b* (yellow), which is related to the golden appearance of pecans and is a highly desirable visual attribute in the commercialization of nuts, was maintained high in treatments at 10 °C with CA treatments until six months of storage. The VCs, characteristic of lipid oxidation (aldehydes, acids, alcohols, and ketones), increase in all treatments with prolonging storage. When pCO2 was associated to 10 °C at six month of storage, it showed a larger area in the acids and unsaturated aldehyde classes, while it was relevant for alcohols, lactones, and esters at 20 °C, with sweet characteristics, including ethyl ethanoate, ethyl hexanoate, and butyrolactone. Thus, this study shows another advance in the storage techniques of shelled pecans, pointing to alternatives for reducing energy costs in the cooling chain.

Fungal growth, patulin accumulation and volatile profile in 'Fuji Mishima' apples under controlled atmosphere and dynamic controlled atmosphere.

The objective of this study was to evaluate fungal and patulin contamination, together with its correlation with the volatile compounds (VCs), in 'Fuji Mishima' apples (up to 25% decayed) under controlled atmosphere (CA) and dynamic controlled atmosphere with respiratory quotient (DCA-RQ) of 1.3 combined with different partial pressures of carbon dioxide (0.8, 1.2, 1.6 and 2.0 pCO2). Fruits were stored under the above conditions for 8 months at 0.5 °C plus 7 days shelf life at 20 °C. Toxigenic fungi and patulin accumulation were found in apples from all treatments. Penicillium expansum was the most prevalent species. For all storage conditions, patulin concentrations were above the maximum level allowed in Brazil (50  µg  kg-1) with an exception of DCA-RQ1.3 + 0.8 kPa CO2. This condition, with lower pCO2, showed the lowest patulin accumulation, below the legal limit. The CA provided the highest patulin concentration (166 µg  kg-1). It was observed that fungal growth could also contribute to changes in the volatile composition. Styrene and 3-methyl-1-butanol are considered P. expansum markers in some apple cultivars and were detected in the samples. However, it was not possible to identify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are biomarkers from P. expansum, because there were other fungi species present in all samples. In this study, styrene, n-decanoic acid, toluene, phenol and alpha-farnesene were the compounds that showed the most positive correlation with patulin accumulation. On the other hand, a negative correlation of patulin with acids has been shown, indicating that in treatments with a higher patulin concentration there were less acidic compounds.

Multimycotoxin Determination in Grains: A Comprehensive Study on Method Validation and Assessment of Effectiveness of Controlled Atmosphere Storage in Preventing Mycotoxin Contamination.

Two simple and low-cost QuEChERS approaches were optimized and validated for multimycotoxin determination in grains by UPLC-MS/MS and applied to assess effectiveness of controlled atmosphere (CA) storage in preventing mycotoxin contamination. Common bean, soybean, and maize samples were stored for 6 months. CA treatments were conducted varying O2 and CO2 partial pressures, temperatures, and moisture contents of the chambers. In the validation study for common bean and maize, 8 out of 11 mycotoxins were successfully validated. For soybean, 10 out of 11 mycotoxins were validated. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in all commodities. Statistical tests suggest that storage temperature played a key role in aflatoxin B1 concentrations in common bean and soybean, but had no influence on maize. Maize was also positive for fumonisins B1 and B2. Differences in fumonisin concentrations were not significant among different treatments. Concentrations of aflatoxin B1 in some samples exceeded legislation's maximum levels. Thus, some of the CA treatments applied were effective in preventing mycotoxin contamination in common bean and soybean but were not effective for maize.

The isolated or combined effects of dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA) and 1-MCP on the chemical composition of cuticular wax and metabolism of 'Maxi Gala' apples after long-term storage.

Apples have a continuous hydrophobic layer that covers the surface of the fruit, which is called the cuticle. The effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on the cuticular wax layer of apples were reported after cold storage, although the interaction between 1-MCP and dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA) is not yet known. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the effects of 1-MCP on the wax composition and metabolism of 'Maxi Gala' apples after storage in a controlled atmosphere (CA) and dynamic controlled atmosphere based on chlorophyll fluorescence (DCA-CF) and respiratory quotient (DCA-RQ; RQ = 1.3 and 1.5). The 1-MCP treatment effectively decreased ethylene production for CA and DCA-CF treatments, while in DCA-RQ treatments produced no effect. The average extracted cuticular wax content of 'Maxi Gala' apples was 16.65 g m-2 and no differences in storage conditions or 1-MCP application were observed. Alkanes, alcohols, fatty acids, aldehydes, and terpenoids were identified in the chemical composition of the cuticular waxes, being alkanes and fatty acids the predominant ones. Moreover, 1-MCP decreased fatty acid and 10-nonacosanol concentrations in the fruit. Fruit with the 1-MCP application and stored in DCA had lower α-farnesene concentrations. The wax compositions of the DCA-stored apples with and without 1-MCP were similar. However, 1-MCP treatment resulted in a greater mass loss in fruit stored in DCA.

Key volatile compounds of 'Fuji Kiku' apples as affected by the storage conditions and shelf life: Correlation between volatile emission by intact fruit and juice extracted from the fruit.

For the 'Fuji Kiku' apple, this study aimed: (i) to evaluate the volatile compounds (VCs) from headspace storage chambers with static controlled atmosphere (CA) and with dynamic controlled atmosphere based on chlorophyll fluorescence (DCA-CF) and based on respiratory quotient (DCA-RQ1.5) at ninth month of storage, during 1 and 7 days of shelf life of intact fruit, and in apple juice headspace and (ii) to determine the correlation of the VCs in the headspace from storage chambers and fruit during shelf life with the headspace VCs from apple juice as markers of quality. The VCs were isolated by solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography. In the storage chambers, ethyl linear chain esters were detected mainly in DCA-RQ1.5, while acetaldehyde and (E)-2-hexenal were more abundant in DCA-CF. At seven days of shelf life, fermentative metabolic compounds had reduced emissions given the opening time of the chamber, while there were higher emissions of branched chain esters, especially ethyl 2-methyl butanoate in DCA-RQ1.5. The correlation was high and positive between the VCs present in the juice and those emitted by the intact fruit during seven days of shelf life, demonstrating that the concentration of VCs in juice can be used to estimate the emissions from whole fruit. DCA-RQ1.5 storage promoted the synthesis of VCs typical of the 'Fuji' apple aroma after a prolonged storage period, even under extremely low partial pressure of oxygen (average 0.15 kPa), contributing to better quality control of characteristic fruit odor and aroma.

Development of dispersive solvent extraction method to determine the chemical composition of apple peel wax.

A method to extract apple peel wax was developed using the dispersive solvent extraction technique and applied to four apple cultivars (Royal Gala, Pink Lady®, Red Delicious, and Granny Smith). Different variables of the method were optimized, namely type and volume of extraction and dispersive solvents, ionic strength, and use of ultrasound. Extracts were evaluated as gravimetric yield of wax and composition as determined by gas chromatography. Optimized conditions provided yields higher than 95%. In a repeatability assay, the relative standard deviation for the extracted wax content was <3%. Thirty-one wax compounds were identified, among them fatty acids, hydrocarbons, sterols, and terpenes. Fatty acids were the major constituents in the analyzed extracts. N-alkane, nonacosane, and triterpene ursolic acid were also significant constituents. The method allows the determination of the total peel wax content and the different constituents of this fraction from distinct apple cultivars.

Patulin accumulation in apples under dynamic controlled atmosphere storage.

The goal of this study was to evaluate patulin contamination in 'Galaxy' and 'Fuji Kiku' apples subjected to controlled atmosphere (CA) and dynamic controlled atmosphere (DCA) conditions. Experiments were performed and fruit were stored for nine months under refrigeration plus 7 days shelf life at 20 °C. CA and DCA were not effective in preventing patulin production in either 'Galaxy' or 'Fuji Kiku' apples. Healthy fruit were not contaminated with patulin, even when stored together with decayed apples. For 'Galaxy' apples, application of 1-methylcyclopropene increased the percentage of fruit with decay and patulin contamination. Patulin concentrations were above the maximum limit (50 µg kg-1) established in the Brazilian legislation, meaning the use of CA and DCA conditions were not advantageous in preventing patulin accumulation. In 'Fuji Kiku' apples, there was no significant difference in patulin concentration among CA, DCA-CF and DCA-RQ 1.3 treatments, and all were below the maximum.

Interaction between maturity stages and temperature on quality of 'Guarani' blackberries stored under controlled atmosphere / Interação entre estádios de maturação e temperatura na qualidade de amora-preta 'Guarani' armazenada em atmosfera controlada

The aim of this research was to evaluate the interaction between maturity stages and temperature on fruit quality of Guarani blackberries stored under controlled atmosphere (CA). The experiment was conducted in a factorial scheme (2x2), evaluating two ripening stages (E1: red-color and E2: black-color of fruits) and two temperatures (1ºC and 5ºC). The fruit were stored in CA (10.0kPa O2+15.0kPa CO2) and 98±1% of relative humidity (RH). Results showed that the principal component 1 (PC I) and principal component 2 (PC II) corresponded to 92.84% of the overall variation of the evaluated variables. Harvest should not be performed in the early maturity stage, because Guarani blackberries do not develop all quality of consumer. Guarani blackberries must be stored at 1ºC. The maturity stage showed the major importance in the overall variability of quality parameters when compared to storage temperature.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interação entre estádios de maturação e temperatura de armazenamento na qualidade de frutos de amora-preta Guarani armazenados em atmosfera controlada (AC). O experimento foi conduzido em esquema fatorial (2x2), avaliando-se dois estádios de maturação (E1: cor vermelha e E2: cor preta dos frutos) e duas temperaturas (1ºC e 5ºC). Os frutos foram armazenados em AC (10.0kPa O2+15.0Pa CO2) e 98±1% de umidade relativa. Os resultados mostraram que o componente principal 1 (PC I) e o componente principal 2 (PC II) responderam por 92,84% de variação das variáveis analisadas. Conclui-se que a colheita não deve ser realizada em estádio de maturação antecipado, pois a amora-preta Guarani não desenvolve todas as características de qualidade para o consumidor. A amora-preta Guarani deve ser armazenada na temperatura de 1ºC. Os estádios de maturação apresentam maior importância na variação dos parâmetros de qualidade quando comparados a temperaturas de armazenamento.(AU)

Interaction between maturity stages and temperature on quality of 'Guarani' blackberries stored under controlled atmosphere / Interação entre estádios de maturação e temperatura na qualidade de amora-preta 'Guarani' armazenada em atmosfera controlada

The aim of this research was to evaluate the interaction between maturity stages and temperature on fruit quality of Guarani blackberries stored under controlled atmosphere (CA). The experiment was conducted in a factorial scheme (2x2), evaluating two ripening stages (E1: red-color and E2: black-color of fruits) and two temperatures (1ºC and 5ºC). The fruit were stored in CA (10.0kPa O2+15.0kPa CO2) and 98±1% of relative humidity (RH). Results showed that the principal component 1 (PC I) and principal component 2 (PC II) corresponded to 92.84% of the overall variation of the evaluated variables. Harvest should not be performed in the early maturity stage, because Guarani blackberries do not develop all quality of consumer. Guarani blackberries must be stored at 1ºC. The maturity stage showed the major importance in the overall variability of quality parameters when compared to storage temperature.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interação entre estádios de maturação e temperatura de armazenamento na qualidade de frutos de amora-preta Guarani armazenados em atmosfera controlada (AC). O experimento foi conduzido em esquema fatorial (2x2), avaliando-se dois estádios de maturação (E1: cor vermelha e E2: cor preta dos frutos) e duas temperaturas (1ºC e 5ºC). Os frutos foram armazenados em AC (10.0kPa O2+15.0Pa CO2) e 98±1% de umidade relativa. Os resultados mostraram que o componente principal 1 (PC I) e o componente principal 2 (PC II) responderam por 92,84% de variação das variáveis analisadas. Conclui-se que a colheita não deve ser realizada em estádio de maturação antecipado, pois a amora-preta Guarani não desenvolve todas as características de qualidade para o consumidor. A amora-preta Guarani deve ser armazenada na temperatura de 1ºC. Os estádios de maturação apresentam maior importância na variação dos parâmetros de qualidade quando comparados a temperaturas de armazenamento.

Fruit yield and composition in orange trees cv. "Lane Late" in response to nitrogen fertilization in Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil / Produção e composição de frutos de laranjeira cv. Lane Late em resposta à adubação nitrogenada em um Argissolo Vermelho

Little is known about the impact of N fertilization on fruit production and composition in orange groves grown in soils with low or medium organic matter content in Rio Grande do Sul (RS). This study aimed to evaluate how N fertilization of orange trees cv. "Lane Late" in a sandy soil may interfere in fruit yield and composition of fruit and juice. The experiment was conducted with orange trees cv. "Lane Late" growing in Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil, in Rosário do Sul (RS). The plants received applications of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160kg N ha-1. Total N in leaves, number of fruits per plant, yield, fresh weight, fruit diameter, peel thickness, percentage of fruit juice, peel color, juice color, ascorbic acid content, total soluble solids (TSS) and total titratable acidity were evaluated in 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 crops. In the first crop, especially yield, number of fruits per plant, TSS content in fruit juice and ratio decreased with increasing N rate applied. However, in the second crop, the total titratable acidity of the fruit juice prominently increased with the dose of N applied. In both crops, results were highly influenced by rainfall distribution, which affect the plant physiology, soil N dynamics and, consequently, probability of response to N applied and the loss of mineral N in the soil. (AU)

O impacto da adubação nitrogenada na produção e composição de frutos em pomares de laranjeiras cultivados em solos com baixo ou médio teor de matéria orgânica do RS é pouco conhecido. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar como a adubação nitrogenada, em solo de textura arenosa, pode interferir na produção, composição de frutos e do suco em laranjeiras cv. "Lane Late". O experimento foi conduzido em um pomar de laranjeiras cv. "Lane Late" instalado sobre um Argissolo Vermelho, em Rosário do Sul (RS). As plantas foram submetidas à aplicação de 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 e 160 kg ha-1 de N. Nas safras de 2010/2011 e 2011/2012 foi avaliado o teor total de N em folhas, o número de frutos por planta, a produção, o peso fresco e diâmetro de frutos, espessura da casca, porcentagem de suco nos frutos, cor da epiderme e do suco, os valores de vitamina C, sólidos solúveis totais (SST) e acidez total titulável. Na primeira safra, especialmente a produção, o número de frutos por planta, o teor de SST no suco e o ratio diminuíram com o aumento da dose de N aplicada. Mas, na segunda safra, de forma destacada, o teor de acidez total titulável no suco aumentou com a dose de N aplicada. Nas duas safras, os resultados foram muito influenciados pela distribuição das precipitações pluviométricas, que afetam a fisiologia da planta, a dinâmica do N no solo e, por consequência, a probabilidade de resposta ao N aplicado, bem como as perdas de N mineral no solo. (AU)

Fruit yield and composition in orange trees cv. "Lane Late" in response to nitrogen fertilization in Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil / Produção e composição de frutos de laranjeira cv. Lane Late em resposta à adubação nitrogenada em um Argissolo Vermelho

Little is known about the impact of N fertilization on fruit production and composition in orange groves grown in soils with low or medium organic matter content in Rio Grande do Sul (RS). This study aimed to evaluate how N fertilization of orange trees cv. "Lane Late" in a sandy soil may interfere in fruit yield and composition of fruit and juice. The experiment was conducted with orange trees cv. "Lane Late" growing in Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil, in Rosário do Sul (RS). The plants received applications of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160kg N ha-1. Total N in leaves, number of fruits per plant, yield, fresh weight, fruit diameter, peel thickness, percentage of fruit juice, peel color, juice color, ascorbic acid content, total soluble solids (TSS) and total titratable acidity were evaluated in 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 crops. In the first crop, especially yield, number of fruits per plant, TSS content in fruit juice and ratio decreased with increasing N rate applied. However, in the second crop, the total titratable acidity of the fruit juice prominently increased with the dose of N applied. In both crops, results were highly influenced by rainfall distribution, which affect the plant physiology, soil N dynamics and, consequently, probability of response to N applied and the loss of mineral N in the soil.

O impacto da adubação nitrogenada na produção e composição de frutos em pomares de laranjeiras cultivados em solos com baixo ou médio teor de matéria orgânica do RS é pouco conhecido. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar como a adubação nitrogenada, em solo de textura arenosa, pode interferir na produção, composição de frutos e do suco em laranjeiras cv. "Lane Late". O experimento foi conduzido em um pomar de laranjeiras cv. "Lane Late" instalado sobre um Argissolo Vermelho, em Rosário do Sul (RS). As plantas foram submetidas à aplicação de 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 e 160 kg ha-1 de N. Nas safras de 2010/2011 e 2011/2012 foi avaliado o teor total de N em folhas, o número de frutos por planta, a produção, o peso fresco e diâmetro de frutos, espessura da casca, porcentagem de suco nos frutos, cor da epiderme e do suco, os valores de vitamina C, sólidos solúveis totais (SST) e acidez total titulável. Na primeira safra, especialmente a produção, o número de frutos por planta, o teor de SST no suco e o ratio diminuíram com o aumento da dose de N aplicada. Mas, na segunda safra, de forma destacada, o teor de acidez total titulável no suco aumentou com a dose de N aplicada. Nas duas safras, os resultados foram muito influenciados pela distribuição das precipitações pluviométricas, que afetam a fisiologia da planta, a dinâmica do N no solo e, por consequência, a probabilidade de resposta ao N aplicado, bem como as perdas de N mineral no solo.

Postharvest quality of Galaxy apples submitted to the treatment with 1-MCP and different cooling times between harvest and cold storage / Qualidade pós-colheita de maçãs ‘Galaxy submetidas ao tratamento com 1-MCP e diferentes tempos de resfriamento entre a colheita e o armazenamento refrigerado

ABSTRACT: In this research it was evaluated if the use of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), associated to different cooling times between the harvest and storage, replaces the pre-cooling in Galaxy apples. Treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme, combining the following factors: application of 1-MCP (with or without) and different times between harvest and cooling (24 hours, 96 hours, 144 hours and 192 hours in 2013; and 24 hours, 48 hours, 144 hours and 240 hours in 2014). After four months of cold storage (1.0±0.2°C/92±5% RH - Relative Humidity) were evaluated: flesh firmness, texture, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids (SS) and skin color. Apples treated with 1-MCP showed greater flesh firmness, texture and SS, in both years, and more TA and lower incidence of mealy flesh compared to apples not treated with 1-MCP in 2013. The 1-MCP was effective in maintaining the fruit quality, even with the cooling delay of up to 240 hours. Cooling delay of 192 hours and 240 hours in Galaxy apples not treated with 1-MCP should be avoided because it reduces the quality of fruits.(AU)

RESUMO: Neste trabalho avaliamos se o uso de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP), associado com diferentes tempos de resfriamento entre a colheita e o armazenamento, substitui o pré-resfriamento em maçãs Galaxy. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial, combinando os fatores aplicação de 1-MCP (com ou sem) e diferentes tempos entre a colheita e o resfriamento (24h, 96h, 144h e 192h, em 2013; e 24h, 48h, 144h e 240h, em 2014). Após quatro meses de armazenamento refrigerado (1,0±0,2°C/92±5% de UR), foram avaliados: firmeza de polpa, textura, acidez titulável (AT), sólidos solúveis (SS) e cor da epiderme. As maçãs tratadas com 1-MCP apresentaram maior firmeza de polpa, textura e SS, em ambos os anos, e maior AT e menor incidência de polpa farinácea em comparação a maçãs não tratadas com 1-MCP, em 2013. O 1-MCP foi eficaz em manter a qualidade dos frutos, mesmo com o retardo do resfriamento em até 240h. O retardo do resfriamento de 192h e 240h em maçãs Galaxy não tratadas com 1-MCP deve ser evitado, pois diminui a qualidade dos frutos.(AU)

Fruit yield and composition in orange trees cv. 'Lane Late' in response to nitrogen fertilization in Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil

ABSTRACT: Little is known about the impact of N fertilization on fruit production and composition in orange groves grown in soils with low or medium organic matter content in Rio Grande do Sul (RS). This study aimed to evaluate how N fertilization of orange trees cv. 'Lane Late' in a sandy soil may interfere in fruit yield and composition of fruit and juice. The experiment was conducted with orange trees cv. 'Lane Late' growing in Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil, in Rosário do Sul (RS). The plants received applications of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160kg N ha-1. Total N in leaves, number of fruits per plant, yield, fresh weight, fruit diameter, peel thickness, percentage of fruit juice, peel color, juice color, ascorbic acid content, total soluble solids (TSS) and total titratable acidity were evaluated in 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 crops. In the first crop, especially yield, number of fruits per plant, TSS content in fruit juice and ratio decreased with increasing N rate applied. However, in the second crop, the total titratable acidity of the fruit juice prominently increased with the dose of N applied. In both crops, results were highly influenced by rainfall distribution, which affect the plant physiology, soil N dynamics and, consequently, probability of response to N applied and the loss of mineral N in the soil.

RESUMO: O impacto da adubação nitrogenada na produção e composição de frutos em pomares de laranjeiras cultivados em solos com baixo ou médio teor de matéria orgânica do RS é pouco conhecido. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar como a adubação nitrogenada, em solo de textura arenosa, pode interferir na produção, composição de frutos e do suco em laranjeiras cv. 'Lane Late'. O experimento foi conduzido em um pomar de laranjeiras cv. 'Lane Late' instalado sobre um Argissolo Vermelho, em Rosário do Sul (RS). As plantas foram submetidas à aplicação de 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 e 160 kg ha-1 de N. Nas safras de 2010/2011 e 2011/2012 foi avaliado o teor total de N em folhas, o número de frutos por planta, a produção, o peso fresco e diâmetro de frutos, espessura da casca, porcentagem de suco nos frutos, cor da epiderme e do suco, os valores de vitamina C, sólidos solúveis totais (SST) e acidez total titulável. Na primeira safra, especialmente a produção, o número de frutos por planta, o teor de SST no suco e o ratio diminuíram com o aumento da dose de N aplicada. Mas, na segunda safra, de forma destacada, o teor de acidez total titulável no suco aumentou com a dose de N aplicada. Nas duas safras, os resultados foram muito influenciados pela distribuição das precipitações pluviométricas, que afetam a fisiologia da planta, a dinâmica do N no solo e, por consequência, a probabilidade de resposta ao N aplicado, bem como as perdas de N mineral no solo.

Postharvest quality of Galaxy apples submitted to the treatment with 1-MCP and different cooling times between harvest and cold storage / Qualidade pós-colheita de maçãs ‘Galaxy’ submetidas ao tratamento com 1-MCP e diferentes tempos de resfriamento entre a colheita e o armazenamento refrigerado

ABSTRACT: In this research it was evaluated if the use of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), associated to different cooling times between the harvest and storage, replaces the pre-cooling in Galaxy apples. Treatments were arranged in a factorial scheme, combining the following factors: application of 1-MCP (with or without) and different times between harvest and cooling (24 hours, 96 hours, 144 hours and 192 hours in 2013; and 24 hours, 48 hours, 144 hours and 240 hours in 2014). After four months of cold storage (1.0±0.2°C/92±5% RH - Relative Humidity) were evaluated: flesh firmness, texture, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids (SS) and skin color. Apples treated with 1-MCP showed greater flesh firmness, texture and SS, in both years, and more TA and lower incidence of mealy flesh compared to apples not treated with 1-MCP in 2013. The 1-MCP was effective in maintaining the fruit quality, even with the cooling delay of up to 240 hours. Cooling delay of 192 hours and 240 hours in Galaxy apples not treated with 1-MCP should be avoided because it reduces the quality of fruits.

RESUMO: Neste trabalho avaliamos se o uso de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP), associado com diferentes tempos de resfriamento entre a colheita e o armazenamento, substitui o pré-resfriamento em maçãs Galaxy. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial, combinando os fatores aplicação de 1-MCP (com ou sem) e diferentes tempos entre a colheita e o resfriamento (24h, 96h, 144h e 192h, em 2013; e 24h, 48h, 144h e 240h, em 2014). Após quatro meses de armazenamento refrigerado (1,0±0,2°C/92±5% de UR), foram avaliados: firmeza de polpa, textura, acidez titulável (AT), sólidos solúveis (SS) e cor da epiderme. As maçãs tratadas com 1-MCP apresentaram maior firmeza de polpa, textura e SS, em ambos os anos, e maior AT e menor incidência de polpa farinácea em comparação a maçãs não tratadas com 1-MCP, em 2013. O 1-MCP foi eficaz em manter a qualidade dos frutos, mesmo com o retardo do resfriamento em até 240h. O retardo do resfriamento de 192h e 240h em maçãs Galaxy não tratadas com 1-MCP deve ser evitado, pois diminui a qualidade dos frutos.

Interaction between maturity stages and temperature on quality of ‘Guarani’ blackberries stored under controlled atmosphere / Interação entre estádios de maturação e temperatura na qualidade de amora-preta ‘Guarani’ armazenada em atmosfera controlada

ABSTRACT: The aim of this research was to evaluate the interaction between maturity stages and temperature on fruit quality of ‘Guarani’ blackberries stored under controlled atmosphere (CA). The experiment was conducted in a factorial scheme (2x2), evaluating two ripening stages (E1: red-color and E2: black-color of fruits) and two temperatures (1°C and 5°C). The fruit were stored in CA (10.0kPa O2+15.0kPa CO2) and 98±1% of relative humidity (RH). Results showed that the principal component 1 (PC I) and principal component 2 (PC II) corresponded to 92.84% of the overall variation of the evaluated variables. Harvest should not be performed in the early maturity stage, because ‘Guarani’ blackberries do not develop all quality of consumer. ‘Guarani’ blackberries must be stored at 1°C. The maturity stage showed the major importance in the overall variability of quality parameters when compared to storage temperature.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interação entre estádios de maturação e temperatura de armazenamento na qualidade de frutos de amora-preta ‘Guarani’ armazenados em atmosfera controlada (AC). O experimento foi conduzido em esquema fatorial (2x2), avaliando-se dois estádios de maturação (E1: cor vermelha e E2: cor preta dos frutos) e duas temperaturas (1°C e 5°C). Os frutos foram armazenados em AC (10.0kPa O2+15.0Pa CO2) e 98±1% de umidade relativa. Os resultados mostraram que o componente principal 1 (PC I) e o componente principal 2 (PC II) responderam por 92,84% de variação das variáveis analisadas. Conclui-se que a colheita não deve ser realizada em estádio de maturação antecipado, pois a amora-preta ‘Guarani’ não desenvolve todas as características de qualidade para o consumidor. A amora-preta ‘Guarani’ deve ser armazenada na temperatura de 1°C. Os estádios de maturação apresentam maior importância na variação dos parâmetros de qualidade quando comparados a temperaturas de armazenamento.

Relative humidity and its interaction with the wounds on decay incidence and ripening of 'Galaxy' apples during cold storage / Umidade relativa e sua interação com ferimentos sobre a incidência de podridões e o amadurecimento de maçãs 'Galaxy' durante o armazenamento

The objectives of the present work were control the decay incidence and ripening of wounded fruits by the relative humidity management during the storage. Fruits were allocated in mini experimental chambers at the temperature of 1°C during 5 months. Was verified a significant interaction on ethylene production after 2 and 6 days of shelf life at 20°C. On the evaluation carried out after 6 days, wounded fruits stored under LRH showed lower ethylene production. There was higher mass loss in wounded fruits stored in HRH. Wounded fruits showed high decay incidence. The LRH is not an efficient method to control decay incidence in wounded fruits, but maintain higher flesh firmness, lower ethylene production and respiration rate.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho controlar a ocorrência de podridões e o amadurecimento de frutos com ferimentos pelo manejo da umidade relativa (UR) durante o armazenamento. Os frutos foram acondicionados em minicâmaras experimentais na temperatura de 1°C durante um período de cinco meses. Observou-se uma interação significativa para produção de etileno aos dois e seis dias de exposição a 20°C. Na análise aos seis dias, frutos com ferimento em baixa umidade relativa (BUR) apresentaram menor produção de etileno. Houve maior perda de massa em frutos com ferimento em alta UR. Frutos com ferimento apresentaram elevados índices de podridão. O uso de BUR não é eficiente no controle de podridões em frutos com ferimentos, porém ela mantém maior firmeza de polpa, menor produção de etileno e taxa respiratória.

Preharvest boron application and its relation with the quality of Galaxy apples after harvest and controlled atmosphere storage / Aplicação pré-colheita de boro e sua relação com a qualidade de maçãs Galaxy após a colheita e armazenamento em atmosfera controlada

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of preharvest boron application on the physical and chemical quality of 'Galaxy' apples after harvest and in controlled atmosphere storage during eight months, plus seven days of shelf life at 20°C. The experiment was performed with two treatments applied on the field: [1] Control (fruit without boron application) and [2] Foliar application of boron (four applications of 1.5kg ha-1). Findings showed that the boron application promoted a higher ethylene production and respiratory rate and it application also reduced the flesh firmness in relation to the fruits without it. A similar result was obtained after eight months of storage plus seven days of shelf life. The preharvest application of boron makes it possible to harvest apples earlier due to the fact that it accelerates the fruit metabolism. However, the fruits end up presenting a lower storage potential as a result of the higher ethylene production, respiration rate, decay incidence, mealiness and a reduction of the healthy fruit percentage and flesh firmness after CA storage.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de boro em pré-colheita sobre a qualidade físico química de maçã 'Galaxy', após a colheita e armazenamento em atmosfera controlada, durante 8 meses mais sete dias de vida de prateleira a 20°C. O experimento foi composto por dois tratamentos aplicados a campo: [1] controle (frutos sem aplicação de boro) e [2] aplicação foliar de boro (quatro aplicações de 1,5kg ha-1). Após a colheita, a aplicação de boro promoveu maior produção de etileno, taxa respiratória e reduziu a firmeza de polpa em relação aos frutos sem boro. Resultado similar foi obtido após oito meses de armazenamento mais sete dias de vida. A aplicação pré-colheita de boro torna possível antecipar a colheita pelo fato de que acelera o metabolismo dos frutos, mas os frutos tem menor potencial de armazenamento, pois apresentam alta produção de etileno, taxa respiratória, incidência de podridões, polpa farinácea e redução da porcentagem de frutos sadios e firmeza de polpa após o armazenamento em AC.(AU)

Production and composition of oranges cv. Lane Late under maintenance potassium fertilization / Produção e composição de frutos de laranjeira cv. Lane Late submetida à adubação potássica de manutenção

This study aimed to assess the production and composition of oranges from cv. Lane Late trees submitted to maintenance potassium fertilization. The experiment was conducted in an orchard of cv. Lane Late at Rosário do Sul (RS). The orange trees were submitted to supplementation with 0, 50 or 100% of the recommended dose of K2O in each crop season from 2008/2009 to 2011/2012. Fruit production, fruit diameter, peel thickness, juice volume and juice, leaf and soil K levels were assessed in the 2008/2009, 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 crop seasons. Fruit composition parameters were assessed in the 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 crop seasons. The application of increasing doses of potassium to cv. Lane Late orange trees for three crop seasons had no effect on fruit production. However, soil supplementation with potassium increased the total nutrient levels in the leaves and juice.(AU)

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a produção e a composição de frutos de laranjeiras cv. Lane Late submetidas à adubação potássica de manutenção. O experimento foi conduzido em um pomar da cv. Lane Late, em Rosário do Sul (RS). Nas safras 2008/2009 até 2011/2012 as laranjeiras foram submetidas à adição de 0, 50 e 100% da dose de K2O recomendada. Nas safras 2008/2009, 2010/2011 e 2011/2012 foi avaliada a produção de frutos, o diâmetro de fruto, espessura da casca, volume de suco, os teores de K no suco, nas folhas e no solo. Nas safras de 2010/2011 e 2011/2012 foi avaliado o teor de vitamina C no suco, sólidos solúveis totais (SST), acidez total titulável (ATT), calculado o ratio e determinada a cor do suco e da epiderme dos frutos. A dose do fertilizante potássico, em três safras, não afeta a produção de frutos. A adição de 100% da dose aumenta o teor de K trocável no solo, o teor nas folhas e no suco, que apresenta cor mais amarelada.(AU)