ABSTRACT
The antibiotic susceptibility profile and antimicrobial resistance determinants were characterized on Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) isolated from Algerian hospital effluents. Among the 94 isolates, Enterobacteriaceae was the predominant family, with Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae being the most isolated species. In non-Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter and Aeromonas were the predominant species followed by Pseudomonas, Comamonas, Pasteurella, and Shewanella spp. The majority of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and carried different antimicrobial resistance genes including blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA-48-like, blaOXA-23, blaOXA-51, qnrB, qnrS, tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), dfrA1, aac(3)-IIc (aacC2), aac(6')-1b, sul1, and sul2. The qacEΔ1-sul1 and intI2 signatures of class 1 and class 2 integrons, respectively, were also detected. Microarray hybridization on MDR E. coli revealed additional resistance genes (aadA1 and aph3strA, tet30, mphA, dfrA12, blacmy2, blaROB1, and cmlA1) and classified the tested strains as commensals, thus highlighting the potential role of humans in antibiotic resistance dissemination. This study is the first report of blaOXA-48-like in Klebsiella oxytoca in Algeria and blaOXA-23 in A. baumannii in Algerian hospital effluents. The presence of these bacteria and resistance genes in hospital effluents represents a serious public health concern since they can be disseminated in the environment and can colonize other hosts.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification , Sewage/microbiology , Algeria , Bacterial Proteins/genetics , Bacterial Proteins/metabolism , Gram-Negative Bacteria/classification , Gram-Negative Bacteria/genetics , Hospitals , Humans , Klebsiella oxytoca/classification , Klebsiella oxytoca/drug effects , Klebsiella oxytoca/genetics , Klebsiella oxytoca/isolation & purification , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , beta-Lactamases/genetics , beta-Lactamases/metabolismABSTRACT
AIM: We investigated the prevalence of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae among wild fish from the coast of Bejaia (Algeria) in the Mediterranean Sea. RESULTS: From March 2012 to August 2013, gut and gill samples of wild fish were screened for the presence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Strains were characterized with regard to antibiotic resistance, ß-lactamase content, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance, aminoglycoside resistance genes, and clonality (repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction profiles and multilocus sequence typing). Virulence traits were performed for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Of the 300 fish studied, 64 (21.3%) isolates were screened as positive for ESBL producing by the double-disc method. The isolates corresponded to E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Morganella morganii, Citrobacter freundii, and Proteus vulgaris. A predominance of blaCTX-M gene was observed with a prevalence of 60.5% (n = 46). Furthermore, our study describes the association of important coresistance and virulence factors in E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Twelve of the ESBL producers carried genes of the qnr family and oqxAB gene and six carried the aac(6')-Ib-cr gene. CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight for the first time the diffusion of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates carrying resistance and virulence genes in fish from the Mediterranean Sea in Algeria.
Subject(s)
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/veterinary , Escherichia coli/genetics , Fish Diseases/epidemiology , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genetics , beta-Lactamases/genetics , Algeria/epidemiology , Aminoglycosides/pharmacology , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/epidemiology , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/microbiology , Escherichia coli/classification , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Fish Diseases/microbiology , Fishes , Fluoroquinolones/pharmacology , Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology , Gene Expression , Genotype , Gills/microbiology , Klebsiella pneumoniae/classification , Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Mediterranean Sea/epidemiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Phylogeny , Plasmids/chemistry , Plasmids/metabolism , Prevalence , beta-Lactamases/metabolism , beta-Lactams/pharmacologyABSTRACT
To determine the occurrence of carbapenem-resistantAcinetobacter baumanniiin fish fished from the Mediterranean Sea near the Bejaia coast (Algeria), we studied 300 gills and gut samples that had been randomly and prospectively collected during 1 year. After screening on selective agar media, using PCR arrays and whole-genome sequencing, we identified for the first time two OXA-23-producingA. baumanniistrains belonging to the widespread sequence type 2 (ST2)/international clone II and harboring aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes [aac(6')-Ib andaac(3')-I genes].