Artificial intelligence in healthcare: a primer for medical education in radiomics.

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) to healthcare has garnered significant enthusiasm in recent years. Despite the adoption of new analytic approaches, medical education on AI is lacking. We aim to create a usable AI primer for medical education. We discuss how to generate a clinical question involving AI, what data are suitable for AI research, how to prepare a dataset for training and how to determine if the output has clinical utility. To illustrate this process, we focused on an example of how medical imaging is employed in designing a machine learning model. Our proposed medical education curriculum addresses AI's potential and limitations for enhancing clinicians' skills in research, applied statistics and care delivery.

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) to healthcare has generated increasing interest in recent years; however, medical education on AI is lacking. With this primer, we provide an overview on how to understand AI, gain exposure to machine learning (ML) and how to develop research questions utilizing ML. Using an example of a ML application in imaging, we provide a practical approach to understanding and executing a ML analysis. Our proposed medical education curriculum provides a framework for healthcare education which we hope will propel healthcare institutions to implement ML laboratories and training environments and improve access to this transformative paradigm.

Three Rare Concurrent Complications of Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism: Maxillary Brown Tumor, Uremic Leontiasis Ossea, and Hungry Bone Syndrome.

A 48-year-old woman in her 40's with end-stage renal disease and tertiary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) presented for a rapidly progressive maxillary tumor. Initial workup was notable for elevated intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) and diffuse thickening of skull and facial bones on computed tomography, and maxillary tumor biopsy with multinucleated giant cells. She underwent subtotal parathyroidectomy (with removal of a parathyroid adenoma and 2 hyperplastic glands) and partial resection of maxillary brown tumor. The patient's post-operative course was complicated by hungry bone syndrome, with hypocalcemia refractory to aggressive calcium repletion. Teriparatide (recombinant PTH) was utilized with rapid resolution of hypocalcemia. To our knowledge, this is the first case of maxillary brown tumor in tertiary HPT to be reported in the USA. This case also supports teriparatide as a novel therapeutic for hungry bone syndrome refractory to aggressive calcium repletion.